Temporary contracts and non-protected employment in Argentina, Chile and Perú: incidence and determinants

The diverse kinds of legal temporary contracts and the employment forms that do not comply with legal requirements both facilitate employment adjustment to firms´ requirements and entail labour cost reductions. Their employment incidence depends not only on the economic and labour market evolutions but also on other factors, in particular the historical trajectories followed by labour legislation, state enforcement, and the degree of compliance. To contribute to the understanding of the determinants of the degree of utilization of different employment practices, the study reported in this article explores the use made of the various legal temporary contracts and of precarious employment relationships by private enterprises in three Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile and Peru) during 2003-2012, a period of economic growth, and the explanatory role of diverse factors.

Waged domestic work in Argentina: the regulation of care provision

This paper addresses the condition of domestic work in Argentina, in a perspective that draws from the literature on care work. In this approach, domestic work can be interpreted as one of the mercantile forms in which care work is socially organized, due to the persistence of the traditional sexual division of labor and the weakness of public policies. From these considerations, I develop a quantitative study on the levels of informality, precarity, and wage inequality that characterize domestic work in that country. Thereafter, I discuss the main measures adopted by the Argentine government since 2003, with the goal of reducing legal discrimination of domestic workers and promoting their formalization. On this basis, the paper highlights the advances in the recognition of domestic workers’ labor rights, while emphasizing how social and cultural restraints still permeate labor relations in this sector.

Female employment from the household. Towards a comprehensive analysis of work-life articulation

Research on women’s employment has proliferated over recent decades, often under a perspective that conceptualizes female labour market activity as independent of male presences and absences in the productive and reproductive spheres. In the face of these approaches, the article argues the need to focus on the couple as the unit of analysis of work-life articulation. After referring to the main theoretical arguments that, from a gender perspective within labour studies, have pointed out the relevance of placing the household as the central space for the analysis of the sexual division of labour, the article reviews different empirical contributions that have incorporated such perspective in the international literature. Next, the state of the art in the Spanish literature is presented, before arguing the desirability of applying such framework of analysis to the study of employment and care work in Spanish households, which are at present undergoing major transformations.

Brazilian Social Segurity and Social Work: reflections on the Continuous Cash Benefit Programme

Guaranteed under the Federal Constitution of 1988, Brazilian social security covers rights relating to health, social welfare and social care. The Continuous Cash Benefit Programme (BPC) was approved as part of social care policy and is regulated under the Social Care Act (Ley Orgánica de Asistencia Social) of 1993. This benefit guarantees a minimum monthly income for persons with disabilities and for older adults. Certain requirements must be satisfied in order to obtain the assistance: medical and social assessment of disabled persons, a minimum age of 65 years for older adults, and, in both cases, the value of per capita income for the nuclear family in question, which must be lower than a quarter of the minimum wage. Regulation of the BPC has incorporated advances and setbacks in terms of legislation and implementation. In this framework, this article presents a theoretical reflection, an analysis of the legislation on the matter, and some reflections on the challenges that it poses for social workers.

The elderly care and domestic services sector during the recent economic crisis. The case of Italy, Spain and France.

Over the past ten years in Italy, Spain and France, the demographic pressure and the increasing women’s participation in labour market have fuelled the expansion of the private provision of domestic and care services. In order to ensure the difficult balance between affordability, quality and job creation, each countries’ response has been different. France has developed policies to sustain the demand side introducing instruments such as vouchers and fiscal schemes, since the mid of the 2000s. Massive public funding has contributed to foster a regular market of domestic and care services and France is often presented as a “best practices” of those policies aimed at encouraging a regular private sector. Conversely in Italy and Spain, the development of a private domestic and care market has been mostly uncontrolled and without a coherent institutional design: the osmosis between a large informal market and the regular private care sector has been ensured on the supply side by migrant workers’ regularizations or the introduction of new employment regulations . The analysis presented in this paper aims to describe the response of these different policies to the challenges imposed by the current economic crisis. In dealing with the retrenchment of public expenditure and the reduced households’ purchasing power, Italy, Spain and France are experiencing greater difficulties in ensuring a regular private sector of domestic and care services. In light of that, the paper analyses the recent economic conjuncture presenting some assumptions about the future risk of deeper inequalities rising along with the increase of the process of marketization of domestic and care services in all the countries under analysis.    

