14 resultados para natur

em Helda - Digital Repository of University of Helsinki


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In Finland the period 1880 -1914 constituted an essential phase in the creation of the great national project as well as it was a golden time of Francophilia. With Francophilia, i.e. French-mindedness, is here understood a collectively upheld strong sympathy towards France and French culture. However, the Francophilia of late nineteenth century Finland was free from apparent political intentions and remained a chosen disposition. The strength of its drive was not only based on the older European admiration of everything French, but also on the growing fascination for a novelty emerging besides the traditional influences of the Germanic culture. In Finnish society Francophilia mostly worked as an opposite force to the most confined conceptions of what was considered national ; as a consequence France came to denote more than a country and Francophilia contained an important symbolical meaning in the construction of the Finnish nation. The main tasks of the study are to introduce as the first large historical presentation of the subject a covering examination of the many descriptions of Paris-phases of assorted artists, authors, and intellectuals, to clarify the mental relationship of the Finnish intelligentsia to France prior to national independence, and finally to provide these developments with case studies of certain life paths. However, the examination is not biographical, because the starting point remains within the rhetoric arguments of Francophilia and patriotism as these appeared within the public sphere. Historical persons have thus been dealt with primarily as reflectors of the then-current French-minded mentality. Such Francophiles in Finland were first and foremost Werner Söderhjelm, Juhani Aho, L. Onerva and V. A. Koskenniemi. The networks of the Finnish cultural field are mostly displayed through these examples. In previous research the intensive relationship of Finnish artists and authors with France has not been connected with actual concepts of nationalism. The respective periods of the intellectuals in Paris have simply been viewed as devoid of ideological links with the contemporary advancement of the fatherland, or even as opposites to the patriotic pursuits in Finland. From the viewpoint of this study these now canonized creators of a Finnish culture are primarily seen as patriots and fellow countrymen, and only secondly as artists and artist s colleagues. The dissertation is constructed as both a regional survey of the idealization of France and a study of Finnish history through the mirror of Francophilia. As such France only held an instrumental role for the receiving culture, i.e. for the construction of Finland, as no "objective truths" were sought for in France. Keywords: France, francophilia, Finnishness, national project, Paris

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Nature, science and technology. The image of Finland through popular enlightenment texts 1870-1920 This doctoral thesis looks at how Finnish popular enlightenment texts published between 1870 and 1920 took part in the process of forming a genuine Finnish national identity. The same process was occurring in other Nordic countries at the time and the process in Finland was in many ways influenced by them, particularly Sweden. In Finland the political realities under Russian rule especially during the Russification years, and the fact that its history was considered to be short compared to other European countries, made this nation-building process unique. The undertaking was led by members of the national elite, influential in the cultural, academic as well as political arenas, who were keen to support the foundation of a modern Finnish identity. The political realities and national philosophy of history necessitated a search for elements of identity in nature and the Finnish landscape, which were considered to have special national importance: Finland was very much determined as a political entity on the basis of its geography and nature. Nature was also used as means of taking a cultural or political view in terms of, for example, geographical facts such as the nation s borders or the country s geographical connections to Western Europe. In the building of a proper national identity the concept of nature was not, however, static, but was more or less affected by political and economic progress in society. This meant that nature, or the image of the national landscape, was no longer seen only as a visual image of the national identity, but also as a source of science, technology and a prosperous future. The role of technology in this process was very much connected to the ability to harness natural resources to serve national interests. The major change in this respect had occurred by the early 20th century, when indisputable scientific progress altered the relationship between nature and technology. Concerning technology, the thesis is mainly interested in the large and at the time modern technological manifestations, such as railways, factories and industrial areas in Finland. Despite the fact that the symbiosis between national nature and international but successfully localized technology was in Finnish popular enlightenment literature depicted mostly as a national success story, concerns began to arise already in last years of the 19th century. It was argued that the emerging technology would eventually destroy Finland s natural environment, and therefore the basis of its national identity. The question was not how to preserve nature through natural science, but more how to conserve such natural resources and images that were considered to be the basis of national identity and thus of the national history. National parks, isolated from technology, and distant enough so as to have no economic value, were considered the solution to the problem. Methodologically the thesis belongs to the genre of science and technology studies, and offers new viewpoints with regard to both the study of Finnish popular enlightenment literature and the national development process as a whole.

