Discursive Matrixes of Motherhood : Cultivating Decency and Emotion in Finnish and French Mother-talk

Discursive Matrixes of Motherhood examines women's discourse on their experiences of new motherhood in Finland and France. It sets out from two culturally prevalent turns of speech observed in different social forums: in conversations amongst mothers with tertiary education and in the print media. The pool of data includes: 30 interviews, 8 autobiographically inspired novels and 80 items from women's magazines. With instruments loaned from the toolbox of rhetorical analysis, the recurrence of certain expressions or clichés is analyzed with regard to the national, cultural, biographical, political and daily contexts and settings in which the speaking subjects are immersed. "Staying at home is such a short and special time", the first expression under scrutiny, caught the sociological eye because of its salience in Finland and because it appeared as contradictory with a core characteristic of the Finnish context:long family leave. The cliché was found to function as a discursive micromechanism which swept mothers' 'complaints' under the proverbial carpet. Proper emotions and decency in mother-talk thereby appear as collective achievements. An opposite phenomenon - that of the scaling up of rewards procured by children - was also discerned in the data. Indeed, the French expression "Profiter de mon enfant" ["making the most of my child"/"enjoying my child"] is interpreted as a crystallization of a hedonist ethos of motherhood in everyday language. Secondly, the recurrence of this utterance is analyzed in the light of a requisite located in child-rearing expert literature: that of pleasure that women should take in mothering. Hence, one of the rules found to structure the discursive matrixes of motherhood is the laudability and audibility of enjoyment and conversely the discretion and discouragement of 'complaints'. The cultivation of decent matches between certain categories of emotions and certain categories of individuals also appears as a characteristic of discursive matrixes. One of the methodological findings relates to the fact that such matches may be constituted as sociological objects through the identification of recurrent discursive crystallizations in a given culture. Ideal matches may crystallize in turns of speech and mismatches can be managed through clichés. Becoming a mother entails an immersion in such a particular economy of speech. Key words: mothers, motherhood, transition to parenthood, family, emotions, morality, bonds, rhetorical analysis, discourse analysis, media analysis, France, Finland, comparative sociology

Tuntemattomista vertaistuttaviksi : Esikoisäitien ja -isien perhevalmennusprosessi Espoon uudentyyppisessä perhevalmennuskokeilussa

From Strangers to Peer Acquaintances Mothers and Fathers with a First Born and their Experiences of the New Family Training Process in Espoo This research is composed of two interrelated case studies. The first case was a family training experiment conducted in the City of Espoo during 2003 2005. In the experiment, the content, duration and procedures were modified from the previous family training policy. The new family training system stressed peer group activities and the peer support formed between the participating mothers and fathers. The second case comprised the stories of 14 parents about the family training process. The aim of the research was to find out whether peer group activities and support was demonstrated between the participating parents during the family training process. The second case and its narrative material constituted the main research material. The narrative material was collected by interviews. Eight mothers and six fathers were interviewed twice within a year between their sessions. The parents also filled in questionnaires about their daily life and participated in a drawing exercise, in which they visualized how they experienced the family training during the antenatal period, labour and the postnatal period. A narrative approach was applied to the analysis of the narrative material. The analysis consisted of several stages. In the final stage, the fathers main story was combined with all the participating fathers personal stories. The mothers main story was also constructed from their personal stories. The study implicated that in some parts the mothers and fathers main stories were similar. During the family training, previously unacquainted parents became peer acquaintances. In particular, the first born as a focus created interaction and cooperation among the parents. Parents in similar circumstances became significant to each other. Different figurations formed during the family training. However, the main stories did not always entwine. The mothers were in contact with the other mothers almost daily using mobile phones, email and mother-child activities. The fathers employed outside home met each other only during the family training meetings, but felt being supported by the other fathers. Some families visited one another outside of the family training. This new type of family training had characteristics typical of the project society. The parents peer activities were based on trust, negotiation and contracts between partners. The parents evaluated the benefits of participation in the family training. If they appreciated the activities with peers and peer compassion, they were willing to participate in the family training during the postnatal period. Keywords: family training, parenthood, motherhood, fatherhood, peer, peer group, peer support, social support, social relationships, figurations, the project society, pastoral power, epistolary power

Elämän tiede : Tutkimus lääketieteellisestä teknologiasta, vanhemmuudesta ja perimän hallinnasta

