Los grandes sistemas de abastecimiento de agua en el litoral de Alicante

El litoral de Alicante ha sufrido grandes transformaciones territoriales desde las décadas de 1960 y 1970 a raíz de la actividad turística. Uno de los servicios que necesita esta actividad, entre otros, es el abastecimiento de agua potable. En este sentido, por su papel estratégico, el suministro de agua en alta es decisivo para abastecer a los municipios turístico-residenciales. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer y analizar los diferentes sistemas de abastecimiento de agua en alta en la costa de Alicante, sus características, infraestructuras, recursos hídricos disponibles y medidas de gestión llevados a cabo. Algunas de las conclusiones extraídas son el papel estratégico que ejercen en el territorio, especialmente con el agua, un recurso escaso y de vital importancia para la orla costera alicantina, sobre todo en los meses estivales.

Robust food supply supply chains:An integrated framework for vulnerability assessment and disturbance management

The operation of supply chains (SCs) has for many years been focused on efficiency, leanness and responsiveness. This has resulted in reduced slack in operations, compressed cycle times, increased productivity and minimised inventory levels along the SC. Combined with tight tolerance settings for the realisation of logistics and production processes, this has led to SC performances that are frequently not robust. SCs are becoming increasingly vulnerable to disturbances, which can decrease the competitive power of the entire chain in the market. Moreover, in the case of food SCs non-robust performances may ultimately result in empty shelves in grocery stores and supermarkets.
The overall objective of this research is to contribute to Supply Chain Management (SCM) theory by developing a structured approach to assess SC vulnerability, so that robust performances of food SCs can be assured. We also aim to help companies in the food industry to evaluate their current state of vulnerability, and to improve their performance robustness through a better understanding of vulnerability issues. The following research questions (RQs) stem from these objectives:
RQ1: What are the main research challenges related to (food) SC robustness?
RQ2: What are the main elements that have to be considered in the design of robust SCs and what are the relationships between these elements?
RQ3: What is the relationship between the contextual factors of food SCs and the use of disturbance management principles?
RQ4: How to systematically assess the impact of disturbances in (food) SC processes on the robustness of (food) SC performances?
To answer these RQs we used different methodologies, both qualitative and quantitative. For each question, we conducted a literature survey to identify gaps in existing research and define the state of the art of knowledge on the related topics. For the second and third RQ, we conducted both exploration and testing on selected case studies. Finally, to obtain more detailed answers to the fourth question, we used simulation modelling and scenario analysis for vulnerability assessment.
Main findings are summarised as follows.
Based on an extensive literature review, we answered RQ1. The main research challenges were related to the need to define SC robustness more precisely, to identify and classify disturbances and their causes in the context of the specific characteristics of SCs and to make a systematic overview of (re)design strategies that may improve SC robustness. Also, we found that it is useful to be able to discriminate between varying degrees of SC vulnerability and to find a measure that quantifies the extent to which a company or SC shows robust performances when exposed to disturbances.
To address RQ2, we define SC robustness as the degree to which a SC shows an acceptable performance in (each of) its Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) during and after an unexpected event that caused a disturbance in one or more logistics processes. Based on the SCM literature we identified the main elements needed to achieve robust performances and structured them together to form a conceptual framework for the design of robust SCs. We then explained the logic of the framework and elaborate on each of its main elements: the SC scenario, SC disturbances, SC performance, sources of food SC vulnerability, and redesign principles and strategies.
Based on three case studies, we answered RQ3. Our major findings show that the contextual factors have a consistent relationship to Disturbance Management Principles (DMPs). The product and SC environment characteristics are contextual factors that are hard to change and these characteristics initiate the use of specific DMPs as well as constrain the use of potential response actions. The process and the SC network characteristics are contextual factors that are easier to change, and they are affected by the use of the DMPs. We also found a notable relationship between the type of DMP likely to be used and the particular combination of contextual factors present in the observed SC.
To address RQ4, we presented a new method for vulnerability assessments, the VULA method. The VULA method helps to identify how much a company is underperforming on a specific Key Performance Indicator (KPI) in the case of a disturbance, how often this would happen and how long it would last. It ultimately informs the decision maker about whether process redesign is needed and what kind of redesign strategies should be used in order to increase the SC’s robustness. The VULA method is demonstrated in the context of a meat SC using discrete-event simulation. The case findings show that performance robustness can be assessed for any KPI using the VULA method.
To sum-up the project, all findings were incorporated within an integrated framework for designing robust SCs. The integrated framework consists of the following steps: 1) Description of the SC scenario and identification of its specific contextual factors; 2) Identification of disturbances that may affect KPIs; 3) Definition of the relevant KPIs and identification of the main disturbances through assessment of the SC performance robustness (i.e. application of the VULA method); 4) Identification of the sources of vulnerability that may (strongly) affect the robustness of performances and eventually increase the vulnerability of the SC; 5) Identification of appropriate preventive or disturbance impact reductive redesign strategies; 6) Alteration of SC scenario elements as required by the selected redesign strategies and repeat VULA method for KPIs, as defined in Step 3.
Contributions of this research are listed as follows. First, we have identified emerging research areas - SC robustness, and its counterpart, vulnerability. Second, we have developed a definition of SC robustness, operationalized it, and identified and structured the relevant elements for the design of robust SCs in the form of a research framework. With this research framework, we contribute to a better understanding of the concepts of vulnerability and robustness and related issues in food SCs. Third, we identified the relationship between contextual factors of food SCs and specific DMPs used to maintain robust SC performances: characteristics of the product and the SC environment influence the selection and use of DMPs; processes and SC networks are influenced by DMPs. Fourth, we developed specific metrics for vulnerability assessments, which serve as a basis of a VULA method. The VULA method investigates different measures of the variability of both the duration of impacts from disturbances and the fluctuations in their magnitude.
With this project, we also hope to have delivered practical insights into food SC vulnerability. First, the integrated framework for the design of robust SCs can be used to guide food companies in successful disturbance management. Second, empirical findings from case studies lead to the identification of changeable characteristics of SCs that can serve as a basis for assessing where to focus efforts to manage disturbances. Third, the VULA method can help top management to get more reliable information about the “health” of the company.
The two most important research opportunities are: First, there is a need to extend and validate our findings related to the research framework and contextual factors through further case studies related to other types of (food) products and other types of SCs. Second, there is a need to further develop and test the VULA method, e.g.: to use other indicators and statistical measures for disturbance detection and SC improvement; to define the most appropriate KPI to represent the robustness of a complete SC. We hope this thesis invites other researchers to pick up these challenges and help us further improve the robustness of (food) SCs.

