Implications and consequences of robots with biological brains

In this paper a look is taken at the relatively new area of culturing neural tissue and embodying it in a mobile robot platform—essentially giving a robot a biological brain. Present technology and practice is discussed. New trends and the potential effects of and in this area are also indicated. This has a potential major impact with regard to society and ethical issues and hence some initial observations are made. Some initial issues are also considered with regard to the potential consciousness of such a brain.

Modelling human dynamics in-situ for rehabilitation and therapy robots

This paper outlines some rehabilitation applications of manipulators and identifies that new approaches demand that the robot make an intimate contact with the user. Design of new generations of manipulators with programmable compliance along with higher level controllers that can set the compliance appropriately for the task, are both feasible propositions. We must thus gain a greater insight into the way in which a person interacts with a machine, particularly given that the interaction may be non-passive. We are primarily interested in the change in wrist and arm dynamics as the person co-contracts his/her muscles. It is observed that this leads to a change in stiffness that can push an actuated interface into a limit cycle. We use both experimental results gathered from a PHANToM haptic interface and a mathematical model to observe this effect. Results are relevant to the fields of rehabilitation and therapy robots, haptic interfaces, and telerobotics

Robots with a gentle touch: advances in assistive robotics and prosthetics

As healthcare costs rise and an aging population makes an increased demand on services, so new techniques must be introduced to promote an individuals independence and provide these services. Robots can now be designed so they can alter their dynamic properties changing from stiff to flaccid, or from giving no resistance to movement, to damping any large and sudden movements. This has some strong implications in health care in particular for rehabilitation where a robot must work in conjunction with an individual, and might guiding or assist a persons arm movements, or might be commanded to perform some set of autonomous actions. This paper presents the state-of-the-art of rehabilitation robots with examples from prosthetics, aids for daily living and physiotherapy. In all these situations there is the potential for the interaction to be non-passive with a resulting potential for the human/machine/environment combination to become unstable. To understand this instability we must develop better models of the human motor system and fit these models with realistic parameters. This paper concludes with a discussion of this problem and overviews some human models that can be used to facilitate the design of the human/machine interfaces.

Behaviour and learning in completely autonomous mobile robots

A number of Intelligent Mobile Robots have been developed at the University of Reading. They are completely autonomous in that no umbilical cord attaches to them to extra power supplies or computer station: further, they are not radio controlled. In this paper, the robots are discussed, in their various forms, and the individual behaviours and characteristics which appear are considered.

Robots can't really be intelligent can they?

The whole concept of just what is and what is not, intelligence is a vitally important one. As humans interact more with machines, so the similarities and differences between human and machine intelligence need to be looked at in a sensible, scientific way. This paper considers human and machine intelligence and links them closely to physical characteristics, as exhibited by robots. Potential interfaces between humans and machines are also considered, as is the state of the art in direct physical links between humans and machines.

Path planning of robots in noisy workspaces using learning automata

The problem of a manipulator operating in a noisy workspace and required to move from an initial fixed position P0 to a final position Pf is considered. However, Pf is corrupted by noise, giving rise to Pˆf, which may be obtained by sensors. The use of learning automata is proposed to tackle this problem. An automaton is placed at each joint of the manipulator which moves according to the action chosen by the automaton (forward, backward, stationary) at each instant. The simultaneous reward or penalty of the automata enables avoiding any inverse kinematics computations that would be necessary if the distance of each joint from the final position had to be calculated. Three variable-structure learning algorithms are used, i.e., the discretized linear reward-penalty (DLR-P, the linear reward-penalty (LR-P ) and a nonlinear scheme. Each algorithm is separately tested with two (forward, backward) and three forward, backward, stationary) actions.

Decentralized PID self-tuning control of industrial robots

A three degrees of freedom industrial robot is controlled by applying PID self-tuning (PID/ST) controllers. This control is considered as a corrective term to a nominal value, centrally computed from an inaccurate and/ or simplified dynamic model. An identification scheme on an assumed linear plant describing the deviation from the desired trajectory is employed in order to tune the controller coefficients and thus accomplish a behaviour prescribed through a desired pole placement. A salient feature of our approach is the decentralized nature of the controllers producing the corrective term for each joint. This opens the way to practical implementation, as recent computing requirement calculations for similar set-ups have shown in the literature. Numerical results are presented.

Future issues with robots and cyborgs

In this article, four different practical experiments in robotics and human/machine merger are firstly described and then considered with regard to their ethical implications. Results from the experiments are discussed in terms of their meaning and application possibilities. The article is written from the perspective of scientific experimentation, opening up realistic possibilities to be faced in the future rather than giving conclusive comments on the technologies employed. Human implantation and the merger of biology and technology are key elements.

A compact low-cost electronic hardware design for actuating soft robots

A low cost, compact embedded design approach for actuating soft robots is presented. The complete fabrication procedure and mode of operation was demonstrated, and the performance of the complete system was also demonstrated by building a microcontroller based hardware system which was used to actuate a soft robot for bending motion. The actuation system including the electronic circuit board and actuation components was embedded in a 3D-printed casing to ensure a compact approach for actuating soft robots. Results show the viability of the system in actuating and controlling siliconebased soft robots to achieve bending motions. Qualitative measurements of uniaxial tensile test, bending distance and pressure were obtained. This electronic design is easy to reproduce and integrate into any specified soft robotic device requiring pneumatic actuation.

