Comparison of porcine urine and bile as matrices to screen for the residues of two sulfonamides using a semi-automated enzyme immunoassay.

Porcine urine enzyme immunoassays for sulfamethazine and sulfadiazine have previously been employed as screening tests to predict the concentrations of the drugs in the corresponding tissues (kidneys), If a urine was found positive (> 800 ng ml(-1)) the corresponding kidney was then analysed by an enzyme immunoassay and, if found positive, a confirmatory analysis by HPLC was performed. Urine was chosen as the screening matrix since sulfonamides are mainly eliminated through this body fluid, However, after obtaining a number of false positive predictions, an investigation was carried out to assess the possibility of using an alternative body fluid which would act as a superior indicator of the presence of sulfonamides in porcine kidney, An initial study indicated that serum, plasma and bile could all be used as screening matrices. From these, bile was chosen as the preferred sample matrix and an extensive study followed to compare the efficiencies of sulfonamide positive bile and urine at predicting sulphonamide positive kidneys, Bile was found to be 17 times more efficient than urine at predicting a sulfamethazine positive kidney and 11 times more efficient at predicting a sulfadiazine positive kidney, With this enhanced performance of the initial screening test, the need for the costly and time consuming kidney enzyme immunoassay, prior to HPLC analysis, was eliminated

Viscoelastic properties of bioadhesive, chlorhexidine-containing semi-solids for topical application to the oropharynx

Purpose. This study examined the viscoelastic properties of bioadhesive, chlorhexidine-containing semi-solid formulations, designed for topical application to the oropharynx.

Semi-empirical methods for determining the efflux velocity from a ship's propeller

The present study proposed the semi-empirical methods for determining the efflux velocity from a ship's propeller. Ryan [1] defined the efflux velocity as the maximum velocity taken from a time-averaged velocity distribution along the initial propeller plane. The Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) were used to acquire the efflux velocity from the two propellers with different geometrical characteristics. The LDA and CFD results were compared in order to investigate the equation derived from the axial momentum theory. The study confirmed the validation of the axial momentum theory and its linear relationship between the efflux velocity and the multiplication of the rotational speed, propeller diameter and the square root of thrust coefficient. The linear relationship of these two terms is connected by an efflux coefficient and the value of this efflux coefficient reduced when the blade number increased.

Serviceability design of a cold-formed steel portal frame having semi-rigid joints

Details are given of a cold-formed steel portal framing system that uses simple bolted moment-connections for both the eaves and apex joints. However, such joints function as semi-rigid and, as a result, the design of the proposed system will be dominated by serviceability requirements. While serviceability is a mandatory design requirement, actual deflection limits for portal frames are not prescribed in many of the national standards. In this paper, a review of the design constraints that have an effect on deflection limits is discussed, and rational values appropriate for use with cold-formed steel portal frames are recommended. Adopting these deflection limits, it is shown through a design example how a cold-formed steel portal frame having semi-rigid eaves and apex joints can be a feasible alternative to rigid-jointed frames in appropriate circumstances.