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Denna pro gradu avhandling är en litteraturstudie av intramolekylära aza-Wittigringslutningar vid syntes av sammansmälta kväveheterocykler. I arbetet behandlas material huvudsakligen från 1980 och framöver. Aza-Wittigreaktionen påminner om den analoga Wittigreaktionen. Aza-Wittigreaktioner har nästan uteslutande gjorts mellan karbonylgrupper och iminofosforaner. Reaktionsmekanismen sker enligt en tvåstegsaddition, som inleds av iminokvävets nukleofila attack till karbonylkolet och avslutas av att en zwitterjonisk betain bildar en azoxafosfetanintermediär. Intermediären sönderfaller spontant till en iminoprodukt och fosfinoxid. Reaktionen görs ofta under milda betingelser d.v.s. vid rumstemperatur och dessutom utan dyr arbetsutrustning Ett vanligt sätt att framställa iminofosforanen är från azid genom Staudingerreaktion och ofta kombineras Staudinger- och aza-Wittigreaktionerna så att iminofosforanen inte isoleras före ringslutningen. Alla andra ringslutningsreaktioner än aza-Wittig, såsom elektrocykliska ringslutningar, har uteslutits ur detta arbete. Materialet i litteraturstudien har indelats enligt vilken typ av karbonylgrupp iminofosforanen reagerar med. På så vis åskådliggörs hurudana typiska produktmolekyler som erhållits med ringslutning till en viss typ av karbonylgrupp. Det har visat sig att det är förmånligt om karbonylkolet har elektronunderskott och iminofosforanens kväve har elektronöverskott. Den ringslutande molekylens entropi och närbelägna substituenters elektroniska och steriska natur samt produktmolekylens termodynamiska fördelaktighet inverkar tillsammans på reaktionens gång. Ifall reaktionen förväntas ske långsamt är det bättre att använda sig av alkyliminofosforaner än aryliminofosforaner. Valet av lösningsmedel har nästan uteslutande lämnats oförklarat i de behandlade publikationerna men i de flesta fall har ortoxylen eller toluen varit goda lösningsmedel. Oönskad tetrazolbildning av aziden kan minimeras genom användning av opolärt lösningsmedel. Likaså kan förmånligt placerade kväveskyddsgrupper hindra intramolekylära vätebindningar. På senare tid har aza-Wittigreaktionen allt mera tillämpats vid framställning av farmakologiska produkter, vilket ökat intresset för att framställa stora mängder närbesläktade produktmolekyler. Dylika molekylbibliotek har med fördel framställts i fastfas varvid reningen av produkten underlättats märkbart. Ett nytt område inom aza-Wittigsyntetiken är asymmetriska reaktioner, vilka säkert kommer att få mera uppmärksamhet i framtiden. I denna litteraturstudie framkom det att många av de utförda synteserna på området kunde upprepas med större variation och systematik gällande reagens och reaktionsbetingelser.

