Ense??ar espa??ol en Turqu??a : la ense??anza y aprendizaje de la gram??tica en la Universidad : el modo subjuntivo

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Integraci??n del c??mic en el proceso de ense??anza aprendizaje de la gram??tica en la clase de ELE

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Gram??tica y pragm??tica en la adquisici??n de ELE : la alternancia modal en las estructuras condicionales

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Do??a Gram??tica : un personaje con mucho car??cter

Se plantea el problema que tienen los libros de texto de Ense??anza de Espa??ol como Lengua Extranjera, al relegar los texto literarios en espa??ol a las ??ltimas p??ginas y no presentar m??s variedad. Se centra en un texto literario concreto, Do??a Gram??tica, Se propone una secuencia de actividades para rentabilizar did??cticamente la pieza Do??a Gram??tica. Si bien algunas de ellas pueden ser adaptadas a otras obras teatrales, lo que se pretende fundamentalmente es que el profesor tenga una gu??a de cu??les son las l??neas en las que puede trabajar esta obra. Es un texto que puede explotarse m??s all?? de rentabilizar el paso del estilo directo al estilo indirecto y de una lectura dramatizada.

La gram??tica de la primera llengua a l'escola obligat??ria : un marc per al debat

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Gram??tica i escriptura a sis?? de prim??ria : el complement del nom

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Gram??tiques escolars

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Las purificaciones de maestros de primeras letras y preceptores de gram??tica en la reforma de Fernando VII

El proceso de las purificaciones, que hab??a comenzado en 1810 y 1814, qued?? institucionalizado en 1823 por la Junta de Oy??rzun y la Regencia de Madrid. Despu??s de una moment??nea suspensi??n, a la vuelta de Fernando VII al poder, se dictan en 1824 normas sobre las purificaciones, encarg??ndose Calomarde de las de los intelectuales y profesores y Aymerich de los militares. Seg??n los Peset: ??Las purificaciones suponen una revisi??n ???especialmente dirigida a empleados p??blicos??? persona a persona. No contra sospechosos o presuntos delincuentes, como en las causas formadas por leyes penales, sino contra toda una amplia clase de personas. No es tampoco declaraci??n del cese de personas determinadas, sino pasar toda la administraci??n por el tamiz de un procedimiento??.

Gram??tica y escritura en la educaci??n secundaria : estudio de caso sobre los conceptos de los profesores

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Gram??tica y producci??n textual : bases ling????sticas para la intervenci??n did??ctica

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Propuestas para llevar la gram??tica a los alumnos

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Osmotic upshift transiently inhibits uptake via ABC transporters in gram-negative bacteria

ATP-binding cassette transporters from several rhizobia and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, but not secondarily coupled systems, were inhibited by high concentrations (100 to 500 mM) of various osmolytes, an effect reversed by the removal of the osmolyte. ABC systems were also inactivated in isolated pea bacteroids, probably due to the obligatory use of high-osmolarity isolation media. Measurement of nutrient cycling in isolated pea bacteroids is impeded by this effect.

A family of promoter probe vectors incorporating autofluorescent and chromogenic reporter proteins for studying gene expression in Gram-negative bacteria

A series of promoter probe vectors for use in Gram-negative bacteria has been made in two broad-host-range vectors, pOT (pBBR replicon) and pJP2 (incP replicon). Reporter fusions can be made to gfpUV, gfprnut3.1, unstable gfpmut3.1 variants (LAA, LVA, AAV and ASV), gfp+, dsRed2, dsRedT3, dsRedT4, mRFP1, gusA or lacZ. The two vector families, pOT and pJP2, are compatible with one another and share the same polylinker for facile interchange of promoter regions. Vectors based on pJP2 have the advantage of being ultra-stable in the environment due to the presence of the parABCDE genes. As a confirmation of their usefulness, the dicarboxylic acid transport system promoter (dctA(p)) was cloned into a pOT (pRU1097)- and a pJP2 (pRU1156)-based vector and shown to be expressed by Rhizobium leguminosarum in infection threads of vetch. This indicates the presence of dicarboxylates at the earliest stages of nodule formation.

Acute stroke predisposes to oral gram-negative bacilli - a cause of aspiration pneumonia?

Objectives: To assess any change in the oral flora in the mouths of stroke patients during the acute and rehabilitation phases and to determine whether this is related to episodes of aspiration pneumonia and clinical outcome. Materials and Methods: This observational study was carried out in hospital wards in a University teaching hospital. The subjects were patients immediately post-stroke and during the rehabilitation period, acute admissions and a group of healthy volunteers. An assessment of dentition and swallow in the presence or absence of oral aerobic gram-negative bacilli (AGNB) was correlated. Results: Of the acute stroke patients 52% had an unsafe swallow. AGNB carriage was documented in 34% of the acute stroke group. Of the 11 patients who died 55% had AGNB, 73% had an unsafe swallow and 36% had a combination of both. Conclusion: AGNB is a common finding in acute stroke patients. It is not a consequence of age or acute hospitalisation and is associated with an unsafe swallow and a higher mortality. Copyright (C) 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel.

The incidence of oral Gram-negative bacteria in patients with Parkinson's disease

Background: Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that affects an increasing number of older people every year. Dysphagia is not only a common feature, but one that results in poor nutrition and an increased risk of bronchopneumonia. Previous work has suggested that the oral flora is altered in patients with oral pathology. Methods: Fifty patients were assessed to quantify the incidence of oral Gram-negative bacteria. Results: Sixteen of the patients with Parkinson's disease were found to have six different Gram-negative bacilli in their oral cavities. The 20 different Gram-negative bacteria present were Escherichia coli (n=7), Klebsiella spp. (n=3), Kluyvera spp. (n=3), Serratia spp. (n=3), Proteus spp. (n=2) and Enterobacter spp. (n=2). We found that the oral cavity of 16 (32%) of the patients with Parkinson's disease was abnormally colonised with Gram-negative bacteria and that Gram-negative bacteria were more likely to occur in those patients in whom oromuscular dysfunction was present (88% vs. 21%; p<0.05). Conclusion: Further work is required to determine the association between oral flora and the pathogenic organisms found in aspiration pneumonia as well as work on innovative treatments to reduce oral Gram-negative bacteria in those patients at particular risk of aspiration pneumonia.