Manch Gespenst steht sinnend. 1938-1945

Manuscript of an autobiographical novel, recounting the author���s experiences under Nazi rule in Austria after the occupation of 1938, particularly his imprisonment in Dachau concentration camp and his subsequent emigration to England.

Julius Streicher Collection 1945

Documents and books pertaining to Julius Streicher

Guides to German records microfilmed at Alexandria, Va. 1933-1945

Inventory lists of captured German documents; 1933-1945.

Leiwen; Jewish community 1800-1945

Manuscripts: "Schicksal der Leiwener Juden von der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus bis heute;" Geschichte der ehemaligen Judengemeinde in Leiwen." Contains references to the history of different Jewish families from Leiwen.

Mendelsohn Family Collection, Zeitz, Saxony 1870-1945

Names and dates of 5 members of the Mendelsohn family from Zeitz, Saxony, who were killed during World War I and during the Holocaust

Suomi ja Euroopan kirkollinen j��lleenrakentaminen 1945-1948

The international aid that the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland received between 1945 and 1948 is the topic of this historical study, in which the process of reconstruction of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is examined in a European context. The key questions are related not only to the achievements of the reconstruction programs but also to the purposes and objectives of the donating churches. The study pays particular attention to the changes in the ecclesiastical, political and economic fields after the Second World War and asks how the tense political atmosphere of a divided world affected the reconstruction programs of the churches. It is possible to distinguish three periods within the European church reconstruction process. To begin with, the year 1945 was, in general, the year of organization. Many churches had started planning reconstruction work already during the war, but only after the conflict in Europe had ceased did they have a chance to renew contacts, assess the damage and begin operations. The years 1946 and 1947 were the main years of the work. Large reconstruction organizations from American churches donated money, food, clothes and vitamins worth millions of dollars to the European churches. The work started to diminish as early as 1948, partly because Marshall Plan aid and the rising standard of living had reduced the need for material assistance in many countries and partly because other problems overshadowed the reconstruction work of the World Council of Churches: for example, most WCC resources at this time were directed to refugee programs and to Third World churhces. The most important donors from the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland's point of view were the American Section of the Lutheran World Federation, the World Council of Churches and the Churches of Denmark, Sweden and England. The amount of money and value of goods received by the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland totaled approximately 2.5 million dollars, from which about 60 per cent came from the Lutheran churches of America. The importance of the Lutheran World Federation was even greater because of the productive financial arrangements that increased the American Lutheran funds. In addition the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland imported hundreds of tons of tax-free coffee and sold this to Finns. The money gained was used mostly to rebuild destroyed church buildings and to support the work of different ecclesiastical organizations. Smaller amounts were used for scholarship programs, youth work, and supporting sick and disabled church workers.

Erwin Gruen Collection 1945-1995

Various clippings and articles about the work of Erwin Gruen and his Jewish-German background (1965-1993); Letter by Gruen describing his experiences during the Nazi period.

Small State Cultures of Consensus : State Traditions and Consensus-Seeking in the Neo-Corporatist and Neutrality Policies in Post-1945 Austria and Finland

