Estudo do efeito de contaminantes na espécie sentinela, a amêijoa Ruditapes decussatus, por intermédio da análise da expressão proteica: aplicação à monitorização do meio marinho

Tese dout., Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente, 2009, Universidade do Algarve

Ecologia do Ocypode cursor e impacte da predação sobre os ninhos de Caretta caretta na ilha da Boavista, República de Cabo Verde

A predação de ovos pode ter impactes severos no sucesso reprodutivo das tartarugas marinhas, com implicações ecológicas e demográficas na abundância e na dinâmica populacional destas espécies. O conhecimento da estrutura da rede trófica e da relação dinâmica entre predador e presas, e as suas abundâncias relativas tem implicações importantes para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de gestão eficiente que vise a conservação da biodiversidade, principalmente quando estão envolvidas espécies alvo que estão ameaçadas de extinção. Cabo Verde é reconhecido por suportar uma importante população nidificante de tartaruga comum Caretta caretta. O caranguejo fantasma Ocypode cursor é o predador mais voraz das posturas e dos neonatos. Em contraste com praias continentais, as ilhas possuem redes tróficas muito simples, que podem explicar interações ecológicas extremas entre pares de espécies. Ao geralmente carecerem de predadores naturais da classe dos mamíferos, os caranguejos encontram-se em grande número. Os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram aprofundar o conhecimento da ecologia do O.cursor, avaliar os níveis de predação do O.cursor sobre os ninhos de C. caretta, explorar os principais meios empregues pelo O. cursor para detetar os ninhos e os neonatos, e comparar a eficiência de duas medidas de proteção como meio de mitigação do efeito predatório em três praias de nidificação na ilha da Boavista, República de Cabo Verde. As três praias são bastante próximas entre si, mas apresentam características físicas e níveis de utilização humana distintos. A dinâmica geomorfológica litoral, a inundação pela ação de marés e a predação são as principais ameaças naturais aos ovos e às crias recémnascidas. Apesar de existirem já vários estudos sobre esta espécie no Mediterrâneo, nomeadamente em Israel, na Turquia e no Chipre, o presente estudo constitui uma abordagem pioneira da ecologia do O. cursor na região atlântica. Aspetos da ecologia e do comportamento do O. cursor foram estudados entre os meses de junho e outubro de 2010. Constatou-se que a maior parte das tocas de dimensões reduzidas se encontrava junto à linha de maré alta, enquanto que os caranguejos de maiores dimensões ocorreriam nas zonas superiores da praia. O número de tocas variou ao longo do período de estudo, aumentando em agosto graças ao recrutamento de juvenis e diminuindo em Setembro, possivelmente devido à mortalidade dos indivíduos mais velhos da população ou ao aumento da predação de ninhos de C.caretta. O O. cursor demonstrou hábitos principalmente noturnos e exibiu diferentes estratégias de alimentação. Os resultados mostraram que o caranguejo fantasma foi o único predador relevante de ovos e que este por si só reduziu consideravelmente a sobrevivência dos ovos até aos neonatos. De fato, mais de 70% dos ninhos monitorizados em cada praia exibiu sinais de predação parcial ou completa, principalmente no final do período de incubação, no entanto em anos com marés vivas extremas os ninhos acabam por perder-se antes de atingirem o ponto crítico de predação. A deteção dos ninhos pelo O.cursor poderá estar relacionada com estímulos químicos presentes na areia, aumento da temperatura no final da incubação ou vibração produzida pelos neonatos prestes a eclodir. No entanto, pouco foi possível avançar no conhecimento específico deste tópico. A utilização da rede plástica com uma malha de 1 cm2 cobrindo o ninho até 60 cm de profundidade desde a superfície da areia, provou ser uma medida efetiva na prevenção do acesso dos caranguejos ao ninho. Este método preventivo foi recomendado de forma a aumentar o sucesso reprodutivo em praias com declive acentuado e baixa densidade de ninhos, uma vez que aparenta ser uma medida efetiva e ecológica. A presença de investigadores, voluntários e atividades turísticas moderadas nas praias de nidificação poderá também reduzir a predação, ao reduzir a densidade de caranguejos pelo pisoteio contínuo. Em geral, os nossos resultados indicaram que a trasladação de ninhos para viveiros foi a medida de conservação mais efetiva e adequada permitindo o aumento da produção de neonatos, embora a sua escolha e aplicação deva ser baseada em condições específicas relacionadas com a densidade de ninhos e ameaças a cada ninho.

