The dawn of modern geography : A history of exploration and geographical science... v.3. /

"On the leading manuscripts of the principal texts in vols. II and III": v.2, p.[542]-552.

Maryland weather service. [Reports. New ser.] v. 1-3.

Earlier reports have title: The climatology and physical features of Maryland. First [-second] biennial report of the Maryland state weather service 1892/93-1894/95.

Study of the influence of indium segregation on the optical properties of InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells via split-operator method

In the case of quantum wells, the indium segregation leads to complex potential profiles that are hardly considered in the majority of the theoretical models. The authors demonstrated that the split-operator method is useful tool for obtaining the electronic properties in these cases. Particularly, they studied the influence of the indium surface segregation in optical properties of InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells. Photoluminescence measurements were carried out for a set of InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells and compared to the results obtained theoretically via split-operator method, showing a good agreement.

Growth and capping of InAs/GaAs quantum dots investigated by x-ray Bragg-surface diffraction

An x-ray diffraction method, based on the excitation of a surface diffracted wave, is described to investigate the capping process of InAs/GaAs (001) quantum dots (QDs). It is sensitive to the tiny misorientation of (111) planes at the surface of the buffer layer on samples with exposed QDs. After capping, the misorientation occurs in the cap-layer lattice faceting the QDs and its magnitude can be as large as 10 degrees depending on the QDs growth rates, probably due to changes in the size and shape of the QDs. A slow strain release process taking place at room temperature has also been observed by monitoring the misorientation angle of the (111) planes.

Classical and quantum magnetoresistance in a two-subband electron system

We observe a large positive magnetoresistance in a bilayer electron system (double quantum well) as the latter is driven by the external gate from double to single layer configuration. Both classical and quantum contributions to magnetotransport are found to be important for explanation of this effect. We demonstrate that these contributions can be separated experimentally by studying the magnetic-field dependence of the resistance at different gate voltages. The experimental results are analyzed and described by using the theory of low-field magnetotransport in the systems with two occupied subbands.

Anomalous lattice parameter of magnetic semiconductor alloys

The addition of transition metals to III-V semiconductors radically changes their electronic, magnetic, and structural properties. We show by ab initio calculations that in contrast to the conventional semiconductor alloys, the lattice parameter in magnetic semiconductor alloys, including those with diluted concentration, strongly deviates from Vegard's law. We find a direct correlation between the magnetic moment and the anion-transition metal bond lengths and derive a simple and general formula that determines the lattice parameter of a particular magnetic semiconductor by considering both the composition and magnetic moment. This dependence can explain some experimentally observed anomalies and stimulate other kind of investigations.

A study of disorder effects in random (Al(x)Ga(1-x)As)(n)(Al(y)Ga(1-y)As)(m) superlattices embedded in a wide parabolic potential

A photoluminescence (PL) study of the individual electron states localized in a random potential is performed in artificially disordered superlattices embedded in a wide parabolic well. The valence band bowing of the parabolic potential provides a variation of the emission energies which splits the optical transitions corresponding to different wells within the random potential. The blueshift of the PL lines emitted by individual random wells, observed with increasing disorder strength, is demonstrated. The variation of temperature and magnetic field allowed for the behavior of the electrons localized in individual wells of the random potential to be distinguished.

Atomic scale characterization of Mn doped InAs/GaAs quantum dots

Several growth procedures for doping InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) with manganese (Mn) have been investigated with cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy. It is found that expulsion of Mn out of the QDs and subsequent segregation makes it difficult to incorporate Mn in the QDs even at low growth temperatures of T=320 degrees C and high Mn fluxes. Mn atoms in and around QDs have been observed with strain and potential confinement changing the appearance of the Mn features.

Structural and optical analysis of GaAsP/GaP core-shell nanowires

The structural and optical properties of GaAsP/GaP core-shell nanowires grown by gas source molecular beam epitaxy were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), and magneto-PL. The effects of surface depletion and compositional variations in the ternary alloy manifested as a redshift in GaAsP PL upon surface passivation, and a decrease in redshift in PL in the presence of a magnetic field due to spatial confinement of carriers.

Interface roughness in short-period InGaAs/InP superlattices

Electron mobility was studied in lattice-matched short-period InGaAs/InP superlattices as a function of the width of the wells. The decreasing mobility with decreasing well width was shown to occur due to the interface roughness. The roughnesses of InGaAs/InP and GaAs/AlGaAs interfaces were compared. Much smoother InGaAs/InP interfaces resulted in higher electron mobility limited by interface roughness.

The sit-up: complex kinematics and muscle activity in voluntary axial movement

This paper describes the kinematics and muscle activity associated with the standard sit-up, as a first step in the investigation of complex motor coordination. Eight normal human subjects lay on a force table and performed at least 15 sit-ups, with the arms across the chest and the legs straight and unconstrained. Several subjects also performed sit-ups with an additional weight added to the head. Support surface forces were recorded to calculate the location of the center of pressure and center of gravity; conventional motion analysis was used to measure segmental positions; and surface EMG was recorded from eight muscles. While the sit-up consists of two serial components, 'trunk curling' and 'footward pelvic rotation', it can be further subdivided into five phases, based on the kinematics. Phases I and II comprise trunk curling. Phase I consists of neck and upper trunk flexion, and phase II consists of lumbar trunk lifting. Phase II corresponds to the point of peak muscle contraction and maximum postural instability, the 'critical point' of the sit-up. Phases III-V comprise footward pelvic rotation. Phase III begins with pelvic rotation towards the feet. phase W with leg lowering, and phase V with contact between the legs and the support surface. The overall pattern of muscle activity was complex with times of EMG onset, peak activity, offset, and duration differing for different muscles. This complex pattern changed qualitatively from one phase to the next, suggesting that the roles of different muscles and, as a consequence, the overall form of coordination, change during the sit-up. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparação entre limiares de audibilidade e eletrofisiológico por estímulo tone burst