Outcomes and process in reading tutoring

Background: Large-scale randomised controlled trials are relatively rare in education. The present study approximates to, but is not exactly, a randomised controlled trial. It was an attempt to scale up previous small peer tutoring projects, while investing only modestly in continuing professional development for teachers.Purpose: A two-year study of peer tutoring in reading was undertaken in one local education authority in Scotland. The relative effectiveness of cross-age versus same-age tutoring, light versus intensive intervention, and reading versus reading and mathematics tutoring were investigated.Programme description (if relevant): The intervention was Paired Reading, a freely available cross-ability tutoring method applied to books of the pupils' choice but above the tutee's independent readability level. It involves Reading Together and Reading Alone, and switching from one to the other according to need.Sample: Eighty-seven primary schools of overall average socio-economic status, ability and gender in one council in Scotland. There were few ethnic minority students. Proportions of students with special needs were low. Children were eight and 10 years old as the intervention started. Macro-evaluation n = 3520. Micro-evaluation Year 1 15 schools n = 592, Year 2 a different 15 schools n = 591, compared with a comparison group of five schools n = 240.Design and methods: Almost all the primary schools in the local authority participated and were randomly allocated to condition. A macro-evaluation tested and retested over a two-year period using Performance Indicators in Primary Schools. A micro-evaluation tested and retested within each year using norm-referenced tests of reading comprehension. Macro-evaluation was with multi-level modelling, micro-evaluation with descriptive statistics and effect sizes, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).Results: Macro-evaluation yielded significant pre-post gains in reading attainment for cross-age tutoring over both years. No other differences were significant. Micro-evaluation yielded pre-post changes in Year 1 (selected) and Year 2 (random) greater than controls, with no difference between same-age and cross-age tutoring. Light and intensive tutoring were equally effective. Tutoring reading and mathematics together was more effective than only tutoring reading. Lower socio-economic and lower reading ability students did better. Girls did better than boys. Regarding observed implementation quality, some factors were high and others low. Few implementation variables correlated with attainment gain.Conclusions: Paired Reading tutoring does lead to better reading attainment compared with students not participating. This is true in the long term (macro-evaluation) for cross-age tutoring, and in the short term (micro-evaluation) for both cross-age and same-age tutoring. Tutors and tutees benefited. Intensity had no effect but dual tutoring did have an effect. Low-socio-economic status, low-ability and female students did better. The results of the different forms of evaluation were indeed different. There are implications for practice and for future research. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