Doctoral dissertation work in sociology examines how human heredity became a scientific, political and a personal issue in the 20th century Finland. The study focuses on the institutionalisation of rationales and technologies concerning heredity, in the context of Finnish medicine and health care. The analysis concentrates specifically on the introduction and development of prenatal screening within maternity care. The data comprises of medical articles, policy documents and committee reports, as well as popular guidebooks and health magazines. The study commences with an analysis on the early 20th century discussions on racial hygiene. It ends with an analysis on the choices given to pregnant mothers and families at present. Freedom to choose, considered by geneticists and many others as a guarantee of the ethicality of medical applications, is presented in this study as a historically, politically and scientifically constructed issue. New medical testing methods have generated new possibilities of governing life itself. However, they have also created new ethical problems. Leaning on recent historical data, the study illustrates how medical risk rationales on heredity have been asserted by the medical profession into Finnish health care. It also depicts medical professions ambivalence between maintaining the patients autonomy and utilizing for example prenatal testing according to health policy interests. Personalized risk is discussed as a result of the empirical analysis. It is indicated that increasing risk awareness amongst the public, as well as offering choices, have had unintended consequences. According to doctors, present day parents often want to control risks more than what is considered justified or acceptable. People s hopes to anticipate the health and normality of their future children have exceeded the limits offered by medicine. Individualization of the government of heredity is closely linked to a process that is termed as depolitization. The concept refers to disembedding of medical genetics from its social contexts. Prenatal screening is regarded to be based on individual choice facilitated by neutral medical knowledge. However, prenatal screening within maternity care also has its basis in health policy aims and economical calculations. Methodological basis of the study lies in Michel Foucault s writings on the history of thought, as well as in science and technology studies.

Knowledge through Discussion : An Interpretation of Epistemology in Plato's Meno

According to Meno s paradox we cannot inquire into what we do not know because we do not know what we are inquiring into. There are many ways to interpret the paradox but the central issue about our ability to reach truth is a profound one. In the dialogue Meno, Plato presents the paradox and an outline of a solution which enables us to reach knowledge (epistēmē) through philosophical discussion. During the last century Meno has often been considered transitional between Socratic thinking and Plato s own philosophy, and thus the dialogue has not been adequately interpreted as an integrated whole. Therefore the distinctive epistemology of the dialogue has not gained due notice. In this thesis the dialogue is analysed as an integrated whole and the philosophical interpretation also takes into account its dramatic features. The thesis emphasises the role of language and definitions in acquiring knowledge. Among the results concerning these subjects is a new interpretation of Socrates s defintion of shape (schēma). The theory of anamnēsis all learning is recollection in the Meno is argued to answer the paradox philosophically although Plato s presentation also contains playful and ironic elements. The background of the way Plato presents his case is that he appreciated the fact that no argument can plausibly demonstrate that argumentation is able to reach truth. In the Meno, Plato makes the earliest explicit distinction between knowledge and true belief in the history of Western philosophy. He also gives a definition of knowledge which is the basis of the so called classical definition of knowledge as justified true belief. In the Meno, true beliefs become knowledge when someone ties them down by reasoning about the explanation. The analysis of the epistemology of the dialogue from this perspective gives an interpretation which integrates the central concepts of the epistemology in the dialogue elenchos, anamnēsis and hypothetical inquiry into a unified whole which contains a plausible argument according to which the ignorant can reach knowledge through discussion. The conception that emerges by such an analysis is interesting both from the point of view of current interests and that of the history of philosophy. The method of knowledge acquisition in the Meno can, for example, be seen as a predecessor of modern scientific methods. The Meno is the earliest Greek mathematical text that has survived in its original form. The analysis presented in the thesis of the geometric passages in the dialogue provides new results both concerning Socrates s geometry lesson with the slave and the example presenting the hypothetical method. Concerning the latter, a new interpretation is presented. Keywords: anamnēsis, epistēmē, knowledge, Meno s paradox, Plato

