Paradigms in Statistical Inference for Finite Populations; Up to the 1950s

Modern sample surveys started to spread after statistician at the U.S. Bureau of the Census in the 1940s had developed a sampling design for the Current Population Survey (CPS). A significant factor was also that digital computers became available for statisticians. In the beginning of 1950s, the theory was documented in textbooks on survey sampling. This thesis is about the development of the statistical inference for sample surveys. For the first time the idea of statistical inference was enunciated by a French scientist, P. S. Laplace. In 1781, he published a plan for a partial investigation in which he determined the sample size needed to reach the desired accuracy in estimation. The plan was based on Laplace s Principle of Inverse Probability and on his derivation of the Central Limit Theorem. They were published in a memoir in 1774 which is one of the origins of statistical inference. Laplace s inference model was based on Bernoulli trials and binominal probabilities. He assumed that populations were changing constantly. It was depicted by assuming a priori distributions for parameters. Laplace s inference model dominated statistical thinking for a century. Sample selection in Laplace s investigations was purposive. In 1894 in the International Statistical Institute meeting, Norwegian Anders Kiaer presented the idea of the Representative Method to draw samples. Its idea was that the sample would be a miniature of the population. It is still prevailing. The virtues of random sampling were known but practical problems of sample selection and data collection hindered its use. Arhtur Bowley realized the potentials of Kiaer s method and in the beginning of the 20th century carried out several surveys in the UK. He also developed the theory of statistical inference for finite populations. It was based on Laplace s inference model. R. A. Fisher contributions in the 1920 s constitute a watershed in the statistical science He revolutionized the theory of statistics. In addition, he introduced a new statistical inference model which is still the prevailing paradigm. The essential idea is to draw repeatedly samples from the same population and the assumption that population parameters are constants. Fisher s theory did not include a priori probabilities. Jerzy Neyman adopted Fisher s inference model and applied it to finite populations with the difference that Neyman s inference model does not include any assumptions of the distributions of the study variables. Applying Fisher s fiducial argument he developed the theory for confidence intervals. Neyman s last contribution to survey sampling presented a theory for double sampling. This gave the central idea for statisticians at the U.S. Census Bureau to develop the complex survey design for the CPS. Important criterion was to have a method in which the costs of data collection were acceptable, and which provided approximately equal interviewer workloads, besides sufficient accuracy in estimation.

Tibetan Written Images : A Study of Imagery in the Writings of Dhondup Gyal

Dhondup Gyal (Don grub rgyal, 1953 - 1985) was a Tibetan writer from Amdo (Qinghai, People's Republic of China). He wrote several prose works, poems, scholarly writings and other works which have been later on collected together into The Collected Works of Dhondup Gyal, in six volumes. He had a remarkable influence on the development of modern Tibetan literature in the 1980s. Examining his works, which are characterized by rich imagery, it is possible to notice a transition from traditional to modern ways of literary expression. Imagery is found in both the poems and prose works of Dhondup Gyal. Nature imagery is especially prominent and his writings contain images of flowers and plants, animals, water, wind and clouds, the heavenly bodies and other environmental elements. Also there are images of parts of the body and material and cultural images. To analyse the images, most of which are metaphors and similes, the use of the cognitive theory of metaphor provides a good framework for making comparisons with images in traditional Tibetan literature and also some images in Chinese, Indian and Western literary works. The analysis shows that the images have both traditional and innovative features. The source domains of images often appear similar to those found in traditional Tibetan literature and are slow to change. However, innovative shifts occur in the way they are mapped on their target domains, which may express new meanings and are usually secular in nature if compared to the religiosity which often characterizes traditional Tibetan literature. Dhondup Gyal's poems are written in a variety of styles, ranging from traditional types of verse compositions and poems in the ornate kāvya-style to modern free verse poetry. The powerful central images of his free verse poems and some other works can be viewed as structurally innovative and have been analysed with the help of the theory of conceptual blending. They are often ambiguous in their meaning, but can be interpreted to express ideas related to creativity, freedom and the need for change and development.

