Estudo sobre as diferenças interativas e comunicativas das educadoras e das mães

Dissertação apresentada na Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação - Especialidade Intervenção Precoce

Estudo sobre a qualidade da autorregulação do bebé na situação face-to-face-still-face com o pai

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação Especialidade Intervenção Precoce

O Consenso no Discurso Pedagógico Oficial em Governos Monopartidários e de Coligação

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação, na área de especialização em Análise e Intervenção em Educação

Women's Attachment as a Predictor of Pain During Labour and Post-Delivery: a Prospective Observational Study

INTRODUCTION: Labour is considered to be one of the most painful and significant experiences in a woman's life. The aim of this study was to examine whether women's attachment style is a predictor of the pain experienced throughout labour and post-delivery. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Thirty-two pregnant women were assessed during the third trimester of pregnancy and during labour. Adult attachment was assessed with the Adult Attachment Scale ' Revised. The perceived intensity of labour pain was measured using a visual analogue scale for pain in the early stage of labour, throughout labour and post-delivery. RESULTS:Women with an insecure attachment style reported more pain at 3 cm of cervical dilatation (p < 0.05), before the administration of analgesia (p < 0.01) and post-delivery (p < 0.05) than those securely attached. In multivariate models, attachment style was a significant predictor of labour pain at 3 cm of cervical dilatation and before the first administration of analgesia but not of the perceived pain post-delivery. DISCUSSION: These findings confirm that labour pain is influenced by relevant psychological factors and suggest that a woman's attachment style may be a risk factor for greater pain during labour. CONCLUSION:Future studies in the context of obstetric pain may consider the attachment style as an indicator of individual differences in the pain response during labour. This may have important implications in anaesthesiology and to promote a relevant shift in institutional practices and therapeutic procedures.

Sofisticação e disponibilidade total dos serviços On-Line da segurança social

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Gestão de Informação

O Amor e o Género: homens e mulheres amam de maneira diferente?

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Sobre as Mulheres

O Direito Internacional Humanitário e os conflitos armados do século XXI: As Nações Unidas enquanto garante da salvaguarda da vida e dignidade humana – os casos da Líbia e da Síria