THE SAAF STUDY: evaluation of the Safeguarding Children Assessment and Analysis Framework (SAAF), compared with management as usual, for improving outcomes for children and young people who have experienced, or are at risk of, maltreatment: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Background: Serious case reviews and research studies have indicated weaknesses in risk assessments conducted by child protection social workers. Social workers are adept at gathering information but struggle with analysis and assessment of risk. The Department for Education wants to know if the use of a structured decision-making tool can improve child protection assessments of risk.

Methods/design: This multi-site, cluster-randomised trial will assess the effectiveness of the Safeguarding Children Assessment and Analysis Framework (SAAF). This structured decision-making tool aims to improve social workers' assessments of harm, of future risk and parents' capacity to change. The comparison is management as usual.

Inclusion criteria: Children's Services Departments (CSDs) in England willing to make relevant teams available to be randomised, and willing to meet the trial's training and data collection requirements.

Exclusion criteria: CSDs where there were concerns about performance; where a major organisational restructuring was planned or under way; or where other risk assessment tools were in use.

Six CSDs are participating in this study. Social workers in the experimental arm will receive 2 days training in SAAF together with a range of support materials, and access to limited telephone consultation post-training. The primary outcome is child maltreatment. This will be assessed using data collected nationally on two key performance indicators: the first is the number of children in a year who have been subject to a second Child Protection Plan (CPP); the second is the number of re-referrals of children because of related concerns about maltreatment. Secondary outcomes are: i) the quality of assessments judged against a schedule of quality criteria and ii) the relationship between the three assessments required by the structured decision-making tool (level of harm, risk of (re) abuse and prospects for successful intervention).

Discussion: This is the first study to examine the effectiveness of SAAF. It will contribute to a very limited literature on the contribution that structured decision-making tools can make to improving risk assessment and case planning in child protection and on what is involved in their effective implementation.

An audit of antimicrobial treatment of lower respiratory and urinary tract infections in a hospital setting

Objectives: To audit the quality of treatment of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) and to identify targets for antibiotic stewardship. Methods: The audit involved collecting data on admitted patients, who were diagnosed with LRTIs or UTIs and subsequently received antibiotic treatment (January 2009-April 2009). Key findings: The percentage adherence rate for hospital antibiotic policy was 68.6% (24/35). Documentation of the CURB-65 score was found in 80% (16/20) of the patients' clinical notes, for which 46.2% (6/13) of patients were treated according to their CURB- 65 score. The percentages of delayed and missed doses for all antibiotics were 21.7% (254/1171) and 8.6% (101/1171), respectively. The percentage of patients switched from intravenous to oral antibiotics in accordance with the policy was 58.5% (31/53). The mean length of stay for patients switched in line with the guidelines was 6.9 days (range: 2-18 days) compared with 13.2 days (range: 4-28 days) for patients treated with intravenous antibiotics >24 h after the intravenous to oral switch criteria were fulfilled; this equates to on average an extra 6.3 days of hospitalisation (p=0.01). Conclusions: The study identified a number of targets for quality improvement including adherence to antibiotic policy, documentation of the CURB-65 score in patients' notes and treating patients accordingly, addressing the issue of missed and delayed doses, and maintaining adherence to the hospital intravenous-to-oral antibiotic switch policy. The findings suggest that the quality of antibiotic prescribing could be improved by measuring and addressing such performance indicators.