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The international aid that the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland received between 1945 and 1948 is the topic of this historical study, in which the process of reconstruction of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is examined in a European context. The key questions are related not only to the achievements of the reconstruction programs but also to the purposes and objectives of the donating churches. The study pays particular attention to the changes in the ecclesiastical, political and economic fields after the Second World War and asks how the tense political atmosphere of a divided world affected the reconstruction programs of the churches. It is possible to distinguish three periods within the European church reconstruction process. To begin with, the year 1945 was, in general, the year of organization. Many churches had started planning reconstruction work already during the war, but only after the conflict in Europe had ceased did they have a chance to renew contacts, assess the damage and begin operations. The years 1946 and 1947 were the main years of the work. Large reconstruction organizations from American churches donated money, food, clothes and vitamins worth millions of dollars to the European churches. The work started to diminish as early as 1948, partly because Marshall Plan aid and the rising standard of living had reduced the need for material assistance in many countries and partly because other problems overshadowed the reconstruction work of the World Council of Churches: for example, most WCC resources at this time were directed to refugee programs and to Third World churhces. The most important donors from the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland's point of view were the American Section of the Lutheran World Federation, the World Council of Churches and the Churches of Denmark, Sweden and England. The amount of money and value of goods received by the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland totaled approximately 2.5 million dollars, from which about 60 per cent came from the Lutheran churches of America. The importance of the Lutheran World Federation was even greater because of the productive financial arrangements that increased the American Lutheran funds. In addition the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland imported hundreds of tons of tax-free coffee and sold this to Finns. The money gained was used mostly to rebuild destroyed church buildings and to support the work of different ecclesiastical organizations. Smaller amounts were used for scholarship programs, youth work, and supporting sick and disabled church workers.

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The Finnish forest industry bought more than half of the timber used in factories and sawmills in the 1930s from non-industrial private forests (NIPF). This research investigates the rules conformed to this timber trade. The main research questions are: what were the rules that influenced the timber trade; and by whom they were set up? Attention is also paid to the factors which advanced the forest owners’ negotiation possibilities. A variety of sources were used: legal and company statutes, timber trade contracts, archives of the forest companies and organisations. Moreover, the written reminiscences collected by the Finnish Literature Society in the early 1970s were used to analyse the views of individual sellers and buyers. An institutional economics approach was applied as the theoretical framework of this study. In the timber trade the seller (forest owner) and the buyer (the employee of the forest company) agreed to the rules of the timber trade. They agreed about the amount and the price of the timber on sale, but also rules concerning, e.g., timber marking and harvesting. The forest companies had a strong control over the written contracts. Neither the private forest owners nor the forest organisations had much influence over these contracts. However, they managed to influence the rules which could not be found in the contracts. These written and unwritten rules regulated, for instance, the timber marking and measurement. The forest organisations such as Central Forestry Board Tapio (Keskusmetsäseura Tapio) and associations of forest owners (metsänhoitoyhdistykset) helped private forest owners in gaining more control over the timber marking. In timber marking, the forest owner selected trees to be included in the timber trade and gained more information, which he could use in the negotiations. The other rule, which was changed despite forest companies’ resistance, was the timber measurement. The Central Union of Agricultural Producers (MTK) negotiated with the Central Association of Finnish Woodworking Industries (SPKL) about changing the rules of the measurement practices. Even though SPKL did not support any changes, the new timber measurement law was accepted in the year 1938. The new law also created a supervisory authority to solve possible disagreements. Despite this the forest companies were still in charge of the measurement process in most cases. The private forest owners attained changes in the rules of the timber trade mainly during the 1930s. Earlier the relative weakness of the private forest organisations had diminished their negotiation positions. This changed in the 1930s as the private forest owners and their organisations became more active. At the same time the forest industry experienced a shortage of timber, especially pulp wood, and this provided the private forest owners with more leverage. Full-text (in Finnish) available at http://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10224/4081

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Conflict, Unity, Oblivion: Commemoration of the Liberation War by the Civic Guard and the Veterans´ Union in 1918-1944 The Finnish Civil War ended in May 1918 as a victory for the white side. The war was named by the winners as the Liberation War and its legacy became a central theme for public commemorations during the interwar period. At the same time the experiences of the defeated were hindered from becoming a part of the official history of Finland. The commemoration of the war was related not only to the war experience but also to a national mission, which was seen fulfilled with the independence of Finland. Although the idea of the commemoration was to form a unifying non-political scene for the nation, the remembrance of the Liberation War rather continued than sought to reconcile to the conflict of 1918. The outbreak of the war between the Soviet Union and Finland in 1939 immediately affected the memory culture. The new myth of the Miracle of the Winter War, which referred to the unity shown by the people, required a marginalization of controversial memory of the Liberation War. This study examines from the concepts of public memory and narrative templates how the problematic experience of a civil war developed to a popular public commemoration. Instead of dealing with the manipulative and elite-centered grandiose commemoration projects, the study focuses on the more modest local level and emphasizes the significance of local memory agents and narrative templates of collective memory. The main subjects in the study are the Civil Guard and the Veterans´ Union. Essential for the widespread movement was the development of the Civic Guard from a wartime organization to a peacetime popular movement. The guards, who identified themselves trough the memories and the threats of civil war, formed a huge network of memory agents in every corner of the country. They effectively linked both local memory with official memory and the civic society with the state level. Only with the emergence of the right wing veteran movement in the 30ies did the tensions grow between the two levels of public memory. The study shows the diversity of the commemoration movement of the Liberation War. It was not only a result of a nation-state project and political propaganda, but also a way for local communities to identify and strengthen themselves in a time of political upheaval and uncertainty.