Estudos referem compatibilidade entre limiares eletrofisiológicos obtidos com o estímulo acústico tone burst no Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico (PEATE) e limiares para tons puros. OBJETIVOS: Verificar a ocorrência das ondas I, III, V e seus respectivos tempos de latência para o tone burst em 500, 1000, 2000 e 4000 Hz a 80 dB NA, e comparar os limiares eletrofisiológicos para o tone burst com limiares de audibilidade e psicoacústico. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Avaliação audiológica, psicoacústica e eletrofisiológica da audição de 40 indivíduos audiologicamente normais de 18 a 40 anos, de ambos os sexos. RESULTADOS: Visualizou-se apenas a onda V a 80 dB NA, sendo que sua latência diminuiu com o aumento da freqüência em ambos os sexos. Em 1000, 2000 e 4000 Hz o sexo masculino apresentou maiores valores de latência da onda V a 80 dB NA e valores de limiares eletrofisiológicos mais elevados que o feminino em todas as freqüências. Em 500, 1000 e 2000 Hz, os limiares eletrofisiológico, de audibilidade e psicoacústico encontraram-se estatisticamente diferentes entre si. CONCLUSÂO: Apesar da aplicabilidade clínica dos PEATE com tone burst, são necessárias mais pesquisas a fim de padronizar as técnicas de realização do exame e resultados.

Os efeitos da polaridade do estímulo nos Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Tronco Encefálico

Os Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Tronco Encefálico (PEATE) são considerados potenciais exógenos, ou seja, as respostas obtidas são altamente dependentes da característica do estímulo utilizado para evocá-los. OBJETIVO: Averiguar a influência da polaridade do estímulo clique na pesquisa dos PEATE em diferentes intensidades, utilizando-se fone de inserção. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: 33 indivíduos, idade entre 18 e 28 anos, sem alteração auditiva foram submetidos à pesquisa dos PEATE, com estímulo clique nas polaridades de rarefação, condensação e alternada, em diferentes intensidades. RESULTADOS: As latências absolutas da onda V mostraram-se menores na polaridade de rarefação quando comparadas às demais e na intensidade de 80 dBnHL houve diferença significante entre a rarefação e as demais polaridades para as latências interpicos III-V e I-V. Houve alta correlação entre as polaridades de condensação e alternada para as latências absolutas e interpicos na intensidade de 80 dBnHL. CONCLUSÃO: A polaridade do estímulo clique influência significativamente nos PEATE. Na rotina em que se utiliza o fone TDH 39, com apresentação de polaridade alternada, sugere-se que o uso da polaridade de condensação seja mais adequado para efeitos de comparação padronizada, devido à maior semelhança das latências encontradas nesse estudo com fone de inserção.

Paridade de Ochlerotatus scapularis em condições de laboratório e campo

OBJETIVO: Identificar o estado de paridade em fêmeas de Ochlerotatus scapularis de campo e obtidas em condições de laboratório. MÉTODOS: Para obtenção das fêmeas de campo, foram realizadas coletas quinzenais no Vale do Ribeira utilizando-se a técnica da aspiração manual, de abril de 2003 a março de 2004. Em laboratório, 100 fêmeas (F1) de Ochlerotatus scapularis foram mantidas e observadas individualmente anotando-se o número de repastos realizados, duração do ciclo gonotrófico, tempo de sobrevivência e número de ovos colocados. A observação do estado de paridade e desenvolvimento ovariano foi feita pela dissecção dos ovários de 90 fêmeas por coleta, e de todas as fêmeas mantidas em laboratório. RESULTADOS: Das 100 fêmeas mantidas em laboratório e dissecadas, o diagnóstico de condição de paridade conferiu com os resultados constatados em 55% dos casos, sendo subestimados em 37% e superestimados em 2%. Ainda em laboratório, de 106 ciclos gonotróficos completados, cerca de 55% das fêmeas necessitaram de mais de um repasto sangüíneo antes de ovipor. A sobrevivência observada em laboratório foi de até 26 dias para a espécie. Foram dissecadas 1.180 fêmeas de Ochlerotatus scapularis do campo: 418 (35,4%) foram consideradas nulíparas, 655 (55,5%) uníparas, 46 (3,9%) como bíparas e 61 (5,2%) não puderam ser avaliadas. Noventa fêmeas apresentavam-se na fase III-V de Christophers e Mer. CONCLUSÕES: Pode-se confirmar a hipótese de discordância gonotrófica, com base nas observações de fêmeas de Ochlerotatus scapularis no campo e laboratório.

Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of Keotones catalysed by rhenium complexes bearing N- Or Oxo-Ligands

Rhenium (I, III-V or VII) complexes bearing N-donor or oxo-ligands catalyse the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of cyclic and linear ketones (e.g. 2-methylcyclohexanone, 2-methylcyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, cyclobutanone and 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone) into the corresponding lactones or esters, in the presence of aqueous H2O2 (30%). The effects of various reaction parameters are studied allowing to achieve yields up to 54%.