Gestão da sustentabilidade nas organizações: uma nova metodologia

O presente trabalho pretende auxiliar o processo de consolidação do conceito de sustentabilidade no seio das organizações. Partindo de ferramentas de gestão e avaliação já existentes, esta tese sugere a sua integração numa única metodologia, ultrapassando desse modo as limitações e potenciando as suas capacidades enquanto ferramentas isoladas. O modelo proposto para o Sistema de Gestão da Sustentabilidade (SGS) integra assim: o conceito de melhoria contínua característico dos sistemas de gestão normalizados; a capacidade de tradução da perspetiva estratégica da gestão para o plano operacional, característica do Business Scorecard (BSC); e, por fim, a avaliação emergética é ainda utilizada como uma ferramenta de avaliação da sustentabilidade de sistemas. Um objetivo secundário desta tese prende-se com o desenvolvimento de um procedimento para a realização da análise emergética de um sistema. Depois de analisada a literatura referente à utilização da análise emergética, identificou-se como necessária a definição de um procedimento normalizado, adotando um conjunto de tarefas e um formato de apresentação de resultados que permita disseminar o conceito e tornar a ferramenta mais “utilizável”. Por outro lado, procurou-se dotar o procedimento com um conjunto de indicações que permitem ultrapassar limitações e inconvenientes apontados pelos críticos mas também utilizadores do método, nomeadamente: problemas de dupla contagem, cálculo da incerteza da análise e critérios de qualidade da informação utilizada. O modelo dos sistemas de gestão normalizados apresenta um papel central na metodologia proposta. O conceito de “melhoria contínua” afigura-se como fundamental num sistema que pretende implementar o conceito “desenvolvimento sustentável” e avaliar o seu desempenho à luz do mesmo. Assim, o ciclo Plan-Do-check-Act (PDCA) deve ser utilizado para implementar o SGS de acordo com uma Política para a Sustentabilidade que a organização deve desenvolver. Definida a Política, o modelo baseia-se então no ciclo PDCA: fase de planeamento; fase de implementação; fase de verificação; e fase de revisão. É na fase de planeamento do SGS que se sugere a introdução das outras duas ferramentas: a análise emergética (AEm) e o BSC. A fase de planeamento do modelo de SGS proposto neste trabalho foi aplicada à Universidade de Aveiro (UA), incluindo a definição de uma Política para a Sustentabilidade e o planeamento estratégico e operacional. A avaliação emergética à UA foi realizada recorrendo ao procedimento desenvolvido nesta tese e permitiu caracterizar e avaliar os fluxos de recursos que a “alimentam” sob uma só unidade, atribuindo deste modo graus de importância aos diferentes recursos utilizados. A informação representa 96% do total de recursos utilizados na UA, quando avaliados sob o ponto de vista emergética. Para além da informação, os fluxos financeiros representam a maior fatia do orçamento emergético da UA, grande parte dos quais serve para sustentar os serviços prestados pelo corpo docente da UA. Analisando valores históricos de 3 indicadores de desempenho emergético, observa-se que a UA não regista uma evolução positiva em nenhum dos indicadores: a emergia utilizada nos edifícios tem-se mantido mais ou menos constante; a retribuição emergética da UA para a sociedade, avaliada sobre a forma de diplomados, tem diminuído; e a relação emergética entre professores e alunos tem também diminuído, facto que pode refletir-se na qualidade dos “produtos” da UA. Da aplicação do SGS à UA regista-se: a adequabilidade do ciclo PDCA à implementação de um SGS; a capacidade da AEm “obrigar” a organização a adotar uma abordagem sistémica da sua atividade, resultando numa visão mais aprofundada da sua relação com o contexto ambiental, económico e social em que se insere; a importância da visão estratégica e da sua tradução em termos operacionais na fase de planeamento de um SGS; e, por fim, a capacidade de adaptação e dupla funcionalidade (implementação e avaliação) do modelo de SGS proposto. A metodologia de SGS proposta nesta tese, sendo direcionada para todo o tipo de organizações, não se desvirtua quando aplicada ao contexto específico das instituições de ensino superior e permite implementar e avaliar o conceito “desenvolvimento sustentável” nas quatro dimensões da universidade (Educação, Investigação, Operação; Relação com as partes interessadas).