Toiseustarinat : äitinä suomalaisessa yhteiskunnassa

The focus of this study is to analyse the power relations on how our society normalizes motherhood and what kind techniques of power can be found in the motherhood culture. This study is an educational family research, and the aim of this study was to analyse those power frames that try to limit mothers in their motherhoods. There were seven mother participants in this study. They wrote essays about their experiences of motherhood in the Finnish society. The method of the research was qualitative, and the data was analysed by discourse analysis. The theoretical part of the research consists of distinguish in parenthood, family policy in families with children and motherhood in the Finnish society. The methodological approach is Michel Foucault´s analytic of power relations, and in this viewpoint I try to find out the different discourses of motherhood. In this study, mothers process against those assumptions of motherhood, which limit their freedom as acting in their role as mothers. Mothers locate themselves in the position of the Other that differs from those motherhood discourses which mothers were talking about. From the point of the Others , mothers processed their own motherhood, and they feel that they were always distinguished from the motherhood which they were expected to belong. Six categories were found in the motherhood assumptions: the norm of education, the myths of motherhood, the role assumptions in the motherhood, the norm of motherhood and discourse of good parenting, and discourse of project parenting. These discourses of motherhood assumptions make limitations, classifications and difference among motherhood. These assumptions were told by people for example in maternity clinics, first and security houses, judiciary systems, nursery, or by some other people. Mothers in this study made a comparison between the motherhood assumptions and themselves. In this study, mothers also criticize the culture of motherhood in the society and feel incompatible with the norms of motherhood around them. This may also increase mothers exhaustion.

"Ei sitä ainakaan helpommaksi tehdä sairaan opiskelijan elämää" : Pitkäaikaissairaiden kokemuksia korkeakoulutuksen esteistä ja mahdollisuuksista

This study examines the experiences of students with chronic illnesses in higher education. I chose to study rheumatic and other musculoskeletal diseases because they are group of diseases that are nationally significant in Finland. From students experiences I do interpretation of their agency. My research problems are: What kind of obstacles and possibilities student with chronic illness experiences in studying? What kind of obstacles illness set up for the agency or does it set any? How agency of student with chronic illness shows in the context of the university? I collected the data by using interview and focus group method. Additionally I had different kinds of documents of accessibility and equality in the university. Interviews were like halfstructured theme and open interviews. Focus group method I have applied. All the people that participated in the study were students from the university of Helsinki. They all have rheumatic or other musculoskeletal diseases. I have five interviewees and the group consisted of two people and the researcher. In the data analysis I use categorizing by the themes. Students that participated in my study spoke about their pain related experiences of their illness which also connected to their experiences of the higher education. Students agencies were limited the more they experienced pain. Pain forces students to certain activity one actions avoidance and another s favouring. If part-time studying would have been possible economically, it would have made the life easier for a part of the students. Students were aware of the available resources of their body for some of the students illness and life control set challenge and for some it set conditions. Students thought that university education is more possible to them than vocational education. Students didn t feel their own body limited in the context of university that emphasize intellectual and knowledge connected values and some of the students had reversed their illness as a resource of studying. However students felt their illness as a private matter and they considered illness profit and disadvantage before telling about it, which I interpretated limiting students agencies. In the university terms of students agencies were bond to individuality that came up in positive and negative. Freedom of studying was positive but official and individual study accommodations made agency bounded. Majority of the students didn t see possibilities to do differently in the university s practice but some of the students had recognised values underneath the practices that made it possible to reflect them, do differently and made space for agency.