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Syftet med denna studie är att genom data-analys triangulation undersöka socionomstuderandes svar på ett yrkesetiskt dilemma av omsorgsetisk natur. Samplet består av 32 socionomer i början av sina studier som har svarat på ett hypotetiskt dilemma om hur de skulle bemöta en ung kvinna som ber om råd i en mycket svår situation. De huvudsakliga teoretiska utgångspunkterna för detta arbete är ECI (Ethic of Care Interview) som utvecklats av Eva Skoe som metod för att undersöka omsorgsetik, samt Osers och Althofs teori om diskursiva problemlösningsmetoder bland professionella. Som grundläggande teorier för all modern forskning om människans moralutveckling, presenteras också Carol Gilligans och Lawrence Kohlbergs teorier samt den huvudsakliga kritiken dessa bemött. Carol Gilligan är den som ursprungligen presenterade tanken om att det finns två olika typer av moraliskt tänkande där omsorgsetik är mer typisk för kvinnor och rättviseetik är mer typisk för män. Den första delen av analysen är en innehållsanalys där svaren på det yrkesrelaterade dilemmat på olika ECI stadium jämförs med varandra. Poängsättningen i ECI har varit grunden för denna analys. Den andra delen av analysen är en deduktiv teoribunden analys, där jag undersökt i fall Osers och Althofs modell om problemlösningsstrategier även går att tillämpa på ett yrkesetiskt dilemma. Slutligen tar jag också ställning till dessa två teoriers kompatibilitet. Resultatet visar att eleverna har svarat aningen sämre på det yrkesetiska dilemmat än vad deras allmänna ECI stadium är. Detta kan bero på att de är i början av sina studier men också på det allmänna klimat som råder inom socialbranschen. Teorin om diskursiva problemlösningsstrategier går inte heller att tillämpa på detta yrkesetiska dilemma, eftersom den hypotetiska klientens självbestämmanderätt gör en diskursiv lösning omöjlig. Till följd av detta har jag skapat en ny modell som baserar sig på 6 kategorier utgående från de faktorer de intervjuade lyfter fram som de viktigaste i den professionellas möte med klienten. Eftersom den nya modellen inte är hierarkisk, kan de två teorierna inte jämföras med varandra på så sätt att högre ECI nivå skulle innebära en viss typ av problemlösningsstrategi.