On the solvation in lipid bilayers measured by pyrene fluorescence: thermal and molecular composition influence on equivalent polarity in lipidic mixtures

Phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol (CHOL) are major constituents of mammalian cell membranes. DPPC/CHOL and DPPC/DMPC are well-known binary mixtures. POPC/CHOL, DOPC/CHOL, egg-SM/CHOL, egg-SM/POPC and egg-SM/DOPC are less studied, but also important for the comprehension of the POPC/egg-SM/CHOL mixtures. These provide complex media for which polarity is hard to access. It is mainly determined by the water penetrating the bilayer (unevenly distributed creating a polarity gradient), though the influence of the dipoles from phospholipids (e.g. –PO, –CO, –OH) and the double bond in the steroid ring of CHOL cannot be neglected. CHOL derivatives are an interesting tool to verify the influence of the double bonds in the polarization of its surroundings. Pyrene fluorescence was used to access an equivalent polarity (associated to the dielectric constant) near the lipid/water interface of lipid bilayers. POPC/CHOL and DOPC/CHOL have similar thermal behavior and variation with CHOL content, though for lower CHOL content the equivalent polarity is higher for the DOPC/CHOL mixtures. The studies with DPPC and DMPC showed that pyrene does not seem to have a marked preference for either ordered or disordered phases. For DPPC/CHOL and egg-SM/CHOL the highlight goes to the behavior of the mixtures at higher CHOL amounts, where there is a substantial change in the thermal behavior and polarity values especially for the egg-SM/CHOL mixture. Egg-SM/POPC and egg-SM/DOPC show different behavior depending on which phospholipid has a higher molar proportion. The ternary mixtures analyzed do not exhibit significant differences, though there is the indication of the existence of a more ordered environment at lower temperatures and a less ordered environment for higher temperatures. The presence of 7DHC or DCHOL in egg-SM bilayers showed a tendency for the same behavior detected upon mixing higher amounts of CHOL.

Evolution, gene regulation and functional analysis of BMP2 in fish

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional growth factors belonging to the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily with a central role in bone formation and mineralization. BMP2, a founding member of this family, has demonstrated remarkable osteogenic properties and is clinically used to promote bone repair and fracture healing. Lack of basic data on factors regulating BMP2 expression and activity have hampered a better understanding of its role in bone formation and bone-related diseases. The objective of this work was to collect new functional data and determine spatiotemporal expression patterns in a fish system aiming towards a better understanding of BMP2 function and regulation. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gilthead seabream BMP2 gene was inferred from luciferase reporter systems. Several bone- and cartilage-related transcription factors (e.g. RUNX3, MEF2c, SOX9 and ETS1) were found to regulate BMP2 transcription, while microRNA 20a was shown to affect stability of the BMP2 transcript and thus the mineralogenic capacity of fish bone-derived host cells. The regulation of BMP2 activity through an interaction with the matrix Gla protein (MGP) was investigated in vitro using BMP responsive elements (BRE) coupled to luciferase reporter gene. Although we demonstrated the functionality of the experimental system in a fish cell line and the activation of BMP signaling pathway by seabream BMP2, no conclusive evidence could be collected on a possible interaction beween MGP and BMP2. The evolutionary relationship among the members of BMP2/4/16 subfamily was inferred from taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses. BMP16 diverged prior to BMP2 and BMP4 and should be the result of an ancient genome duplication that occurred early in vertebrate evolution. Structural and functional data suggested that all three proteins are effectors of the BMP signaling pathway, but expression data revealed different spatiotemporal patterns in teleost fish suggesting distinct mechanisms of regulation. In this work, through the collection of novel data, we provide additional insight into the regulation, the structure and the phylogenetic relationship of BMP2 and its closely related family members.