Kiirekulttuurin lapset - opiskelijoiden kokemuksia kiireestä

Aiemmat kiirettä käsittelevät tutkimukset ovat käsitelleen pääosin kiirettä työelämässä. Tämä tutkielma käsittelee opiskelijoiden kokemuksia kiireestä sekä niitä merkityksiä, joita he kiireelleen tai kiireettömyydelleen antavat. Lisäksi tutkielmassa käsitellään niitä selityksiä, joita opiskelijat antavat kiireelleen tai kiireettömyydelleen eli mitkä asiat aiheuttavat tuntemuksen kiireestä. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on antaa kuva korkeakouluopiskelijoiden kiirekokemuksista ja kiireestä ilmiönä. Tarkastelen kiireen kokemuksia sosiaalisen konstruktionismin ja kulttuurintutkimuksen metodologisesta viitekehyksestä lähtien. Näihin liittyy ajatus todellisuudesta sosiaalisesti rakennettuna kokonaisuutena ja todellisuuden näyttäytymisestä toimijoille merkitysten kautta. Aineistona on valtiotieteellisen tiedekunnan opiskelijoiden vastauksia kiirettä koskevaan kyselyyn. Tutkimus on toteutettu pääosin laadullisilla menetelmillä, mutta aineistoa on tarkasteltu lisäksi määrällisin menetelmin. Laadullisena menetelmänä on hyödynnetty temaattista sisällönanalyysiä. Analyysi on sekä aineisto- että teorialähtöistä. Teen analyysiäni aineiston ehdoilla, mutta tukeudun valmiisiin teoreettisiin käsitteisiin. Täysin teorialähtöinen on kappale, jossa aineistoa tarkastellaan Hartmund Rosan kiihtymisteoriasta käsin. Opiskelijoiden kiirekokemukset ovat moninaisia. Kiire näyttäytyy kuitenkin kulttuurin osana, ja etenkin pitkään jatkuessaan, kielteisenä, stressiä aiheuttavana asiana. Opiskelijat liittävät kiireen vastauksissaan länsimaiseen kulttuuriin sekä suomalaisuuteen. Kiirellä on opiskelijoiden mukaan monia negatiivisia fyysisiä vaikutuksia. Kiire ei kuitenkaan ole kaikkien vastaajien mielestä ainoastaan negatiivinen asia. Kiire voi lisätä sitoutumista ja paneutumista työhön sekä mahdollistaa flow-tilan, jossa tekeillä olevaan asiaan keskittyy täysin ja tekeminen tuntuu mielekkäältä. Aineistosta erottuu pitäisi-mieliala eli puhe jossa krooninen kiire ei aina ole varsinaista ajanpuutetta vaan tunne riittämättömyydestä. Pitäisi-mieliala aiheuttaa tarpeen saada koko ajan jotakin hyödyllistä aikaiseksi. Työssäkäynti on useimpien vastaajien mielestä kiireen aiheuttaja, sillä se vie aikaa esimerkiksi opiskelulta. Osa vastaajista ei kuitenkaan näe työn lisäävän kiireisyyttä heidän elämässään. Opiskelijoiden välillä on eroja suhtautumisessa ajatukseen kiireestä joko itseaiheutettuna tai itsestä riippumattomana asiana. Suurin osa näkee kiireen kuitenkin monitahoisena asiana, johon omien valintojen lisäksi vaikuttavat myös kulttuuri ja yhteiskunta jossa elämme.

”Waxaa i bartay hooyaday waawa u muhiim naaska caruurta.” Äitini opetti, että rintamaito on tärkeää lapselle. Osallistava tutkimus auktoritatiivisen tiedon omaksumisesta somalikulttuuritaustaisten naisten imetyskäytännöissä.

Suomessa asuvat somalitaustaiset maahanmuuttajaäidit luopuvat imetyksestä ja ruokkivat vauvojaan äidinmaidonkorvikkeella, vaikka somalikulttuurissa arvostetaan imetystä. Tuen ja tiedon puutetta on arveltu syyksi pulloruokinnan yleisyyteen. Tarkoituksenani on tutkia osallistavia menetelmiä käyttäen, minkälaisia imetykseen liittyviä tietojärjestelmiä somaliäidit pitävät auktoritatiivisina eli arvovaltaisina. Tarkastelen tiedon auktoritatiivisuutta etnografisten esimerkkien valossa hyödyntäen Brigitte Jordanin auktoritatiivisen tiedon käsitettä. Tutkin Jean Pierre Olivier de Sardanin teorian avulla, kuinka paikalliset populaarit tietojärjestelmät kohtaavat tieteellis-teknisen tiedon kehityksen kontekstissa. Tutkin myös, kuinka somaliäitien imetystietojärjestelmät kohtaavat suomalaisen terveydenhoitojärjestelmän edustaman imetystiedon. Osallistavien menetelmien tarkoituksena on saada heikkojen ja sorrettujen yhteisöjen ääni kuuluviin. Tutkimukseni tiedonantajina on seitsemäntoista somalimaahanmuuttajaäitiä ja yksi suomalainen äitiys- ja lastenneuvolan terveydenhoitaja. Käytän tiedonkeruumenetelminä puolistrukturoituja teemahaastatteluja, jonka lisäksi teen osallistuvaa havainnointia ja osallistavia menetelmiä kolmessa ryhmähaastattelutilanteessa. Käytän Rapi Rurad Appraisal (RRA) –menetelmiä, kuten Venn-diagrammia ja pisteytystä. Tutkimukseni tulos on, että somaliäitien imetykseen liittyvä tieto koostuu kolmesta tietojärjestelmästä, joita ovat sukuverkostoista tuleva perinteinen tietotaito, islaminuskon terveystieto sekä suomalaisen terveydenhoitojärjestelmän tieto. Näistä eri tietolähteistä tuleva imetystieto ei ole sisällöltään ristiriidassa. Imetykseen liittyvät vaikeudet ovat käytännön ongelmiin, kuten sukuverkoston hajoamiseen ja suomalaisen terveydenhoitojärjestelmän kanssa kommunikointiin liittyviä.