Austria and Finland are persistently referred to as the ���success stories��� of post-1945 European history. Notwithstanding their different points of departure, in the course of the Cold War both countries portrayed themselves as small and neutral border-states in the world dictated by superpower politics. By the 1970s, both countries frequently ranked at the top end in various international classifications regarding economic development and well-being in society. This trend continues today. The study takes under scrutiny the concept of consensus which figures centrally in the two national narratives of post-1945 success. Given that the two domestic contexts as such only share few direct links with one another and are more obviously different than similar in terms of their geographical location, historical experiences and politico-cultural traditions, the analogies and variations in the anatomies of the post-1945 ���cultures of consensus��� provide an interesting topic for a historical comparative and cross-national examination. The main research question concerns the identification and analysis of the conceptual and procedural convergence points of the concepts of the state and consensus. The thesis is divided into six main chapters. After the introduction, the second chapter presents the theoretical framework in more detail by focusing on the key concepts of the study ��� the state and consensus. Chapter two also introduces the comparative historical and cross-national research angles. Chapter three grounds the key concepts of the state and consensus in the historical contexts of Austria and Finland by discussing the state, the nation and democracy in a longer term comparative perspective. The fourth and fifth chapter present case studies on the two policy fields, the ���pillars���, upon which the post-1945 Austrian and Finnish cultures of consensus are argued to have rested. Chapter four deals with neo-corporatist features in the economic policy making and chapter five discusses the building up of domestic consensus regarding the key concepts of neutrality policies in the 1950s and 1960s. The study concludes that it was not consensus as such but the strikingly intense preoccupation with the theme of domestic consensus that cross-cut, in a curiously analogous manner, the policy-making processes studied. The main challenge for the post-1945 architects of Austrian and Finnish cultures of consensus was to find strategies and concepts for consensus-building which would be compatible with the principles of democracy. Discussed at the level of procedures, the most important finding of the study concerns the triangular mechanism of coordination, consultation and cooperation that set into motion and facilitated a new type of search for consensus in both post-war societies. In this triangle, the agency of the state was central, though in varying ways. The new conceptions concerning a small state���s position in the Cold War world also prompted cross-nationally perceivable willingness to reconsider inherited concepts and procedures of the state and the nation. At the same time, the ways of understanding the role of the state and its relation to society remained profoundly different in Austria and Finland and this basic difference was in many ways reflected in the concepts and procedures deployed in the search for consensus and management of domestic conflicts. For more detailed information, please consult the author.

Book Review: "The Interface: IBM and the Transformation of Corporate Design, 1945-1975", John Harwood, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011

Within the history of twentieth-century design, there are a number of well-known objects and stories that are invoked time and time again to capture a pivotal moment or summarize a much broader historical transition. For example, Marcel Breuer���s Model B3 chair is frequently used as a stand-in for the radical investigations of form and new industrial materials occurring at the Bauhaus in the mid-1920s. Similarly, Raymond Loewy���s streamlined pencil sharpener has become historical shorthand for the emergence of modern industrial design in the 1930s. And any discussion of the development of American postwar ���organic design��� seems incomplete without reference to Charles and Ray Eames���s molded plywood leg splint of 1942. Such objects and narratives are dear to historians of modern design. They are tangible, photogenic subjects that slot nicely into exhibitions, historical surveys, and coffee-table best sellers...

Kaupungin savut ja k��ryt : Helsingin ilmansuojelu 1945-1982

The smoke and fumes of the city: Air protection in Helsinki from 1945 to 1982 This dissertation examines air pollution and air protection in post-war Helsinki. The period studied ends in 1982 when the Air Protection Act entered into force, thus institutionalising air protection in Finland as a socially governed environmental matter. The dissertation is based on the research traditions of environmental politics and urban environmental history. The development of air protection is approached from the perspectives of politicisation and institutionalisation. The dissertation also investigates how air pollution grew into a social issue and presents various discursive ways of analysing air pollution and protection. The primary research material consists of municipal documents and newspapers, while supplementary material includes journal articles and interviews. The event history of air protection is described through an analysis of the material, including source criticism. The social ways of dealing with air pollution and the emergence of air protection are analysed in the light of case-specific air quality disputes from both factual and discursive perspectives. This approach enables the contextualisation of the development of air protection as part of the local history of post-war Helsinki. The dissertation presents the major sources of air pollution in Helsinki and describes the deterioration of air quality in a society which emphasised the primacy of economic prosperity. The air issue emerged during the 1950s in neighbourhood disputes and was exacerbated into a larger problem in the late 1960s. Concurrent to the formation of the field of environmental protection in Finland, an air protection organisation was established in the 1970s in Helsinki. As a result, air protection became a regular part of municipal government. Air protection in Helsinki developed from small-scale policies focused on individual cases into a large, institutionalised air protection system managed by experts. The dissertation research material gave rise to the following major research themes: the economic dimension of the air issue, the role of science in the formation of the environmental problem, and the establishment of norms for acceptable air quality and reasonable limits to air pollution in the urban environment. The paper also discusses the inequitable distribution of the negative effects of air pollution between the residents of different districts. The dissertation concludes that air protection in Helsinki became a local success story although it was long marred by inefficiency and partial failure.