Oral health, smoking and adolescence

The present cross-sectional study examined the effect of smoking on oral health in a birth cohort of 15 to 16-year-old Finnish adolescents. The hypothesis was that oral health parameters were poorer among smoking than non-smoking subjects and that a tobacco intervention program could be effective among the adolescents. The study was conducted in the Kotka Health Center, Kotka, Finland. Altogether 501 out of 545 subjects (15- to 16-year-old boys [n = 258] and girls [n = 243]) were clinically examined in 2004 and 2005. The sample frame was a birth cohort of all subjects in 1989 and 1990, living in Kotka. A structured questionnaire was also filled in by the participants to record their general health and health habits, such as smoking, tooth brushing, and medication used. The participants were classified into nonsmokers, current smokers, and former smokers. Subgingival pooled plaque samples were taken and stimulated salivary samples were also collected. The subjects were asked from which of seven professional groups (doctors, school nurses, dental nurses, general nurses, dentists, teachers and media professionals) they would prefer to receive information about tobacco. The two most popular groups they picked up were dentists and school nurses. Current smokers (n=127) were then randomly assigned into three groups: the dentist group (n =44), the school-nurse group (n =42), and the control group (n =39). The intervention was based on a national recommendation of evidence based guidelines by The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim ( 5A counseling system). Two months after the intervention, a second questionnaire was sent to the smokers in the intervention groups. Smoking cessation, smoking quantity per week, and self-rated addiction for smoking (SRA) were recorded. The results were analyzed using the R-statistical program. The results showed that 15% of the subjects had periodontitis. Smokers (25%) had more periodontitis than non-smokers (66%) (p < 0.001). Smoking boys (24%) also had more caries lesions than non-smokers (69%) (p < 0.001), and they brushed their teeth less frequently than non-smokers. Smoking significantly impaired periodontal health of the subjects, even when the confounding effects of plaque and tooth brushing were adjusted. Smoking pack-years, intensified the effects of smoking. Periodontal bacteria Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola were more frequently detected among the smokers than non-smokers, especially among smoking girls. Smoking significantly decreased the values of both the salivary periodontal biomarkers MMP-8 (p=0.04) and PMN elastase (p=0.02) in boys. The effect was strengthened by pack years of smoking (MMP-8 p=0.04; elastase p0.01). Of those who participated in the intervention, 19 % quit smoking. The key factors associated with smoking cessation were best friend`s influence, nicotine dependence and diurnal type. When the best friend was not a smoker, the risk ratio (RR) of quit smoking after the intervention was 7.0 (Cl 95% 4.6 10.7). Of the diurnal types, the morning people seemed to be more likely to quit (RR 2.2 [Cl 95% 1.4 3.6]). Nicotine dependence also elicited an opposite effect: those who scored between 3 and 5 dependence scores were less likely to quit. In conclusion, smoking appears to be a major etiological risk factor for oral health. However, the early signs of periodontal disease were mild in the subjects studied. Based on the opinions of the adolescent s, dental professionals may have a key position in their smoking cessation. The harmful effects of smoking on oral health could be used in counselling. Best friend`s influence, nicotine dependence and diurnal type, all factors associated with smoking cessation, should be taken more carefully into account in the prevention programs for adolescents.