Differential regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis by nitric oxide following seizures

The fact that the adult brain is able to produce new neurons or glial cells from neural stem cells (NSC) became one of the most interesting and challenging fields of research in neuroscience. Endogenous adult neurogenesis occurs in two main regions of the brain: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the dentate gyrus. Brain injury may be accompanied by increased neurogenesis, although neuroinflammation promotes the activation of microglial cells that can be detrimental to the neurogenic process. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the factors released by microglia that can be proneurogenic. The mechanism by which NO promotes the proliferation of NSCs has been intensively studied. However, little is known about the role of NO in migration, survival and differentiation of the newborn cells. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of NO from inflammatory origin in proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival of NSCs from the dentate gyrus in a mouse model of status epilepticus. We also assessed neuroinflammation in the same injury model. Our work showed that NO increased proliferation of the early-born cells after seizures, but is detrimental for their survival. NO also increased migration of neuroblasts. Moreover, NO was important to maintain long-term neuroinflammation. Taken together, these results show that NO may be a good target to promote proliferation and migration of NSCs following seizures, but compromises survival of early-born cells.

Molecular structure and functional analysis of runx3 in zebrafish

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, 2014

Identification and molecular characterization of bone-related micrornas: functional implications

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

Identification of novel molecular determinants of tissue mineralization in fish

The identification of genes involved in signaling and regulatory pathways, and matrix formation is paramount to the better understanding of the complex mechanisms of bone formation and mineralization, and critical to the successful development of therapies for human skeletal disorders. To achieve this objective, in vitro cell systems derived from skeletal tissues and able to mineralize their extracellular matrix have been used to identify genes differentially expressed during mineralization and possibly new markers of bone and cartilage homeostasis. Using cell systems of fish origin and techniques such as suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray hybridization, three genes never associated with mechanisms of calcification were identified: the calcium binding protein S100-like, the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase sdr-like and the betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase bhmt3. Analysis of the spatial-temporal expression of these 3 genes by qPCR and in situ hybridization revealed: (1) the up-regulation of sdr-like transcript during in vitro mineralization of gilthead seabream cell lines and its specificity for calcified tissues and differentiating osteoblasts; (2) the up-regulation of S100-like and the down-regulation of bhmt3 during in vitro mineralization and the central role of both genes in cartilaginous tissues undergoing endo/perichondral mineralization in juvenile fish. While expression of S100-like and bhmt3 was restricted to calcified tissues, sdr-like transcript was also detected in soft tissues, in particular in tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. Functional analysis of gene promoters revealed the transcriptional regulation of the 3 genes by known regulators of osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation/mineralization: RUNX2 and RAR (sdr-like), ETS1 (s100-like; bhmt3), SP1 and MEF2c (bhmt3). The evolutionary relationship of the different orthologs and paralogs identified within the scope of this work was also inferred from taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses and revealed novel protein subfamilies (S100-like and Sdr-like) and the explosive diversity of Bhmt family in particular fish groups (Neoteleostei). Altogether our results contribute with new data on SDR, S100 and BHMT proteins, evidencing for the first time the role for these three proteins in mechanisms of mineralization in fish and emphasized their potential as markers of mineralizing cartilage and bone in developing fish.

Síntese de trioxolanos e avaliação da sua atividade antiparasitária em Leishmania donovani e Toxoplasma gondii

Dissertação de mestrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Loss of Par3 leads to aberrant divisions and faster mitotic progression in differentiating primary murine keratinocytes

Dissertação de Mestrado, Oncobiologia: Mecanismos Moleculares do Cancro, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Phylogeography and hybridisation in the european polecat : (mustela putorius)

Tese de doutoramento, Biologia (Biologia da Conservação), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

Synthesis and computer-assisted design of mitochondrial electron transport-chain inhibitors as antimalarial agents

Tese de doutoramento, Farmácia (Química Farmacêutica e Terapêutica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2014

From embryonic stem cells to sensory hair cells : a programming approach

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências Biomédicas (Biologia do Desenvolvimento), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2014

How hydrogen peroxide and CXCL8 modulate neutrophil recruitment "in vivo"

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências Biomédicas (Biologia Celular e Molecular), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2014

The dynamics of fibroblasts/ECM in neonatal cardiac injury

Tese de mestrado. Biologia (Biologia Evolutiva e do Desenvolvimento). Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014