K��mp��n kotihenget��r vai hyv�� j��tk��? : Pohjois-Suomen k��mpp��em��nn��t ja sukupuolen merkitys k��mpp��el��m��ss�� 1945-1975

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Pohjois-Suomen savottak��mpill�� vuosien 1945 1975 v��lill�� ty��skennelleit�� k��mpp��em��nti��. K��mpp��em��nn��t toimivat mets��ty��ntekij��iden yhteisasunnoissa ruuanlaittajina ja siivoojina. Savottak��mpille alettiin palkata kokkeja 1900-luvun alussa ja 1930-luvulta eteenp��in puutavarayhti��t alkoivat huolehtia heid��n palkkaamisestaan. Yhti��iden palkkaamien ruuanlaittajien ammattinimikkeesi vakiintui k��mpp��em��nt��. K��mpp��majoitus v��heni 1970-luvun my��t�� kun mets��ty��ss�� siirryttiin ty��ntekij��iden kotikuljetuksiin. Pohjois-Suomessa k��mpp��ty��maita ja k��mpp��em��nti�� oli kuitenkin 1980-luvun lopulle asti. K��mpp��em��nn��t ty��skenteliv��t maskuliinisella mets��alalla k��mpp��yhteis��jen ainoina naisina. Tutkielmassa kysyt����nkin, mink��laisia k��sityksi�� ja m����ritelmi�� k��mpp��em��nnyyteen yhdistettiin ja miten k��mpp��em��nn��n sukupuoli n��kyy n��iss�� m����ritelmiss��. Lis��ksi kysyt����n, mink��laisina k��mp��n sis��iset sukupuolten v��liset suhteet n��ytt��ytyiv��t. Tarkastelussa hy��dynnet����n Yvonne Hirdmanin sukupuolij��rjestelm��n k��sitett��. Tutkimuskysymyksi�� l��hestyt����n kolmesta n��k��kulmasta: Ensin tarkastellaan, miten k��mpp��em��nnyytt�� m����ritell����n aikalaiskirjallisuudessa. T��ss�� tarkastelussa t��rkeimp��n�� l��hdeaineistona toimivat k��mpp��em��nnille suunnatut oppaat. Toiseksi tarkastellaan, miten k��mpp��em��ntin�� toimineet naiset vastasivat n��ihin m����ritelmiin ja mink��laiseksi he kokivat k��mpill�� vallinneet sukupuolten v��liset suhteet. Kolmanneksi kuvataan, mit�� savottak��mpill�� majoittuneet mets��alalla toimineet miehet n��kiv��t hyv��n k��mpp��em��nn��n ominaisuuksiksi ja mink��laisiksi he kokivat em��nn��n aseman k��mpp��yhteis��ss��. Kahden viimeisen n��k��kulman l��hdeaineistona toimii muistitietoaineisto. K��mpp��em��nn��t toimivat savottak��mpill�� erilaisten odotusten ristipaineessa. K��mpp��em��nn��n oppaat m����rittelev��t heid��n roolinsa feminiiniseksi ja ��idilliseksi. Ne luovat k��mpp��em��nn��n ty��st�� naisten yhteiskunnallisen roolin mukaista m����rittelem��ll�� k��mp��n kodiksi ja em��nn��n sen hengett��reksi, joka huolehtii miesten hyvinvoinnista. K��mpill�� majoittuneet miehet sen sijaan arvostavat k��mpp��em��nt����, joka on rempse�� ja huumorintajuinen. K��mpp��em��nn��n kuului sopeutua k��mp��n maskuliiniseen kulttuuriin, mik�� onnistui parhaiten osallistumalla sen huumoriin. K��mp��n sukupuolij��rjestelm�� perustui sukupuolitettuun ty��njakoon ja k��mpp��tilan sukupuolenmukaiseen jakamiseen. K��mp��n keitti�� ja em��nn��n huone olivat naisille kuuluvaa yksityisaluetta, josta oltiin yhteydess�� miesten puolelle vain tarjoiluluukun v��lityksell��. Sukupuolten erill����n pit��mist�� perusteltiin k��mpp��em��nn��n suojelemisella, mutta sen tavoitteena oli my��s est���� sukupuolisuhteiden syntyminen k��mp��n miesten ja k��mpp��em��nn��n v��lille. K��mpp��em��nt�� olikin virallisesti rauhoitettu ja em��nn��n koskemattomuudesta huolehtiminen oli k��mpp��yhteis��n vastuulla. K��mpp��el��m��ss�� syntyi kuitenkin seurustelusuhteita ja mahdollisesti my��s sukupuolisuhteita. N��ist�� ei kuitenkaan mielell����n kerrota haastatteluissa. My��s seksuaalista h��irint���� esiintyi. K��mpp��em��nn��t kuitenkin korostavat miesten kunnioittavaa suhtautumista heihin. He korostavat, etteiv��t sukupuolten v��liset suhteet olleet ongelmallisia ja painottavat omaa sukupuolimoraaliaan. K��mpp��em��nn��t n��kev��t itsens�� k��mpp��yhteis��n j��senen��, eiv��tk�� halua puhua pahaa muusta yhteis��st��. Vaikeita tilanteita kuvatessaan he korostavat omaa aktiivisuuttaan ja selviytymist����n. K��mpp��em��nn��t luovat itsest����n kuvaa selviytyjin�� ja vahvoina naisina.