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais

Determinants of mother-baby relationship evaluated during pregnancy

ABSTRACT Background Mental health promotion is supported by a strong body of knowledge and is a matter of public health with the potential of a large impact on society. Mental health promotion programs should be implemented as soon as possible in life, preferably starting during pregnancy. Programs should focus on malleable determinants, introducing strategies to reduce risk factors or their impact on mother and child, and also on strengthening protective factors to increase resilience. The ambition of early detecting risk situations requires the development and use of tools to assess risk, and the creation of a responsive network of services based in primary health care, especially maternal consultation during pregnancy and the first months of the born child. The number of risk factors and the way they interact and are buffered by protective factors are relevant for the final impact. Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) is not yet a totally understood and well operationalized concept. Methodological problems limit the comparison of data as many studies used small size samples, had an exploratory character or used different selection criteria and different measures. There is still a lack of studies in high risk populations evaluating the consequences of a weak MFA. Instead, the available studies are not very conclusive, but suggest that social support, anxiety and depression, self-esteem and self-control and sense of coherence are correlated with MFA. MFA is also correlated with health practices during pregnancy, that influence pregnancy and baby outcomes. MFA seems a relevant concept for the future mother baby interaction, but more studies are needed to clarify the concept and its operationalization. Attachment is a strong scientific concept with multiple implications for future child development, personality and relationship with others. Secure attachment is considered an essential basis of good mental health, and promoting mother-baby interaction offers an excellent opportunity to intervention programmes targeted at enhancing mental health and well-being. Understanding the process of attachment and intervening to improve attachment requires a comprehension of more proximal factors, but also a broader approach that assesses the impact of more distal social conditions on attachment and how this social impact is mediated by family functioning and mother-baby interaction. Finally, it is essential to understand how this knowledge could be translated in effective mental health promoting interventions and measures that could reach large populations of pregnant mothers and families. Strengthening emotional availability (EA) seems to be a relevant approach to improve the mother-baby relationship. In this review we have offered evidence suggesting a range of determinants of mother-infant relationship, including age, marital relationship, social disadvantages, migration, parental psychiatric disorders and the situations of abuse or neglect. Based on this theoretical background we constructed a theoretical model that included proximal and distal factors, risk and protective factors, including variables related to the mother, the father, their social support and mother baby interaction from early pregnancy until six months after birth. We selected the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) for use as an instrument to detect psychosocial risk during pregnancy. Method Ninety two pregnant women were recruited from the Maternal Health Consultation in Primary Health Care (PHC) at Amadora. They had three moments of assessment: at T1 (until 12 weeks of pregnancy) they filed out a questionnaire that included socio-demographic data, ALPHA, Edinburgh post-natal Depression Scale (EDPS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Sense of Coherence (SOC); at T2 (after the 20th weeks of pregnancy) they answered EDPS, SOC and MFA Scale (MFAS), and finally at T3 (6 months after birth), they repeated EDPS and SOC, and their interaction with their babies was videotaped and later evaluated using EA Scales. A statistical analysis has been done using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, univariate logistic regression and multiple linear regression. Results The study has increased our knowledge on this particular population living in a multicultural, suburb community. It allow us to identify specific groups with a higher level of psychosocial risk, such as single or divorced women, young couples, mothers with a low level of education and those who are depressed or have a low SOC. The hypothesis that psychosocial risk is directly correlated with MFAS and that MFA is directly correlated with EA was not confirmed, neither the correlation between prenatal psychosocial risk and mother-baby EA. The study identified depression as a relevant risk factor in pregnancy and its higher prevalence in single or divorced women, immigrants and in those who have a higher global psychosocial risk. Depressed women have a poor MFA, and a lower structuring capacity and a higher hostility to their babies. In average, depression seems to reduce among pregnant women in the second part of their pregnancy. The children of immigrant mothers show a lower level of responsiveness to their mothers what could be transmitted through depression, as immigrant mothers have a higher risk of depression in the beginning of pregnancy and six months after birth. Young mothers have a low MFA and are more intrusive. Women who have a higher level of education are more sensitive and their babies showed to be more responsive. Women who are or have been submitted to abuse were found to have a higher level of MFA but their babies are less responsive to them. The study highlights the relevance of SOC as a potential protective factor while it is strongly and negatively related with a wide range of risk factors and mental health outcomes especially depression before, during and after pregnancy. Conclusions ALPHA proved to be a valid, feasible and reliable instrument to Primary Health Care (PHC) that can be used as a total sum score. We could not prove the association between psychosocial risk factors and MFA, neither between MFA and EA, or between psychosocial risk and EA. Depression and SOC seems to have a clear and opposite relevance on this process. Pregnancy can be considered as a maturational process and an opportunity to change, where adaptation processes occur, buffering risk, decreasing depression and increasing SOC. Further research is necessary to better understand interactions between variables and also to clarify a better operationalization of MFA. We recommend the use of ALPHA, SOC and EDPS in early pregnancy as a way of identifying more vulnerable women that will require additional interventions and support in order to decrease risk. At political level we recommend the reinforcement of Immigrant integration and the increment of education in women. We recommend more focus in health care and public health in mental health condition and psychosocial risk of specific groups at high risk. In PHC special attention should be paid to pregnant women who are single or divorced, very young, low educated and to immigrant mothers. This study provides the basis for an intervention programme for this population, that aims to reduce broad spectrum risk factors and to promote Mental Health in women who become pregnant. Health and mental health policies should facilitate the implementation of the suggested measures.

Experiences, sensations and demands of citizen (in)security: recent complex configurations in Argentina

Over the last decades the issue of insecurity due to an increase in crime rates and its possible impact on the stability of Latin American democracies has sparked an ongoing debate. In this context, the present article studies, for the case of Argentina, how experiences and sensations of insecurity may be articulated to demands for greater punitive rigor. The analysis is based on two types of information. Initially, data from international surveys such as Latinoabarometer are considered. Then, these are compared to data from prolonged on-site observations in a poor neighborhood of a mid-sized Argentine city. The combination of these different types of data shows the complexity of the process. Contrary to what is often assumed, experiences and sensations of insecurity do not lineally lead to demands for greater punitive rigor. The way in which social actors elaborate their experiences of insecurity is highly situational and not systematic. We have found that there is not necessarily a consistent process of ‘meaning construction’ that articulates experiences and sensations of insecurity with political demands.