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J.W. von Goethen (1749-1832) merkitys ei rajoitu saksalaisen kirjallisuuden uudistamiseen. Hänen keskeisin antinsa filosofialle on pikemminkin hänen kehittämässään luonnontieteellisessä tutkimusmetodissa ja siinä ilmenevässä organistisessa luonnonfilosofiassa. Myös Goethen taideteoreettisia käsityksiä on hedelmällistä tutkia hänen luonnonfilosofiansa näkökulmasta. Tarkastelen pro gradu-tutkielmassani Goethen luontokäsityksen ja taidekäsityksen kehitystä välittömästi hänen Italiaan suuntautuvia matkojaan 1786 1789 ympäröivänä ajanjaksona. Tähän aikaan sijoittuivat paitsi morfologisen tutkimusmetodin syntyminen, myös Goethen kuvataiteellisten ihanteiden yhä vahvempi kääntyminen antiikin esikuvien puoleen. Tutkin Goethen luonnontutkimusten taustalla olevan tietoteoreettisen asenteen muotoutumista suhteessa tulkintoihin, joita hän muodosti Benedict de Spinozan ja Immanuel Kantin filosofiasta. Jäljitän hänen näin muodostuneen luonnonfilosofisen näkemyksensä ilmenemistä hänen Weimarin klassismia edustaneissa taideteoreettisissa kirjoituksissaan. Kysymykseni on, onko Goethen kuvaamassa luonnontieteellisessä tutkimusmetodissa yhtymäkohtia siihen tiehen, jota taiteilijan tai taiteentuntijan on hänen mielestään kuljettava päästäkseen oikeaan käsitykseen taiteesta. Analysoidakseni tarkemmin taiteellisen ja tieteellisen toiminnan samankaltaisuutta Goethella vertailen keskenään 1789 julkaistua tekstiä Einfache Nachahmung der Natur, Manier, Stil (Luonnon yksinkertainen jäljittely, maneeri, tyyli), joka pohtii taiteen kuvaustavan suhdetta todellisuuteen, sekä lyhyttä luonnontieteellistä metodia kuvaavaa tekstiä Erfahrung und Wissenschaft (Kokemus ja tiede) vuodelta 1798. Asetan rinnakkain luonnontutkijan etenemisen empiirisestä ja tieteellisestä ilmiöstä puhtaaseen ilmiöön eli alkuilmiöön ja taiteellisen toiminnan jatkumon luonnon yksinkertaisesta jäljittelystä maneeriin ja tyyliin. Epilogissa hahmottelen Goethen metodin yhtymäkohtia moderniin fenomenologiaan sekä arvioin Rudolf Steinerin (1861 1925) Goethen tietoteoriasta tekemää tulkintaa.

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The dissertation discusses the history of the book and the Enlightenment in Finland by studying the reception and diffusion of eighteenth-century books and by approaching the discourse on the Enlightenment in Finnish source material. The methods used relate to historian Robert Darnton s studies on eighteenth-century print culture and his analyses of the relations between print culture and society. The study is based on diverse eighteenth-century sources: books, pamphlets and dissertations, bibliographies, book auction protocols, parliamentary documents, estate inventory deeds, newspapers, letters, lectures, memoirs and commonplace books. By the end of the eighteenth century, book production had increased and secular literature had begun to challenge the dominance of religious literature. The books of the Enlightenment belonged to the new literature that found its way into Finnish book collections previously dominated by religious literature. Enlightenment literature is not a set selection of books but rather diverse works from different genres. Thus the study introduces a variety of printed material, from philosophical tracts and textbooks to novels and pornography. In the case of books of the Enlightenment, the works of French Voltaire and German Christian Wolff were among the most widely read and circulated books in Finland. First and foremost, the Enlightenment was an era of intellectual debate. These debates carried strong criticism of the prevailing systems of thought. Enlightenment ideas challenged the Lutheran society of Sweden and especially its sense of conformity. Contemporaries saw many of the books of the Enlightenment as vessels of new ideas and criticism. Furthermore, this kind of print material was interpreted as being dangerous for uneducated readers. Belonging to a certain estate and social class had a major impact on individuals reading habits and their acquisition of books. One specific social group stands out in the Finnish source material: the officers at the Sveaborg naval fortress possessed and distributed Enlightenment books more than the members of any other social class. Other essential social groups were scholars, the nobility and the clergy, who took part in debates concerning the ideas and benefits of the Enlightenment. In the Finnish debates at the time, the concept of Enlightenment involved three primary notions. Firstly, it referred to the French philosophers, les philosophes, and to their works as well as to the social changes that took place during the French revolution. It also carried the idea of philosophical light or the light of reason, in a sense similar to Immanuel Kant s writings. Most importantly, it referred to a belief in progress and to a trust in true knowledge that would supercede ignorance and fanaticism. Hence, it is impossible to speak about the Enlightenment era in the Swedish realm without such concepts as reason, benefit or progress. These concepts likewise marked the books of the Enlightenment in eighteenth-century Finland.