Fra jungledyr og cykelmyg til frysepunkt og l��ngsel efter k��rlighed Et strejftog gennem dansk litteratur p�� finsk efter 1945

Abstract (A journey through Danish literature translated into Finnish after 1945): Nearly 80 per cent of all literary translations from Danish into Finnish are done after the Second World War. These translations are obviously only a small selection of the Danish national literature, but nevertheless capture important trends and currents in it. Based on a selection of translated works, the article allows a broad introduction to Danish literature available in Finnish. It focuses on children's and youth literature, feminist literature and realistic, magic and civilization critical novels.

Lippu, uhri, kansakunta : Ryhm��kokemukset ja -rajat Suomessa 1917 1945

This dissertation deals with the notions of sacrifice and violence in connection with the Fin��nish flag struggles between 1917 and 1945. The study begins with the basic idea that sacrificial thinking is a key element in nationalism and the social cohesion of large groups. The method used in the study combines anthropological notions of totemism with psychoanalytical object relation theory. The aim is to explore the social and psychological elements of the Finnish national flag and the workers flags during the times of crisis and nation building. The phenomena and concepts addressed include self-sacrifice, scapegoating, remembrance of war, inclusion, and exclusion. The research is located at the intersection of nationalism studies and the cultural history of war. The analysis is based primarily on the press debates, public speeches and archival sources of the civic organizations that promoted the Finnish flag. The study is empirically divided into three sections: 1) the years of the Revolution and the Civil War (1917 1918), 2) the interwar period (1919 1938), and 3) the Second World War (1939 1945). The research demonstrates that the modern national flags and workers flags in Finland maintain certain characteristics of primitive totems. When referred to as a totem the flag means an emotionally charged symbol, a reservoir of the collective ideals of a large group. Thus the flag issue offers a path to explore the perceptions and memory of sacrifice and violence in the making of the First Republic . Any given large group, for example a nation, must conceptually pursue a consensus on its past sacrifices. Without productive interpretation sacrifice represents only meaningless violence. By looking at the passions associated with the flag the study also illuminates various group identities, boundaries and crossings of borders within the Finnish society at the same time. The study shows further that the divisive violence of the Civil War was first overcome in the late 1930s when the social democrats adopted a new perception of the Red victims of 1918 they were seen as part of the birth pains of the nation, and not only the martyrs of class struggle. At the same time the radical Right became marginalized. The study also illuminates how this development made the Spirit of the Winter War possible, a genuine albeit brief experience of horizontal brother and sisterhood, and how this spirit was reflected in the popular adoption of the Finnish flag. The experience was not based only on the external and unifying threat posed by the Soviet Union: it was grounded in a sense of unifying sacrifice which reflected a novel way of understanding the nation and its past sacrifices. Paradoxically, the newly forged consensus over the necessity and the rewards of the common sacrifices of the Winter War (1939 1940) made new sacrifices possible during the Continuation War (1941 1944). In spite of political discord and war weariness, the concept of a unified nation under the national flag survived even the absurdity of the stationary war phase. It can be said that the conflict between the idea of a national community and parliamentary party politics dissolved as a result of the collective experience of the Second World War.