Sotalapsuus, äitiys ja isoäitiys : Kertomuksia sotalapsuuden varjossa

War children were sent away to shelter without their parents to other Nordic countries, mainly to Sweden. The phenomenon was remarkable. During the Second World War nearly 80,000 children were sent from their homes by trains or boats. These children travelled to foster homes where they were placed with new parents looking after them. After the conclusion of the peace, for some months or sometimes years later, orders were given to send the children back to their families in Finland. Returning back to Finland and to their biological parents and families was not always easy. Deep bonds between the children and their foster families were created and leaving caused grief to those small travellers once again. In some cases, distances were created in the relations between Mothers and their daughters. Many had forgotten their Finnish, and returning to school proved difficult. Some of the war children felt rootlessness, a result of being torn away from their family and culture. The aim of this study is to describe how former war children became mothers by themselves, and later on grandmothers. The study also explores how they describe the meaning of the war and their childhood in their own parenthood and what were their experiences of time in foster homes. Seven former war children and three daughters were interviewed for this study. Interviews were biographical. A narrative approach and thematic reading (by Riessman 2008) has guided the analysis of the texts. According to the results of this study, the importance of having your own home , family and security in childhood relationships is significant. Caring and having responsibility for disadvantaged others was important for former war children. What come from the detailed experiences of the 'war childhood' most of all were the difficulties they found on returning to Finland. Some of them had become very attached to their foster parents. There were varying degrees of language problems among the returnees. Some of the interviewees had completely forgotten their native language. Given that, starting the school at home was difficult. They also remembered continuous travelling.When asked on the outcome of their relationship with their biological mother, most interviewees were happy, with a few experiencing some distance in this relationship. Security and being available to protect their children were important in their own motherhood and grand motherhood. In difficult family situations like divorce, they wanted to give their time and support for helping with grandchildren. Another important aspect in family life is interaction between all its members. Talking things through in families and also in War Child Associations was highly valued. However, talking of war childhood had been silenced in some families. In conclusion, the experiences of former war children should take in consideration when difficult situations between parents and children or children s positions in war zones are resolved. War children also have a lot to give for further educational study.

La homoparentalidad en el proyecto de reforma del Código Civil

Resumen: Este artículo tiene por objeto analizar si el principio del interés superior del niño es preservado en el Proyecto de Reforma de Código Civil en el contexto homoparental, así como develar la verdadera implicancia del uso de términos tales como “homoparentalidad” y “parentalidad” en lugar de “maternidad/paternidad” y “filiación”.

Índice de saúde social do adolescente baseado em lógica nebulosa.

Este trabalho consiste de uma análise exploratória sobre municípios do Sudeste com população acima de 100mil habitantes abordando dois problemas: a violência e a educação. Na violência abordaremos índices de homicídios na adolescência trabalhando com a faixa de adolescentes de 12 a 18 anos. Na educação trabalharemos com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Educacionail Brasileiro referenciado ao último ano do ensino fundamental. Trabalhando com os indicadores citados, abordaremos esses problemas gerando um Índice de Saúde social do Adolescente utilizando a lógica Fuzzy, conjunto nebuloso. Classificando os municípios do Sudeste visando identificar municípios com qualidade de vida melhor para esses adolescentes, expectativa de vida e melhoria na educação. Baixos índices de homicídios e altos índices educacionais desenvolvendo uma ferramenta útil para auxiliar na tomada de decisões no tocante a políticas públicas nos Municípios e Estados gerando um indicador de municípios com qualidade de vida para os adolescentes! Trabalhamos com dados do ano de 2007 tanto para o homicídio quanto para a educação, os valores apresentados nos índices foram divididos em quintis, processados via o software MATLAB utilizando lógica nebulosa (fuzzy), classificados e apresentados nas formas de valores alfanuméricos em tabelas espaciais com o software Quantum Gis através de mapas temáticos das regiões estudadas.