Itsekorjaus huumorin keinona verkkokeskustelussa

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan itsekorjausta huumorin ja vitsailun keinona kahdenkeskisessä verkkokeskustelussa. Keskustelut käydään Messenger-pikaviestinohjelmassa, jossa keskustelijat voivat lähettää toisilleen kirjoitettuja viestejä ja olla reaaliaikaisesti vuorovaikutuksessa keskenään. Aineisto on vuosilta 2004 - 2010; kooltaan se on 25088 kilotavua (noin 2531,5 sivua tekstinkäsittelyohjelmalla kirjoitettua tekstiä). Informantteja on viisi, ja he ovat ystäviä keskenään, jolloin keskustelu on hyvin reaaliaikaista, spontaania ja vitsailevaa. Aineisto sisältää 71 tapausta, joissa itsekorjausta käytetään huumorin keinona. Tutkimusaihetta lähestytään keskustelunanalyyttisen metodin avulla. Vaikka se on puhutun kielen tutkimukseen kehitetty analyysiväline, sitä voidaan soveltaa myös verkkokeskustelun tarkastelemiseen. Keskustelunanalyyttisin keinoin pystytään selvittämään, millä keinoin keskustelijat korjaavat tahattomia kirjoitusvirheitä ja tarkoituksella väärin kirjoitettuja muotoja tai vuoroja, kun ne osallistuvat huumorin luomiseen. Tutkimus osoittaa, kuinka jo tahattoman kirjoitusvirheen tekeminen huvittaa keskustelijoita etenkin silloin, kun sanasta tulee suomen kielessä tuntematon, jolloin sen humoristisuus ei voi perustua sen merkitykseen. Lyöntivirheen seurauksena syntynyt sana voi myös olla kontekstiinsa sopimaton, minkä vuoksi se huvittaa keskustelijoita. Kirjoitusvirheellistä muotoa saatetaan käyttää lisäksi tarkoituksella myöhemmin keskustelussa huumorin keinona. Sormen lipsahdukset korjataan usein lähettämällä korvaava muoto keskusteluun ilman puhutussa keskustelussa korjausta ennakoivaa ainesta (esim. sanan katkaisu, tauko tai partikkeli eiku, tai ja siis), minkä mahdollistaa verkkokeskustelun kirjoitettu muoto: korjauksen kohde voidaan havaita aikaisemmasta näkyvissä olevasta keskustelusta. Mahdollinen korjausta implikoiva partikkeli sijoittuu esiintyessään usein vasta korjaavan aineksen jälkeen. Toisin kuin tahattomia virheitä korjattaessa, tarkoituksella väärin kirjoitettujen vitsailevien muotojen korjaus voidaan ennakoida partikkeleilla eiku tai tai, jotka osoittavat korjattavan sanan tai rakenteen sopimattomuuden kontekstiin. Humoristisuus perustuu väärän ja korjaavan muodon rinnastamiseen, ja usein ne ovatkin esimerkiksi samassa sijamuodossa tai saman verbin eri persoonamuotoja, ja niillä voidaan viitata leikkisästi samaan tarkoitteeseen. Tahallisella väärinkirjoituksella saatetaan vitsailla niin keskustelun alussa kuin missä kohtaa keskustelua ja minkälaisessa toiminnassa tahansa (esim. ehdotuksessa, kannanotossa ja ymmärrysehdokkaassa) lukuun ottamatta keskustelun lopetuksia. Keskustelija voi kumota ja osoittaa edeltävän vuoronsa olleen vitsi myös kiteytyneellä ilmauksella noei, joka on aineistossa eniten käytetty korjauskeino: se esiintyy 39 kertaa kaikista 71 tapauksesta. Ilmaus näyttää olevan erityisen käyttökelpoinen korjaustapa lyhyen muotonsa vuoksi, sillä se on nopea kirjoittaa humoristiseksi tarkoitetun viestin jälkeen vaikkakin keskustelija haluaa ensin tarkoituksella esittää olevansa jossain määrin vakavissaan korjattavassa viestissään. Noei tekee korjauksen yksin eikä tarvitse seurakseen korjaavaa ainesta, mutta toisen lausuman kanssa esiintyessään ilmaus voi kumota laajemmankin jakson edeltävästä keskustelusta. Noei:llä tehty korjaus voi kohdistua myös keskustelun moodiin, jonka ilmaus saattaa siirtää humoristiseksi tai vakavaksi.

Voiko tämän syödä? : Myrkyllisten ja syötävien kasvien tunnistaminen, oppiminen ja opettaminen

The purpose of the research was to determine how well Finnish children and youngsters in different ages recognize poisonous and eatable wild plant species and to which characteristics they pay attention to when identifying plants. The purpose was also to find out, how well the pupils and students can estimate if the wild plants are either poisonous or eatable. The goal was to gather knowledge about what factors explain these recognition and estimation skills. Also information was wanted about attitudes of children and youngsters towards recognizing and learning the poisonous and eatable wild plants. The research was made on subjects of 48 children and youngsters from grade 6 in primary school, grade 8 in lower- secondary school and vocational school. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. A plant recognition test, where 38 pictures on plants was presented, was made for the all subjects. The subjects were requested to name the plants and classify them to be either poisonous or eatable. In addition six students were interviewed from each class, altogether 18 subjects. The themes of the interviews were the attitudes towards eatable and poisonous wild plants and to learn to recognize species. During the interview pictures of plants were looked at and the subjects told which characteristics they pay attention to when trying to recognize it. The results showed that on average wild plants were recognized insufficiently. Standard variation in responses was large in all classes researched. The subjects got better results in classifying of the plants to be either poisonous or eatable than in naming the plants. This research shows that even when a subject cannot name a plant it is still possible for the subject to classify the plant to be either poisonous or eatable. Gender and being an immigrant explained the recognition skills of poisonous and eatable plants so that girls were somewhat better to recognize plant species and native Finns recognized poisonous and eatable plants better that immigrants. Age did not explain the skills to recognize species directly, since students in lower- secondary school recognized the poisonous and eatable plants better than primary school and vocational school students. In skills to estimate plants poisonous or eatability there was no difference according to gender, age, or immigrant background. The subjects considered the skills to recognize poisonous and eatable plants important. Learning to recognize plants at school was not considered interesting however. Since the recognition of plants in neighborhood belongs to tasks of general education it is important to think about how the teaching could be made interesting. According to findings of this study, especially the recognition of poisonous plants was considered important by the subjects. This knowledge as well as teaching about possibilities to utilize plants could be used as a way to motivate and teach the students. Avainsanat Nyckelord - Keywords Plant species recognition, recognition of poisonous plants, recognition of eatable plants, plant species education