The Spanish reforms on domestic work regulation

This paper analyses the latest Spanish reforms regarding domestic work. The Spanish legislator, doubtlessly influenced by the ILO Domestic Work Convention nº 189 – which, however, was not later ratified in Spain- made a deep reform on domestic work in 2011. This legal reform implied a striking change that affected both working conditions and social security of employees in the family home. The aim of this reform has been to bring the regulation in domestic work closer to the general regulation for other workers, although maintaining certain specialties. Regarding working conditions, their setting as “particular employment relationship” has been held. However, the differences between this relationship and the common ones have been reduced. As for social security, domestic employees have been incorporated into the General Social Security System, but with important specialties, thus erasing the Special Domestic Employees System. The paper also examines the legal changes that have taken place in this field after the new Government arose.

Late-career international migration and reproductive work. A comparison between Peruvian and Ukrainian women in the Southern Europe

Research on the relationship between reproductive work and women´s life trajectories including the experience of labour migration has mainly focused on the case of relatively young mothers who leave behind, or later re-join, their children. While it is true that most women migrate at a younger age, there are a significant number of cases of men and women who move abroad for labour purposes at a more advanced stage, undertaking a late-career migration. This is still an under-estimated and under-researched sub-field that uncovers a varied range of issues, including the global organization of reproductive work and the employment of migrant women as domestic workers late in their lives. By pooling the findings of two qualitative studies, this article focuses on Peruvian and Ukrainian women who seek employment in Spain and Italy when they are well into their forties, or older. A commonality the two groups of women share is that, independently of their level of education and professional experience, more often than not they end up as domestic and care workers. The article initially discusses the reasons for late-career female migration, taking into consideration the structural and personal determinants that have affected Peruvian and Ukrainian women’s careers in their countries of origin and settlement. After this, the focus is set on the characteristics of domestic employment at later life, on the impact on their current lives, including the transnational family organization, and on future labour and retirement prospects. Apart from an evaluation of objective working and living conditions, we discuss women’s personal impressions of being domestic workers in the context of their occupational experiences and family commitments. In this regard, women report varying levels of personal and professional satisfaction, as well as different patterns of continuity-discontinuity in their work and family lives, and of optimism towards the future. Divergences could be, to some extent, explained by the effect of migrants´ transnational social practices and policies of states.

Migrant domestic workers, vulnerability and the law: immigration and employment laws in Cyprus and Spain

The intersection of gender, welfare and immigration regimes has been one of the main focus of a rich scholarship on paid domestic work in Europe. This article brings into the discussion the nexus of employment and immigration law regimes to reflect on the role of legal regulation in structuring and reducing the vulnerability of domestic workers. I analyse this nexus by looking at the cases of Cyprus and Spain, two states falling under the cluster of Southern Mediterranean welfare regimes, that share certain characteristics in terms of immigration regimes, but have substantially different employment law regulation models. The first part sketches the debate on the employment law regulation of domestic work. The second part starts by giving an overview of the immigration regimes of Cyprus and Spain in relation to migrant domestic workers and then proceeds to analyse the two countries’ models and substance of employment law regulation in domestic work. The comparison of these two divergent approaches informs the debate on how the legal regulation of domestic work should be best structured. In Spain there have been recent dynamic legislative changes in the employment law regulation of domestic work. The final part of the article traces these changes and reflects on why such processes have not taken place in Cyprus.

Immigration in Spain: Integration with Feet of Clay?

The aim of the paper is to analyze the impact of the economic crisis on the integration of the immigrant population in Spain. The Spanish case is singular because during the years of intense immigration achieved a remarkable degree of socio-cultural integration. The paper argues that such integration it has been the result of the confluence of exceptional factors rather than the result of the policy making. From a mixed methodology approach, it shows that, during the period of expansion, two factors of the immigration contribute to their coexistence with native population: finding job and access to public services. But the economic crisis, with its impact in terms of job losses and austerity policies, expose the weaknesses of the Spanish model of integration.

Estado actual de la esclerosis múltiple en Colombia

Dos estudios epidemiológicos de esclerosis múltiple (EM) la describen como de bajo riesgo en Colombia. Hay, sin embargo, nuevos sistemas de información que permiten una aproximación más precisa. El objetivo de este artículo es estimar la prevalencia nacional de EM, así como por regiones del país, y analizar los costos de los fármacos usados en Colombia.