O princípio da paternidade responsável: de suas diretrizes conceituais à influência sobre os efeitos decorrentes da filiação

A paternidade responsável se destaca no contexto da Constituição de 1988, refletindo seus efeitos para todo o sistema. Os pais, ao assumirem esse status, passam a ser titulares de diversas obrigações sendo verdadeiro afirmar que deles, de alguma forma, sempre se exigiu certo tipo de responsabilidade. Seu conteúdo, todavia, é que variou no histórico da construção da família brasileira. A proteção aos filhos, anteriormente mais formalista e restrita à aplicação de medidas de suspensão ou destituição do poder familiar (pátrio poder), cedeu espaço para outros valores. Atualmente, cabe aos pais, em essência, a formação e a emancipação da pessoa do filho. Assistir, educar e criar são as ações básicas que informam a sua responsabilidade, sendo ainda titulares do dever de inserir o menor no contexto da família e da sociedade. A igualdade, a solidariedade e a autonomia se mesclam ao encargo parental, a bem da formação física e psíquica da prole. Mas, é necessário observar que o dever de cuidado, imposto constitucionalmente aos pais, é transferido para os filhos após a maioridade, por meio de uma lógica de reciprocidade e vulnerabilidade. Assim, passam estes a ser responsáveis pela assistência e pelo cuidado dos ascendentes doentes ou, por qualquer outro motivo, necessitados. Considerado o fato de que a verdadeira parentalidade é aquela que cria o estado concreto de pai-filho, reflexo do cumprimento da responsabilidade, é forçoso concluir pela inexistência de seus efeitos jurídicos nos casos em que o vínculo restou fixado pela simples formalidade do registro. Defende-se, então, para o fim de eximir os filhos de seus deveres, a desconstituição do vínculo registral ou a inocuidade de seus efeitos, sempre que os pais não tenham cumprido responsavelmente as suas funções em benefício da prole. As normas jurídicas constitucionais e infraconstitucionais legitimam tal prerrogativa, afastando as obrigações dos filhos cujos direitos fundamentais não foram respeitados pela incúria daqueles que tinham contrariamente o encargo de assistir e cuidar.

Maternidade precoce a (des)proteção pública as mulheres que foram mães antes dos 18 anos

A maternidade na adolescência é um fenômeno que atinge cerca de 20% dos partos no Brasil. A importância deste tema no campo dos direitos articula-se à dupla condição de proteção conferida à estas mulheres: a de adolescente e a de mãe. O presente estudo apresenta os resultados de uma tese de doutorado com vistas à identificação das políticas sociais efetivamente acessadas por mulheres que foram mães na adolescência antes e após o parto. Buscamos verificar se os direitos sociais firmados na legislação brasileira foram disponibilizados a elas ao longo de sua vida. O campo de pesquisa compreendeu duas unidades públicas de saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro. Foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa e a técnica empregada foi a saturação de informações, com sete mulheres entrevistadas após quatro anos do nascimento de seus filhos. A eleição desta idade buscou garantir um período distanciamento do início da vida da criança, verificando o impacto do nascimento desta na via da mulher de maneira mais isenta. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa da prefeitura da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados demonstram que que as mulheres que foram mães adolescentes atravessaram um cotidiano de pobreza, sobrecarga da figura materna, hierarquia de gênero e ausência de políticas públicas. Mesmo às que estavam em situação de risco, não foram proporcionadas políticas de apoio para a reversão do quadro.A conclusão que se chega é que as mães adolescentes são pouco atingidas por estas políticas públicas porque antes da gravidez estas adolescentes não eram vistas como ameaças à sociedade. Após a gravidez, passam pela rotulação do desperdício de oportunidades, e portanto, continuam sem a proteção da política pública, uma vez que do ponto de vista dos discursos da meritocracia individual presentes nas políticas do risco, não devem ser apoiadas em seus comportamentos tidos como promíscuos. Conclui-se ainda que a melhor estratégia de prevenção da maternidade adolescentes reside no oferecimento de oportunidades concretas de melhorias materias às famílias, de modo que as mulheres não necessitem tormar para si prematuramente as responsabilidades do mundo adulto e que possam ser estimuladas a incluir em seus planos futuros de uma inserção profissional mais qualificada. O estímulo à escolaridade materna (pelos benefícios que a mesma proporciona de melhor inserção no mercado de trabalho e de acesso a renda) é considerado um elemento fundamental neste processo, assim como os programas de valorização do envolvimento masculino nas questões de reprodução/cuidado infantil, programas de promoção de qualidade de vida e prevenção das violências. A tese termina reafirmando a base histórica do exercício dos direitos e a necessidade da explicitação da natureza política do enfrentamento da questão social.