Evaluation of effectiveness of the project ‘Caring caregivers of persons in disability situation’. Bogotá - second semester of 2007

The present paper presents the results of a transversal descriptive study which intended to estimate the contribution of the project “Caring for those who take care of people with disabilities” in the areas of: strength of personal and group competences, self care, life project, dexterity in the care process of people with disabilities, and communitarian auto management; that was implemented in 20 urban areas with caregivers of the city of Bogota in the year 2007. The study allowed the nresearches to acknowledge the little change perception that caregivers had in terms of self care, however, the caregivers perceived change in the four areas, although this were not statistically significant in comparison with the general population. There were only significant changes in the communitarian auto management area in 30% of the population. As a result, it is proposed that more extensive, continuous, and sustainable processes are implemented and that this process arises from contention spaces which can be created with the caregivers, from which they can be motivated to participate in other ´processes of collective and individual changes. Also there’s a need to rely on facilitators (professionals and change agents) who have stronger competences on the how to be and the how to interact competences, because there’s a need to manage the psychosocial components in this group of people. Also, we must make organizational processes and the social networks stronger, this is: collective actions are required, because disability is a social fact, and so, the individual issues are just a moment in the process of inclusion of the person with disability, his family and caregiver.

Behavioral changes, used and benefits of a community program for the promotion in physical activity

Objective: To determine the change of behavior in physical activity and the characteristics associated with the use and benefits of Local Physical Activity Center (CLAF) in the population of the town of Santa Fe de Bogota. Materials and methods: We conducted a longitudinal study before and after, which was assessed at admission and 3 months in the intervention program CLAF physical activity, behavior change compared to the physical activity of users. Inclusion criteria: were being active user of CLAF, aged between 15 and 65 years and voluntarily express their participation in the study. Exclusion criteria: Fill incomplete measurement instruments used. The sampling frame of CLAF users, we selected n=55 subjects. To gather information, a questionnaire, which contained the behavioral stages of change, also conducted a survey which determined semistructured features about the benefits and use of CLAF. Results: The total study participants was n = 55, mean age was 40.4 ± 15.3 years, with a minimum 15 and maximum of 64 years, 83.6% were women. 78.2% do not know the purpose of the Local Centre for Physical Activity. The outreach strategy that most came to the group was 58.2 with a verbal type. The time for links to CLAF more frequently in the group evaluated was 1 to 6 months 36.4. The motivation to regularly attend the CLAF in the majority was to improve the physical and / or a 74.5% mental. 89.1% would be willing to recommend to others the use of CLAF. A 81.8% of the population physical activity performed by more than 150 min / wk at moderate intensity; Post CLAF intervention in the subjects showed positive changes in the level of physical activity (p<0.001, Test de Wilcoxon) and behavioral state (p<0.001, Test de Wilcoxon).

Diminuição do Isolamento Pedagógico do Formador

Este estudo seguiu a metodologia de investigação-acção tendo como preocupação central reflectir e actuar sobre o isolamento pedagógico do formador, nomeadamente responder à questão: o que poderá ser feito para o diminuir de modo a impulsionar o desenvolvimento profissional e pessoal do formador? Algumas das principais razões deste isolamento são a dispersão geográfica da actuação do formador, a sua não vinculação a uma instituição em particular e o final da obrigatoriedade da renovação do Certificado de Aptidão Profissional (CAP), o que acontecia de cinco em cinco anos e constituía uma oportunidade de reciclagem de métodos, estratégias e conteúdos, bem como para o alargar da rede pessoal de contactos. Deste modo parece ser mais difícil para o formador evoluir e perceber até que ponto actua de forma eficaz e actualizada. Depois de uma fase inicial em que se procurou perceber o modo como cada formador trabalha e as suas principais necessidades e sugestões, foi elaborado um plano de acção. A aplicação deste plano não foi muito intensa, registando-se poucas partilhas e poucas solicitações de trabalho colaborativo. No entanto, registaram-se algumas evoluções ao nível do crescimento profissional e pessoal. As dificuldades e sugestões encontradas apontam para novas formas de actuar no sentido de criar uma equipa de trabalho colaborativo entre formadores, como por exemplo o estímulo à criação de laços afectivos, menor número de membros por equipa, agrupamento por semelhança de área de formação e a aposta na dinamização de plataformas “online” de fácil utilização. Todo percurso realizado foi enriquecedor e que impulsionou o crescimento profissional e pessoal da investigadora!