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I detta arbete undersöks naturvetenskaplig kunskap ur ett filosofiskt perspektiv. Arbetets centrala ämne är det naturvetenskapliga experimenterandets praktiska aspekter och deras anknytningar till den teoretiska naturvetenskapliga kunskapen. Ämnet behandlas med hjälp av Hans-Georg Gadamers hermeneutiska filosofi i boken Wahrheit und Methode. Gadamers utgångspunkt i denna bok är att hermeneutiken beskriver vad som händer i texttolkning då en tolkare förstår en skriven text, men han antyder också att hermeneutiken har vidare tillämpningsområden, till och med att den universalt beskriver alla former av mänsklig förståelse. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur Gadamers hermeneutik kan tillämpas på naturvetenskaplig förståelse och vilka ändringar man då måste införliva i hermeneutiken samt att skissa grunddragen för en hermeneutisk modell av naturvetenskaplig kunskap. I arbetet presenteras först de centrala elementen i Gadamers hermeneutiska filosofi, speciellt föromdömens positiva inverkan på tolkandet och den verkningshistoriska effekten bakom varje tolkning. Sedan diskuteras bristerna i Gadamers argument för hermeneutikens universalitet, speciellt hans starka betoning av språket som grunden för all förståelse. Om Gadamers hermeneutik skall kunna tillämpas på naturvetenskapens område måste även observationer kunna vara föremål för tolkning. De dominanta trenderna i vetenskapsfilosofin då Gadamer skrev Wahrheit und Methode är en förklaring till att Gadamer starkt förbinder sig till textförståelsen och oftast diskuterar den naturvetenskapliga kunskapen endast som en negativ motpol till den humanvetenskapliga. Vetenskapsfilosofins utveckling efter Wahrheit und Methode, speciellt det faktum att fullständig objektivitet inte mera anses vara ett realistiskt ideal, höjer förväntningarna på hermeneutikens värde för naturvetenskapernas filosofi. Till följande diskuteras tre bidrag till naturvetenskapernas filosofi som är speciellt värdefulla för en hermeneutiken. Den första av dessa är Sylvain Brombergers analys av ovisshet i vetenskapliga undersökningar. Bromberger hävdar att vetenskaplig forskning riktas mot frågor vars svar forskaren inte kan föreställa sig på förhand. Brombergers analys tyder på att det finns en hermeneutisk dialektik av frågor och svar i naturvetenskapliga experiment där forskaren strävar till att göra observationer för att besvara sina frågor. Det andra bidraget är Michael Polanyis studie av den praktiska och personliga kunskapens betydelse för all vetenskaplig forskning. Här är speciellt det vetenskapliga språkets utveckling i samband med experimentering av intresse. Det tredje bidraget är Robert Creases studie av experimentella observationer som visar att observationstolkning innefattar många element som kan förknippas med hermeneutiken. Analysen av de tre ovannämnda studierna leder till följande slutsatser. Den naturvetenskapliga forskningens hermeneutiska element förväntas vara starkt framför allt i experimentell forskning där forskaren utreder nya frågor i en kontinuerlig dialog av tekniskt prövande, praktisk identifiering och språklig beskrivning av nya fenomen. Speciellt beaktansvärd är skillnaden mellan verifierande och upptäckande naturvetenskapliga undersökningar. Tidigare resultat kan verifieras med hjälp av mätningar som specificeras på förhand, men ingen kan på förhand specificera de tekniska och språkliga steg som krävs för ett framgångsrikt upptäckande experiment. Experimentella upptäckter kräver därför en praktisk kunskap som inte kan reduceras till ren teori eller metodologi. Denna praktiska kunskap kan beskrivas med hjälp av Gadamers hermeneutik. Till sist diskuteras vissa grundläggande drag som kan sägas vara karakteristiska för en hermeneutisk modell av naturvetenskaplig kunskap. Speciellt den naturvetenskapliga kunskapens historiska natur, fördomarnas betydelse i naturvetenskaplig forskning samt vikten av forskarens personliga perspektiv i den naturvetenskapliga observationen är viktiga stöttestenar som gör att den hermeneutiska naturvetenskapsmodellen skiljer sig betydligt från modeller som betonar naturvetenskapernas objektivitet. Men det hermeneutiska perspektivet utesluter inte nödvändigtvis andra perspektiv. Dess huvudsakliga nytta är att den tillåter oss att undersöka sidor av naturvetenskaplig kunskap som objektivitetsbetonande modeller lämnar alltför mycket i skymundan. Till dessa hör speciellt det praktiska arbetet i naturvetenskaplig experimentering.