Functional outcome and health-related quality of life after traumatic brain injury in the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects people of all ages and is a cause of long-term disability. In recent years, the epidemiological patterns of TBI have been changing. TBI is a heterogeneous disorder with different forms of presentation and highly individual outcome regarding functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The meaning of disability differs from person to person based on the individual s personality, value system, past experience, and the purpose he or she sees in life. Understanding of all these viewpoints is needed in comprehensive rehabilitation. This study examines the epidemiology of TBI in Finland as well as functioning and HRQoL after TBI, and compares the subjective and objective assessments of outcome. The frame of reference is the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The subjects of Study I represent the population of Finnish TBI patients who experienced their first TBI between 1991 and 2005. The 55 Finnish subjects of Studies II and IV participated in the first wave of the international Quality of life after brain injury (QOLIBRI) validation study. The 795 subjects from six language areas of Study III formed the second wave of the QOLIBRI validation study. The average annual incidence of Finnish hospitalised TBI patients during the years 1991-2005 was 101:100 000 in patients who had TBI as the primary diagnosis and did not have a previous TBI in their medical history. Males (59.2%) were at considerably higher risk of getting a TBI than females. The most common external cause of the injury was falls in all age groups. The number of TBI patients ≥ 70 years of age increased by 59.4% while the number of inhabitants older than 70 years increased by 30.3% in the population of Finland during the same time period. The functioning of a sample of 55 persons with TBI was assessed by extracting information from the patients medical documents using the ICF checklist. The most common problems were found in the ICF components of Body Functions (b) and Activities and Participation (d). HRQoL was assessed with the QOLIBRI which showed the highest level of satisfaction on the Emotions, Physical Problems and Daily Life and Autonomy scales. The highest scores were obtained by the youngest participants and participants living independently without the help of other people, and by people who were working. The relationship between the functional outcome and HRQoL was not straightforward. The procedure of linking the QOLIBRI and the GOSE to the ICF showed that these two outcome measures cover the relevant domains of TBI patients functioning. The QOLIBRI provides the patients subjective view, while the GOSE summarises the objective elements of functioning. Our study indicates that there are certain domains of functioning that are not traditionally sufficiently documented but are important for the HRQoL of persons with TBI. This was the finding especially in the domains of interpersonal relationships, social and leisure activities, self, and the environment. Rehabilitation aims to optimize functioning and to minimize the experience of disability among people with health conditions, and it needs to be based on a comprehensive understanding of human functioning. As an integrative model, the ICF may serve as a frame of reference in achieving such an understanding.

Yhteisestä toiminnasta yhteiseen kieleen : keskustelunanalyyttinen tutkimus toisen kielen oppimisesta kielikylpypäiväkodin arkitilanteissa