Utilização de sistema multiplex de marcadores do tipo INDELs em identificação humana por DNA

Os INDELs são polimorfismos de comprimento, gerados a partir de inserções e/ou deleções de um ou mais nucleotídeos. Os marcadores INDELs, que estão amplamente distribuídos pelo genoma e se caracterizam pela alta estabilidade devido à baixa taxa mutacional (10-9), podem ser analisados a partir da amplificação por PCR (Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase). A facilidade de análise e a possibilidade de construção de sistemas multiplex capazes de gerar amplicons curtos (menores que 100 pb) tornam os INDELs uma importante ferramenta para identificação humana por DNA. Para avaliar a eficiência e validar a metodologia que emprega os polimorfismos de inserção/deleção na identificação humana, utilizamos o sistema Indel-plex ID, capaz de amplificar simultaneamente 38 loci INDELs bialélicos de cromossomos autossomos. Diferentes amostras biológicas (cabelo, saliva, sangue, sêmen e urina) foram genotipadas apresentando reprodutibilidade entre todas as tipagens. A concentração mínima de DNA necessária para amplificação dos 38 loci INDELs foi de 0,5 ng. Artefatos do tipo split peaks foram observados em algumas amostras. Os produtos da PCR foram purificados em resina Sephadex proporcionando melhores condições de análise, redução de artefatos e aumento na intensidade média de fluorescência dos alelos amplificados. A eficiência do sistema Indel-plex ID na amplificação de DNA degradado foi verificada durante as análises das amostras de DNA extraídas de restos mortais (ossos e dentes). Comparativamente ao sistema Identifiler, o Indel-plex ID, se mostrou mais eficiente em termos de número de loci genotipados e qualidade de amplificação. Nas investigações de vínculos genéticos realizadas com o sistema Indel-plex ID foi possível corroborar resultados anteriores obtidos pela análise de marcadores STR. Nas análises com amostras in vivo foram obtidos valores máximos de Probabilidades de Paternidade de 99,99998%. Para casos envolvendo supostos pais falecidos, o sistema Indel-plex ID reforçou resultados obtidos com o sistema Identifiler e Minifiler. A Probabilidade de Paternidade de 99,953%, obtida com o sistema Indel-plex ID, conjugada com a Probabilidade de Paternidade de 99,957%, obtida como o sistema Minifiler, possibilitou um índice final de 99,99998%. Os resultados evidenciaram que os loci INDELs do sistema Indel-plex ID são altamente informativos, constituindo uma ferramenta importante em estudos de identificação humana e de relações de parentesco

Mulheres negras - tecendo identidades com cabelos e artefatos culturais: uma questão para os currículos

Minha tese teve como base a busca de imagens de mulheres negras, para tentar contar uma história, aquela que aparece em álbuns e histórias para jovens e crianças. Essas imagens me indicam possibilidades para a aplicação da Lei n 10.639/3. Nesses espaçostempos tão plurais, repletos de cores, identidades e significados podemos trabalhar de uma maneira simples seguindo um currículo único? A tese principal da minha pesquisa é buscar entender a importância dessas publicações que crescem significativamente em nosso país, nos últimos anos, em práticas curriculares possíveis. Esse aumento de produções de álbuns, conjugado a uma forte vertente editorial visando à publicação de literatura que resgata a história da África, reforçado por uma linha voltada para o público infanto-juvenil se relaciona à expansão de ações de movimentos sociais, relacionados à igualdade social de negros. Tudo isto reforçou a necessidade de um comprometimento governamental, através de leis, decretos e reformas educacionais. Desse modo pesquisei, utilizando esse material, buscando compreender sua importância para a discussão da questão da educação étnico-cultural e racial e na desconstrução social do preconceito e da discriminação racial direcionados à população negra. Nossa base teórica se encontra em Stuart Hall, Franz Fanon, Kabenguele Munanga, Nilma Gomes, Raul Lody, Nilda Alves, Michel de Certeau, Boris Kossoy, Arlindo Machado, Armando Silva, entre outros tantos.