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Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary ocular malignancy in adults. In Finland, approximately 50 new cases are diagnosed yearly. Up to 50% of UM metastasize, mostly to the liver, although other organs are also affected. Despite improvements in the management of the primary tumour, the survival rates of patients with metastatic UM are poor. Until the 1970s, UMs were treated by enucleation i.e. removal of the eye. Currently, UM is usually treated by brachytherapy, which is known to influence tumour cells and blood vessels. UMs enucleated both primarily and secondarily after brachytherapy contain tumour-infiltrating macrophages, and a high number of macrophages in primary UM is associated with a shorter survival and a higher microvascular density (MVD) within the tumour tissue. The latter is independently associated with a shorter time to metastatic death. Macrophages have several diverse roles depending on their response to variable signals from the surrounding microenvironment. They function as scavengers, as producers of angiogenic and growth factors as well as proteases, which modulate extracellular matrix. Thus, tumour invasiveness and the risk for metastasis increase with increasing macrophage density. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of regression and progression of UM on macrophage numbers and microcirculation factors. Tumour regression is induced by primary brachytherapy, and tumour progression is evidenced by the development of metastases. Understanding the biological behaviour of UMs in the both states may help us in finding new treatment modalities against this disease. To achieve these aims case-control analyses of irradiated UMs and primarily-enucleated eyes (34 matched pairs) were performed. UMs were stained immunohistochemically to detect macrophages, extravascular matrix (EVM) loops and networks, and MVD. Following brachytherapy, a lower MVD was observed. The average number of macrophages remained unchanged. Considering that irradiated melanomas may still contain proliferating tumour cells, a clinically-relevant consequence of my study would be the reassurance that the risk for metastasis is likely to be reduced, given that the low MVD in untreated UMs indicates a favourable prognosis. The effect of progression on macrophages was studied in a paired analysis of primarily-enucleated UM and their corresponding hepatic metastases (48 pairs). A cross-sectional histopathological analysis of these pairs was carried out by staining both specimens in a similar way to the first study. MVD was greater in hepatic metastases than in corresponding primary tumours, and the survival of the patient tended to be shorter if hepatic metastases had a higher MVD. Hepatic metastases had also more dendritic macrophages than the primary UMs. Thus, the progression to metastasis seems to alter the inflammatory status within the tumour. Furthermore, determining MVD of biopsied hepatic metastases may serve as a supplementary tool in estimating the prognosis of patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. After irradiation, the majority of treated eyes have been clinically observed to have pigmented episcleral deposits. A noncomparative clinical case series of 211 irradiated UM eyes were studied by recording the number and location of pigmented episcleral deposits during follow-up visits after brachytherapy. For the first time, the study described pigmented episcleral deposits, which are found in the most UM eyes after brachytherapy, and proved them to consist of macrophages full with engulfed melanin particles. This knowledge may save patients from unnecessary enucleation, because episcleral pigmented deposits might be mistaken for extrascleral tumour growth. The presence of pigmented macrophage-related episcleral deposits was associated with plaque size and isotope rather than with tumour size, suggesting that, in addition to tumour regression, radiation atrophy of retinal pigment epithelium and choroid contributes to the formation of the deposits. In the paired (the same 34 pairs as in the first study) cross-sectional study of irradiated and non-irradiated UMs, clinically-visible episcleral deposits and migrating macrophages in other extratumoral tissues were studied histopathologically. Resident macrophages were present in extratumoral tissues in eyes with both irradiated and non-irradiated UM. Irradiation increased both the number of CD68+ macrophages in the sclera beneath the tumour and the number of clinically-observed episcleral macrophages aggregates. Brachytherapy seemed to alter the route of migration of macrophages: after irradiation, macrophages migrated preferentially through the sclera while in non-irradiated UMs they seemed to migrate more along the choroid. In order to understand the influence of these routes on tumour progression and regression in the future, labelling and tracking of activated macrophages in vivo is required.