This dissertation examines how Finnish-speaking children learn Swedish in an immersion kindergarten where the method of Canadian immersion is used. Within the framework of conversation analysis, this study explores how second language learning is situated in interaction and evidenced in the participants´ verbal and non-verbal behavior. The database consists of 40 hours of videotaped data collected in naturally occurring situations in a group of 15 four-year-old children during the first two years of their immersion. Due to the immersion method, all the children share the same L1, in this case Finnish, and the teachers understand Finnish. However, they speak only Swedish to the children in all situations and Swedish is learned in interaction without formal teaching. The aim of the study is to discover how the children´s second language competence gradually increases when they participate in interaction with the Swedish-speaking teachers. The study also sheds light on the methodological question of how second language learning can be analyzed with the method of conversation analysis. The focus is on showing how the second language is learned in interaction, especially on how learning is achieved collaboratively. In this study, the emerging second language competence is explored by investigating how the children show understanding of the teachers´ non-verbal and verbal actions during the first and the second semester of the immersion. The children´s use of Swedish is analyzed by investigating how they recycle lexical items and later even syntactic structures from the teachers´ Swedish turns. The results show that the teachers´ actions are largely understood by the children even at the beginning of the immersion. The analyzes of the children´s responsive turns reveal that they interpret the teachers´ turns on the basis of non-verbal cues at first. Especially at the beginning of the immersion, the participants orient to the progress of interaction and not to problems in understanding. Even in situations where the next actions show that the children do not understand what is said, they tend to display understanding rather than non-understanding. This behavior changes, however, when the children´s competence in their second language increases. At the second semester, the children both show understanding of the teachers´ verbal turns and also display their non-understanding by initiating repair when they do not understand. Understanding of the teachers´ verbal turns, including their syntactic structure, is manifested in the ways the children tie their turns to the teachers´ turns. Recycling, on the other hand, proves to be the way by which the children start to speak the second language. In this study, the children´s common L1 is evidenced to be an important resource in interaction. It allows the children to participate in their individual ways and to share their experiences both with each other and with the teachers. It also enables them to co-construct conversations that lead to collaborative learning. Moreover, the uninhibited use of L1 proves to be an important analytic tool that makes the immersion data especially fruitful for conversation analytic research on second language learning, since the children´s interpretations of the second language are in evidence even when they do not speak the second language.

Pelin henki. Moderni ja traditionaalinen tansanialaisessa jalkapalloilussa.

Antropologisessa ja muussa yhteiskunnallisessa tutkimuksessa magia on määritelty perinteisesti traditionaaliseksi ja menneisyyteen kuuluvaksi, kun taas urheilu on määritelty magian vastakohtana dynaamiseksi moderniksi. Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa tarkastellaan tansanialaista jalkapallomagiaa, jota on mahdotonta määrittää kyseisen dikotomian kumpaankaan kategoriaan. Tansaniassa tammi-syyskuussa 2010 kerätyn etnografisen aineiston perusteella tutkielmassa kuvaillaan, minkälaisia merkityksiä tansanialaiset itse antavat jalkapallomagialle ja miten nämä merkityksenannot liittyvät modernin ja traditionaalisen diskurssiin. Tutkielman pääteemana on tutkittavien tansanialaisten subjektiviteetti tai persoona, joka määritellään suhteessa muihin. Tansanialaisen jalkapallon historia juontaa juurensa siirtomaa-aikaan, jolloin siirtomaahallitsijat pyrkivät lajin avulla modernisoimaan paikallista väestöä ja opettamaan heille kurinalaisuutta ja lojaalisuutta. Tähän liittyi olettamus siitä, että kulttuurit kehittyvät teleologisesti kohti yhtä modernia. Tansaniassa jalkapallon suosio on nykyisin huikeaa, mutta suosio perustuu jo olemassa oleville kulttuurisille rakenteille. Tutkielmassa analysoidaan, kuinka Tansanian kahden vanhimman ja suurimman jalkapalloseuran historia linkittyy erityisesti traditionaalisiksi nimettyihin ngomatansseihin, joihin liittyy olennaisena elementtinä kilpailullisuus. Tutkimusaineistossa korostuvat jalkapallon ja magian ambivalentit luonteet. Tansanialaiset eivät itse määrittele jalkapallomagiaa suoraan traditionaaliseksi tai moderniksi. Heidän mielestään traditionaaliseen magiaan kuuluu, että yliluonnollisia voimia käyttääkseen henkilön täytyy vahingoittaa omaa perheenjäsentään. Traditionaalinen magia on erityisen vaarallista ja sitä käytetään pahaan. Jalkapallomagian avulla puolestaan pyritään ensisijaisesti suojelemaan omaa joukkuetta ja varmistamaan ottelun voitokas lopputulos. Toisaalta jalkapallojoukkueita myös verrataan laajennettuihin perheisiin, ja jalkapallomagian toimintamuodoissa on jatkuvuutta traditionaalisen magian mekanismeihin. Analyysin loppuosa perustuu Harri Englundin käyttämään lähestymistapaan, jossa magian avulla tuodaan esille tutkittavan yhteisön keskinäisissä sosiaalisissa suhteissa olevia jännitteitä. Englundin tutkimuksessa yhteisön jäsenen syyttäminen magian käyttämisestä on hyökkäys syytetyn henkilön moraalista laatua kohtaan. Syytetyiksi joutuvat ne, jotka eivät tee näkyviksi suhteita, joilla he ovat maallisen menestyksensä ansainneet. Tansanialaisen jalkapalloilun kontekstissa voitto tai häviö ei aiheuta syyttelyä maagisesta toiminnasta. Sen sijaan henkilön moraalista laatua arvioidaan jalkapalloyhteisössä sen perusteella, kuinka omistautuneita henkilöt ovat lajille ja joukkueelleen. Tutkielmassa tullaan johtopäätökseen, että tansanialaiset määrittävät jalkapallomagiaan sekä traditionaalisen että modernin piirteitä. He tuomitsevat oman edun tavoittelun yhteisen hyvän kustannuksella. Tämä tulee esille traditionaalisessa magiassa, jossa henkilö uhraa perheensä oman menestyksensä saavuttamiseksi. Vastaavasti jalkapallon yhteydessä henkilöitä syytetään niin sanotun jalkapalloperheen rikkomisesta ja lojaaliuden puutteesta. Tansanialaiset haluavat diskurssin tasolla moderniutta, mutta arvostavat myös traditionaalista jatkuvuutta. Modernius assosioituu eurooppalaisiin, mikä näkyy muun muassa siinä, että eurooppalaisilla ajatellaan olevan myös moderneimmat jalkapallomagian toimintatavat. Modernin ja traditionaalisen kategoriat ovat aktiivisesti kuviteltuja kategorioita, jotka kuitenkin vaikuttavat toimintaan ja toiminnan moraaliseen arvottamiseen myös konkreettisesti joskin ristiriitaisesti.