A Floating-point Extended Kalman Filter Implementation for Autonomous Mobile Robots

Localization and Mapping are two of the most important capabilities for autonomous mobile robots and have been receiving considerable attention from the scientific computing community over the last 10 years. One of the most efficient methods to address these problems is based on the use of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The EKF simultaneously estimates a model of the environment (map) and the position of the robot based on odometric and exteroceptive sensor information. As this algorithm demands a considerable amount of computation, it is usually executed on high end PCs coupled to the robot. In this work we present an FPGA-based architecture for the EKF algorithm that is capable of processing two-dimensional maps containing up to 1.8 k features at real time (14 Hz), a three-fold improvement over a Pentium M 1.6 GHz, and a 13-fold improvement over an ARM920T 200 MHz. The proposed architecture also consumes only 1.3% of the Pentium and 12.3% of the ARM energy per feature.

Semantic mapping using mobile robots

Robotic mapping is the process of automatically constructing an environment representation using mobile robots. We address the problem of semantic mapping, which consists of using mobile robots to create maps that represent not only metric occupancy but also other properties of the environment. Specifically, we develop techniques to build maps that represent activity and navigability of the environment. Our approach to semantic mapping is to combine machine learning techniques with standard mapping algorithms. Supervised learning methods are used to automatically associate properties of space to the desired classification patterns. We present two methods, the first based on hidden Markov models and the second on support vector machines. Both approaches have been tested and experimentally validated in two problem domains: terrain mapping and activity-based mapping.

Os robots nas aulas de informática: plataformas e problemas

Desde há alguns anos que vêm sendo desenvolvidas, em vários sítios do mundo, experiências com a utilização de Robots como uma ferramenta educativa, com especial incidência ao nível do Ensino Superior e em alguns casos no Ensino Básico ou Secundário. Neste trabalho de investigação pretende-se fazer uma análise crítica sobre o uso dos robots no ensino da programação nas disciplinas de Informática do Ensino Secundário e disciplina de Inteligência Artificial da Licenciatura do Curso de Engenharia Informática. Com o objectivo de usar o robot como mediador entre o aluno e o ensino da programação, identificamos os conteúdos programáticos das diversas disciplinas do Ensino Secundário e fizemos o levantamento de ferramentas e soluções tecnológicas existentes que pudessem ser aplicadas nas aulas. Como contributo desta investigação pretende-se: (i)disponibilizar uma série de problemas adequados aos vários conteúdos programáticos, para serem utilizados nas salas de aulas; (ii) criar e optimizar ferramentas, mais concretamente plataformas de programação, para os alunos resolverem os problemas através dos robots.

Construindo conhecimento: utilização de robots na aprendizagem de funções

A Escola e o Ensino, através da evolução dos diferentes sistemas que os caracterizaram ao longo dos tempos, tiveram e têm por objectivo não só a transmissão de conhecimentos mas também a preparação dos cidadãos mais jovens para a sua integração na vida social da sua comunidade. A escola atravessa momentos difíceis e os papéis dos intervenientes são questionados diariamente. Tal tem dado origem a alterações e a mudanças na concepção organizacional, de estratégia e de objectivos da escola e do próprio ensino. A profissão docente deixou de ser uma mera transmissão de saber, exigindo-se muito mais ao professor. O seu papel inclui já novas questões, tais como, como ensinar?, como fazer aprender? e como motivar os outros para que queiram aprender? A evolução tecnológica e a sua integração no ensino têm sido das principais fontes para a alteração operada sobre a escola e o seu objectivo. O desenvolvimento das tecnologias de informação e de comunicação (TIC) têm vindo a proporcionar novas formas de comunicar e de transmitir informação. A habilitação profissional para a docência no ensino básico e secundário implica a Prática de Ensino Supervisionado. Para além das planificações e da implementação das metodologias adoptadas visando o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da Matemática ao nível do 10º ano de escolaridade, desenvolvemos um projecto de cariz qualitativo cujo objectivo seria a análise da aplicabilidade da robótica, na sala de aula, enquanto elemento mediador e potenciador do processo de aprendizagem no tema das funções. A revisão bibliográfica demonstra que a robótica tem merecido elogios enquanto factor motivador e elemento que faculta uma conexão entre diversas representações, nomeadamente, os conceitos teóricos e a praticabilidade. O desenvolvimento de diversas actividades com duas turmas do 10º ano de escolaridade, utilizando robots LEGO Minstorms, revelou que a robótica não só é um elemento mediador do processo ensino-aprendizagem mas também, e sobretudo, é um catalisador da motivação, cooperação e envolvência dos alunos, levando-os, numa perspectiva construcionista, a construir conhecimento e a concretizar o simbolismo abstracto presente na Matemática.