Estatística portuária: impacto da gestão dos portos

As Administrações Portuárias foram evoluindo ao longo do tempo, sendo, atualmente, organismos de capitais exclusivamente públicos. Sendo crescente a competitividade entre os Portos e as exigências em termos de qualidade na prestação de serviços, as Administrações Portuárias têm sentido a necessidade de se moldarem às necessidades dos seus clientes. No presente estudo tentou perceber-se de que modo é que a informação estatística utilizada nos Portos nacionais auxilia na tomada de decisão diária dos administradores. Com vista à concretização do objetivo proposto, foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa, tendo a informação sido recolhida através da análise documental e de entrevistas de elite realizadas a administradores portuários. O presente estudo começa por apresentar o percurso dos Portos, expondo a sua evolução e os modelos de gestão utilizados. Posteriormente, são apresentadas as atividades desenvolvidas durante o estágio na Organização de Acolhimento – Administração do Porto de Aveiro, S.A.. De seguida, é realizado o tratamento e análise da informação recolhida através das entrevistas a administradores portuários. Por último, são expostas as considerações finais, de modo a aferir qual a importância da estatística para a gestão portuária, são identificadas as limitações encontradas durante a realização do estudo e feitas propostas de trabalho para o futuro. O estudo mostrou que, apesar de ser apenas uma parte do processo, a estatística é imprescindível para gestão dos Portos, sendo, contudo, primordial que seja desenvolvida para melhorar o processo de tomada de decisão. Algumas das mudanças sugeridas incluem obrigar os concessionários a ceder dados à Autoridade Portuária, definir indicadores globais e dinâmicos a nível nacional que permitam analisar a evolução de cada Porto, fazer benchmarking, e selecionar um conjunto de indicadores internos de performance, para que os administradores possam ter uma visão do passado, do presente e estarem preparados para o que o futuro acarreta. Acredita-se que a análise efetuada no âmbito deste estudo poderá contribuir para que se efetuem pequenas mudanças, no sentido de contribuir para uma melhor utilização da estatística na gestão portuária.

Corporate governance in municipality-owned enterprises: a case study

Dissertação de Mestrado, Finanças Empresariais, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Avaliação e optimização operacional: estudo do terminal de contentores de Alcântara

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica - Ramo Manutenção e Produção

Formação de alunos histórica e geograficamente competentes no ensino básico - contributo das imagens e dos mapas mentais

Relatório de investigação apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de mestre em Ensino de 1º e 2º ciclo do Ensino Básico

Caracterização do desempenho das redes rodoviárias com base em modelos de afetação de tráfego: aplicação à Rede Rodoviária Nacional

Relatório de estágio para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização em Vias de Comunicação e Transportes

Desenvolvimento de modelo para a melhoria do planeamento da manutenção

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Aplicação da filosofia Lean management:caso de estudo, aplicado à manutenção de edifícios

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia da Manutenção

Auditoria de resultados no Ministério da Defesa Nacional, ramo Exército

Trabalho de Projeto apresentado ao Instituto de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Auditoria, sob orientação do Dr. Rodrigo Carvalho e co-orientação do Major de Artilharia António Rabaço