Early Growth and Later Health, Focus on Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity and Physical Activity

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis proposes that adverse health outcomes in adult life are in part programmed during fetal life and infancy. This means that e.g. restricted nutrition during pregnancy programmes the offspring to store fat more effectively, to develop faster and to reach puberty earlier. These adaptations are beneficial in terms of short term survival. However, in developed countries these adaptations often lead to an increased risk of obesity and metabolic disturbances in later life, due to a mismatch between the prenatal and postnatal environment. This thesis aimed to study the role of early growth in people who are obese as adults, but metabolically healthy as well as in those who are normal in weight but metabolically obese. Other study aims were to assess whether physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are programmed early in life. The role of socioeconomic status in the development of obesity from a life course setting was also studied. These studies included 2003 men and women born in Helsinki between 1934 and 1944 with detailed information of their prenatal and childhood growth as well as living conditions. They participated in the detailed clinical examination during the years 2001-2004. A sub-group of the subjects participated in the UKK Institute 2-kilometre walk test. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the 2005 criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. Among the obese men and women 20 % were metabolically healthy. Those with metabolic syndrome did not differ in birth size compared to the healthy ones, but by two years of age, they were lighter and thinner, and remained so up to 11 years. The period when changes in BMIs were predictive of the metabolic syndrome was from birth to 7 years. Of the normal weight individuals 17 % were metabolically obese. Again, there were no differences in birth size. However, by the age 7 years, those men who later developed metabolic syndrome were thinner. Gains in BMI during the first two years of life were protective of the syndrome. Children who were heavier, and especially taller, were more physically active, exercised with higher intensity and had higher cardiorespiratory fitness in their adult life than those who were shorter and thinner as children. Lower educational attainment and lower adult social class were associated with obesity in both men and women. Childhood social class was inversely associated with body mass index only in men while lower household income was associated with higher BMI in women. These results support the role of early life factors in the development of metabolic syndrome and adult life style. Early detection of risk factors predisposing to these conditions is highly relevant from a public health point of view.