Caso de estudio. De cómo el gerente de salud aprende y aplica los conceptos básicos de economía en salud

La evaluación de las propuestas de dos proveedores CardioExpress y AngioLáser. La evaluación se hace en base al análisis de costos que mas beneficie a los usuarios del servicio. DESCRIPCION: El presente caso narra las vivencias del Doctor Funes, encargado de gerenciar los Servicios de Salud de una entidad asociada al régimen de Seguridad Social en Salud con sede en la ciudad de Santiago de Cali, y con jurisdicción sobre ocho localidades del suroccidente del país. Motivo del caso lo constituye particularmente las necesidades de contar con unas herramientas analíticas que le permitan al doctor Funes tomar decisiones de contratación de proveedores con base a evaluaciones económicas de diferentes alternativas de tratamiento para grupos específicos de pacientes, pertenecientes a la población a cargo de profesionales adscritos a la entidad. En la actualidad se requiere contar con enfoques de análisis económicos debidamente contextualizados a salud, y los cuales sean apropiados por los profesionales involucrados en las decisiones clínicas correspondientes, por lo que este caso busca sembrar saludables inquietudes al respecto. OBJETIVO DEL CASO: Describir el desarrollo de lo sucedido a un Gerente de Salud durante el proceso vivido del aprendizaje y aplicación de lo básico en Economía de la Salud. ESPECÍFICOS :1. Promover el entendimiento de los aspectos más relevantes relacionados con el aprendizaje y aplicación de las evaluaciones económicas en salud.2. Brindar al lector un marco general de herramientas analíticas disponibles para utilizar en estudios económicos (análisis costo-beneficio y análisis costo-efectividad).3. Describir algunas aproximaciones de evaluaciones económicas de salud a programas y/o intervenciones, realizadas por el Gerente de Salud.

La percepción social de las personas con discapacidad en el Eurobarómetro

Esta investigación se enmarca dentro del programa Por Talento de la Fundación ONCE, como Organismo Intermedio durante el período de programación 2007-2013 del Programa Operativo de Lucha contra la Discriminación, cofinanciado por el Fondo Social Europeo (FSE). El objetivo principal consiste en desarrollar una investigación sobre la percepción que sobre las personas con discapacidad se tiene en el Eurobarómetro, con el fin de reorientar y/o potenciar, si así fuese necesario, las actividades de sensibilización y difusión, así como instrumento para la inclusión de indicadores sobre discapacidad de los futuros fondos estructurales. Las acciones a desarrollar serían las siguientes: 1. Análisis de las opciones que ofrece el Eurobarómetro en la actualidad para incorporar en la encuesta un módulo sobre la opinión de los europeos acerca de la inclusión social por medio del empleo de las personas con discapacidad. 2. Elaboración del módulo de encuesta, de acuerdo con las directrices del Eurobarómetro y explotación de resultados, y de un informe de donde y a quién presentar dichos resultados.

Planeación financiera dinámica para el sector salud

Desde la década de los 90’ cuando aún en ciernes se maduraban las Reformas de los diferentes Estados para afrontar la corriente Neo-liberal, Colombia asume el reto de reformarse y con él, el sector social más sensible para mantener la capacidad productiva intacta: El sector salud. Se impulsa en consecuencia la conocida Ley 100 y sus artículos reglamentarios llevando al Sistema Sanitario de un modelo de subsidio a la oferta (envío de los recursos directamente para financiar los servicios de salud ofertados) a uno de subsidio a la demanda (los recursos se destinan a cubrir los costos de la afiliación de los usuarios) y con ellos, la pérdida de la obligatoriedad del Estado de enviar los dineros a los Prestadores de servicios. Invita a públicos y privados a formar parte de un mercado abierto, competitivo, en igualdad de condiciones y en un mercado capaz de efectuar la depuración de sus participantes en función de la satisfacción de los usuarios, los resultados sociales y ante todo, los rendimientos económicos. Y la herramienta que ordena el proceso planificador de recursos en ambas organizaciones (públicas y privadas) se llama la Nota Técnica. El presente documento explica sus características, su alcance así como su aplicación y utilidad en el diario devenir de las organizaciones sanitarias (hospitalarias y ambulatorias) en el escenario de competencia empresarial propuesto por la Seguridad Social en Salud.

Situación social del obrero jubilado

El presente trabajo es el informe previo de una encuesta realizada entre los obreros jubilados de Lima y Callao, con el objeto de conocer la situación social de los mismos. Tiene como objetivo fundamental conocer los desajustes producidos por el paso de una situación activa a una pasiva o semipasiva. Se entiende que esta transición origina una serie de cambios en la percepción de la familia y de la sociedad, que afectan a su status actual.