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A sample of deaf/hard of hearing students and hearing students ages 11-14 were surveyed to examine social perceptions about intellect and popularity related to popular culture knowledge. Participants also provided descriptive responses to their popular culture favorites.

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Reinaga es quechuaymara que vivió entre 1906 y1994 y en su madurez intelectual fue el gran artífice del pensamiento indianista y el amautico. Esta investigación pretende contribuir a la comprensión de esa política intelectual, enfatizando sus orígenes, su desarrollo y la experiencia política de los últimos 50 años del siglo XX en Bolivia. El indianismo decolonial de Reinaga, fue construido frente al pensamiento occidental, entendido como la razón, la edificación absoluta del poder occidental sobre otras sociedades y sintetizado en “el hombre”. El indianismo, tiene varios perfiles; pero el haber reorientado el indianismo al plano político con sujetos indios, es uno de sus principales aportes. Además profundizó el indianismo, bajo el denominativo de pensamiento amautico, entendida como la fusión del pensamiento ancestral de los pueblos indígenas con la “ciencia salvadora”. El indianismo decolonial tiene plena vigencia hoy en día en Bolivia y en países con fuerte población indígena y sectores sociales excluidos. El debate medio ambientalista del siglo XXI, bajo denominaciones como el “Vivir bien” o el “Buen vivir”, tienen una estrecha relación con el pensamiento amautico de Reinaga.

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Approximations to the scattering of linear surface gravity waves on water of varying quiescent depth are Investigated by means of a variational approach. Previous authors have used wave modes associated with the constant depth case to approximate the velocity potential, leading to a system of coupled differential equations. Here it is shown that a transformation of the dependent variables results in a much simplified differential equation system which in turn leads to a new multi-mode 'mild-slope' approximation. Further, the effect of adding a bed mode is examined and clarified. A systematic analytic method is presented for evaluating inner products that arise and numerical experiments for two-dimensional scattering are used to examine the performance of the new approximations.

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Air traffic condensation trails, or contrails, are believed to have a net atmospheric warming effect(1), although one that is currently small compared to that induced by other sources of human emissions. However, the comparably large growth rate of air traffic requires an improved understanding of the resulting impact of aircraft radiative forcing on climate(2). Contrails have an effect on the Earth's energy balance similar to that of high thin ice clouds(3). Their trapping of outgoing longwave radiation emitted by the Earth and atmosphere (positive radiative forcing) is partly compensated by their reflection of incoming solar radiation (negative radiative forcing). On average, the longwave effect dominates and the net contrail radiative forcing is believed to be positive(1,2,4). Over daily and annual timescales, varying levels of air traffic, meteorological conditions, and solar insolation influence the net forcing effect of contrails. Here we determine the factors most important for contrail climate forcing using a sophisticated radiative transfer model(5,6) for a site in southeast England, located in the entrance to the North Atlantic flight corridor. We find that night-time flights during winter (December to February) are responsible for most of the contrail radiative forcing. Night flights account for only 25 per cent of daily air traffic, but contribute 60 to 80 per cent of the contrail forcing. Further, winter flights account for only 22 per cent of annual air traffic, but contribute half of the annual mean forcing. These results suggest that flight rescheduling could help to minimize the climate impact of aviation.

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