Museologia: algumas idéias para a sua organização disciplinar

A problematização das hipóteses científicas nas Ciências Humanas, vinculada ao estudo da Cultura Material, procura elucidar os processos de continuidades e mudanças dos distintos fenômenos ligados aos grupos humanos do presente ou das sociedades extintas. Por um lado, essa busca orienta-se para a compreensão das possibilidades de dispersão dos vestígios materiais (evidências culturais) em um território e a respectiva inserção nos diferentes níveis das sociedades e, a partir de diferentes metodologias, esses vestígios acabam sendo retirados de seu local de origem e reunidos em uma instituição. Por outro lado, muitos destes estudos partem dos objetos já reunidos em instituições, com o objetivo de entender o perfil das sociedades que os produziram. De uma forma, ou de outra, a evidência material da cultura é um elemento de crucial importância para estas análises e os museus estão entre as principais instituições que guardam esses indicadores da dimensão cultural das sociedades. Assim, não só os museus têm uma íntima vinculação com o desenvolvimento de diversos ramos das Ciências Humanas, mas a Museologia - enquanto disciplina - apresenta uma acentuada cumplicidade com estas áreas de conhecimento e também com os outros ramos do conhecimento científico.

As práticas de ensino de matemática desenvolvidas por educadores do 4º e 5º Ano do Ensino Fundamental : factores que favorecem a aquisição de competências nos educandos

O presente trabalho de pesquisa visa Identificar as práticas de ensino de Matemática desenvolvidas por educadores do 4º e 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental que favoreçam a construção de habilidades e competências em seus educandos. Questões relacionadas com o baixo desempenho, má fama da disciplina, a abordagem superficial e mecânica realizada pela escola, são aspectos considerados relevantes que possibilitam ampliar conhecimentos no ensino de Matemática que cronologicamente passa por transformações. Nesta perspectiva, o referido estudo, questiona: quais os fatores que emergem da prática do ensino da Matemática, desenvolvida por educadores do 4º e 5º ano do Ensino fundamental, que favorecem a aquisição de habilidades e competências nos educandos e como os docentes percebem a importância dos fatores identificados? A pesquisa tem como instrumentos para coleta de dados: observação direta e questionário com educadores. Para trabalhar o tema proposto, utilizaremos um diálogo entre diversos autores como: D’Ambrosio (2005), Caraça (1978), Carraher (1993), Bandura (2008) e Perrenoud (1997). As conclusões demonstraram ainda que o ensino da Matemática deve ser trabalhado no contexto da realidade dos educandos. Assim, constatou-se que suas tendências atuais vão em direção de buscar a vinculação prática entre o que ocorre na sala de aula e fora dela.

A(s) igreja(s) face ao processo de recomposição do religioso; práticas e representações de jovens vinculados à estrutura da Igreja Católica romana

Com base num estudo empírico realizado entre 2001 e 2004, que incidiu sobre jovens leigos organizados formalmente na estrutura da Igreja Católica-romana e sujeitos a um processo de socialização religiosa institucional estruturado, propomo-nos discutir a incidência do processo de recomposição do religioso entre os jovens católicos praticantes no contexto português. Os resultados apontam, por um lado, para uma progressiva erosão das práticas e representações associadas à doutrina Católica-romana – o que se traduz numa heterogeneidade de posicionamentos que oscilam entre o integrismo intransigente e o progressismo radical – e por outro, verificámos que o envolvimento emocional, em detrimento do processo estruturado de formação, é neste caso o elemento central na vinculação ideológica confessional.