Hiippakunta diakoniaty��n tekij��n�� ja tukijana : Diakoniaty��n kehitys Mikkelin hiippakunnassa 1945-1991

ABSTRACT The diocese as the agent and advocate of diaconial work. The development of diaconial work in the Mikkeli diocese 1945���1991. The roots of Finnish diacony are in the individual devotional life of Pietism. An acting faith had to be evident in acts of love. Following German institutional diacony, diaconial institutions were established in Finland until congregational diacony emerged alongside these institutions in the 1890s. Pastor Otto Aarnisalo acted as a pathfinder in this. He aimed to unite diacony with the Church and the life of the congregation. Diacony had been based on the idea of volunteering to separate it from statutory social work. In 1944 the church law was amended, which made diacony the concern of every member of the congregation. In the years immediately following the Second World War, discussion took place in the Church of Finland about the direction that diacony should take. In the consequential debate, caritative services overcame social diacony. The diocese administration moved to Mikkeli in 1945, when the majority of the Vyborg diocese became part of the USSR in the armistice negotiations. The Mikkeli diocese acted in its diaconial work with the same objectives as the diaconial solutions of the whole church. The acting principle of the diocese diacony became a form of helping which emphasised assistance of the individual. Especially from the 1960s onwards, the country's industrialisation and the reduction of agricultural trade had an effect on the Mikkeli diocese. The diocese administration, specifically Bishop Martti Simojoki and his successor Osmo Alaja, aimed to open up connections to the political left and people working in industry. At least indirectly this helped the diaconial work in industrial localities. In the Mikkeli diocese, a diaconial committee was established in 1971, and its work was overseen by the diocesan chapter of the bishop's office. This enabled the work of the diocese to be organised for the different areas of diacony. Previously, the diaconial work of the Finnish church had primarily been in nursing. The Health Insurance Law of 1972 brought a change to this when the responsibility for health services was transferred to the municipalities. Diacony began to move towards a psychological and spiritual emphasis. Beginning in the 1970s, the diocese started holding diaconial themed days at prescribed intervals. Although these did not result in great realignments, they did help clarify the direction that diacony would take. Large international collections were also carried out, especially in the 1980s. At the same time, socio-ethical activity vitalised and diversified Christian services. The idea that every member of the congregation should practice diacony was a strong factor in the Mikkeli diocese as well. The diocese's vision for diacony was holistic; Christian service was the responsibility of every member of the congregation. During the period of study (1945���1991), the theology of diacony was rather tenuous. Bishop Kalevi Toiviainen, however, brought forth the viewpoint of church doctrine and officially sanctioned theology. Diacony was part of the complete faith of the Church.