"Säästän ja tuhlaan, mutta en osta mitään turhaa tai ylimääräistä" : helsinkiläislasten oma raha ja sen käyttö

Nykylapsuudesta on tullut varsin kulutuskeskeistä. Tämän päivän lapset kasvavat valtaisan tavara- ja elämysmaailman ympäröimänä ja he osallistuvat myös kuluttajina yhteiskuntaan. He ovat huomispäivän aikuiskouluttajia, joiden arvot ja asenteet kuluttamista kohtaan muotoutuvat osin jo lapsuudessa. Lapset ovat myös markkinoinnille kiinnostava kohderyhmä ja yhä nuoremmat tunnistavat mainoksista tuttuja brändejä. Tässä tutkimuksessa käsitellään helsinkiläislasten omaa rahaa heidän omasta näkökulmastaan. Useimmiten tämä oma raha on joko viikkorahaa tai kuukausirahaa. Näkökulma tutkimukseen on kulutussosiologinen. Teoreettisena viitekehyksenä on käytetty Viviana Zelizerin teoriaa rahan luokittelusta ja korvamerkitsemisestä. Kiinnostuksen kohteena ovat myös olleet lasten rahaan ja sen käyttöön liittyvät arvot. Tutkitut lapset ovat iältään 9.-13.- vuotiaita. Tutkimuksen pohjana on valmis aineisto, joka on kerätty Survey-tutkimuksena keväällä 2008. Aineiston analyysissä on käytetty sekä kvantitatiivista että kvalitatiivista lähestymistapaa. Analyysimenetelminä on käytetty ristiintaulukointia ja sisällönanalyysiä. Vaikka lapsuuteen ja nuoruuteen liitetään usein huoli holtittomasta kulutuksesta ja materialistisista arvoista, aineiston pohjalta voi väittää, että huoli on ainakin osittain aiheeton. Tutkimuksesta käy ilmi, että 9- 13-vuotiaiden helsinkiläislasten kulutustavat ovat yleisesti ottaen säästäväisyyttä ihannoivat, joskin myös materialistisia asenteita tulee ilmi. Helsinkiläislapset ovat omaksuneet aikuisyhteiskunnan luomat ja ylläpitämät asenteet "järkevästä" rahankäytöstä. Rahankäytössään lapset eivät näe minkäänlaista ristiriitaa, vaan sekä kuluttaminen, että säästäminen on lapsille hyvin luontevaa. Lapset, jotka ovat pienestä pitäen tottuneet mainoksiin ja markkinointiin suhtautuvat rahankäyttöön mutkattomasti ja järkevästi. Tutkimuksessa ei noussut missään vaiheessa ilmi, että lapset ihannoisivat kerskakulutusta tai ylenpalttista rahankäyttöä, vaan säästäväisyyden normi heijastui myös lasten retoriikassa. Kaiken kaikkiaan vaikutelma lasten suhteesta rahaan oli hyvin realistinen. He myös näyttivät ymmärtävän rahan arvon ja olivat valmiita säästämään päästäkseen tavoitteeseensa. Alueellisesti Helsinki näyttäytyy hyvin homogeenisena, eikä mittavia eroja lasten oman rahan määrässä esiinny.

Young Actors in Transnational Agoras : Multi-sited Ethnography of Cosmopolitan Micropolitical Orientations

This study examines young people s political participation in transnational meetings. Methodologically the study aims to shed light on multi-sited global ethnography. Young people are viewed here as a social age group sensitive to critical, alternative and even radical political participation. The diversity of the young actors and their actions is captured by using several different methods. What is more, the study spurs us coming from the Global North to develop social science research towards methodological cosmopolitanism and to consider our research practices from a moral cosmopolitan perspective. The research sites are the EU Presidency Youth Event (2006 Hyvinkää, Finland), the Global Young Greens Founding Conference (2007 Nairobi, Kenya), the European Social Forum (2008 Malmö, Sweden) and three World Social Forums (2006 Bamako, Mali; 2007 Nairobi Kenya and 2009 Belém, Brazil). The data consists of participant observation, documents and media articles of the meetings, interviews, photos, video, and internet data. This multidisciplinary study combines youth research, development studies, performative social science and political sociology. In this research the diverse field of youth political participation in transnational agoras is studied by using a cross-table of cosmopolitan resources (or the lack of them) and everydaymakers expert citizen dichotomy. First, the young participants of the EU Presidency youth event are studied as an example of expert citizens with cosmopolitan resources (these resources include, for example, language skills, higher education and international social network). Second, the study analyses those everyday-makers who use performative politics to demonstrate their political missions here and now. But in order to make the social movement global they need cosmopolitan resources to be able to use the social media tools and work globally. Third, the study reflects upon the difficulties of reaching those actors who lack cosmopolitan resources, either everyday-makers or expert citizens. The go-along method and the use of the interpreters are shown as ways to reach these young people s political missions. Fourth, the research underlines the importance of contact zones (i.e. spaces or situations where the aforementioned orientations and their differences temporarily disappear or weaken) for deeper democracy and for boosted dialogue between different kinds of participants. Keywords: political participation, young people, multi-sited ethnography, youth research, political sociology, development studies, performative social science

Electron donor-acceptor complex of ICl with diethyl ether - He I photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio molecular orbital study

The He I photoelectron spectrum of the diethyl ether-ICl complex has been obtained. The oxygen orbitals are shifted to higher binding energies and that of ICl to lower binding energies owing to complex formation. Ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations of the complex molecule showed that the bonding is between the sigma-type lone pair of oxygen and the I atom and that the complex has C-2v symmetry. The binding energy of the complex is computed to be 8.06 kcal mol(-1) at the MP2/3-21G* level. The orbital energies obtained from the photoelectron spectra of the complex are compared and assigned with orbital energies obtained by MO calculations. Natural bond orbital analysis (NBO) shows that charge transfer is from the sigma-type oxygen lone pair to the iodine atom and the magnitude of charge transfer is 0.0744 e.

Low-temperature specific heat of antiferromagnetic EuNi5P3 and mixed-valent EuNi2P2 in magnetic fields to 7 T

he specific heats of EUNi(5)P(3), an antiferromagnet, and EuNi2P2, a mixed-valence compound, have been measured between 0.4 and 30 K in magnetic fields of, respectively, 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.5, 5, and 7 T, and 0 and 7 T. In zero field the specific heat of EuNi5P3 shows a h-like anomaly with a maximum at 8.3 K. With increasing field in the range 0-2.5 T, the maximum shifts to lower temperatures, as expected for an antiferromagnet. In higher fields the antiferromagnetic ordering is destroyed and the magnetic part of the specific heat approaches a Schottky anomaly that is consistent with expectations for the crystal-field/Zeeman levels. In low fields and for temperatures between 1.5 acid 5 K the magnetic contribution to the specific heat is proportional to the temperature, indicating a high density of excited states with an energy dependence that is very unusual for an antiferromagnet. The entropy associated with the magnetic ordering is similar to R In8, confirming that only the Eu2+-with J=7/2, S=7/2, L=0-orders below 30 R. In zero field approximately 20% of the entropy occurs above the Neel temperature, consistent. with the usual amount of short-range order observed in antiferromagnets. The hyperfine magnetic field at the Eu nuclei in EUNi(5)P(3) is 33.3 T, in good agreement with a value calculated from electron-nuclear double resonance measurements. For EuNi2P2 the specific heat is nearly field independent and shows no evidence of magnetic ordering or hyperfine fields. The coefficient of the electron contribution to the specific heat is similar to 100 mJ/mol K-2.

Population inversions behind normal shock waves in CO2‐N2‐He mixtures seeded with solid particles: Further results

The analysis of propagation of a normal shock wave in CO2‐N2‐He or H2 or H2O system seeded with solid particles is presented. The variation of translational and vibrational temperatures of gas phase and the particle temperatures in the relaxation zone behind the shock front are given in graphical form. These results show that the peak value of population inversion and the width of the inversion zone are highest for He catalyst and lowest for H2O catalyst.

Out of equilibrium plasticity dynamics and the annealing of supersolidity in solid He-4

We present a numerical study of a continuum plasticity field coupled to a Ginzburg-Landau model for superfluidity. The results suggest that a supersolid fraction may appear as a long-lived transient during the time evolution of the plasticity field at higher temperatures where both dislocation climb and glide are allowed. Supersolidity, however, vanishes with annealing. As the temperature is decreased, dislocation climb is arrested and any residual supersolidity due to incomplete annealing remains frozen. Our results may provide a resolution of many perplexing issues concerning a variety of experiments on bulk solid He-4.