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Syftet med denna studie är att genom data-analys triangulation undersöka socionomstuderandes svar på ett yrkesetiskt dilemma av omsorgsetisk natur. Samplet består av 32 socionomer i början av sina studier som har svarat på ett hypotetiskt dilemma om hur de skulle bemöta en ung kvinna som ber om råd i en mycket svår situation. De huvudsakliga teoretiska utgångspunkterna för detta arbete är ECI (Ethic of Care Interview) som utvecklats av Eva Skoe som metod för att undersöka omsorgsetik, samt Osers och Althofs teori om diskursiva problemlösningsmetoder bland professionella. Som grundläggande teorier för all modern forskning om människans moralutveckling, presenteras också Carol Gilligans och Lawrence Kohlbergs teorier samt den huvudsakliga kritiken dessa bemött. Carol Gilligan är den som ursprungligen presenterade tanken om att det finns två olika typer av moraliskt tänkande där omsorgsetik är mer typisk för kvinnor och rättviseetik är mer typisk för män. Den första delen av analysen är en innehållsanalys där svaren på det yrkesrelaterade dilemmat på olika ECI stadium jämförs med varandra. Poängsättningen i ECI har varit grunden för denna analys. Den andra delen av analysen är en deduktiv teoribunden analys, där jag undersökt i fall Osers och Althofs modell om problemlösningsstrategier även går att tillämpa på ett yrkesetiskt dilemma. Slutligen tar jag också ställning till dessa två teoriers kompatibilitet. Resultatet visar att eleverna har svarat aningen sämre på det yrkesetiska dilemmat än vad deras allmänna ECI stadium är. Detta kan bero på att de är i början av sina studier men också på det allmänna klimat som råder inom socialbranschen. Teorin om diskursiva problemlösningsstrategier går inte heller att tillämpa på detta yrkesetiska dilemma, eftersom den hypotetiska klientens självbestämmanderätt gör en diskursiv lösning omöjlig. Till följd av detta har jag skapat en ny modell som baserar sig på 6 kategorier utgående från de faktorer de intervjuade lyfter fram som de viktigaste i den professionellas möte med klienten. Eftersom den nya modellen inte är hierarkisk, kan de två teorierna inte jämföras med varandra på så sätt att högre ECI nivå skulle innebära en viss typ av problemlösningsstrategi.

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Den här avhandlingen handlar om lantbruksföretagare som genomgått yrkesinriktad rehabilitering. De har blivit tvungna att omskola sig till ett nytt yrke efter att de har insjuknat i yrkessjukdom eller skadat sig i ett olycksfall. Avhandlingens syfte är att öka förståelsen av hurdana erfarenheter lantbruksföretagare har av sin rehabiliteringsprocess. Rehabiliteringsätgärden, i det här fallet omskolningen, baserar sig på lagen om rehabilitering som ersätts enligt lagen om olycksfallsförsäkring. Materialet i avhandlingen bestär av 21 livsberättelser skrivna av de rehabiliterade som genomgått omskolningen. Undersökningen är därför narrativ tili sin natur. Analysen gjorde jag med hjälp av innehållsanalys och med hjälp av att tematisera innehållet i berättelserna. Tematiseringen var en central metod genom hela analysen och fungerade som ett redskap för att beskriva och tolka materialet. Rehabiliteringsprocessen frän början till slut ser jag även som ett identitetsprojekt och en process dar de rehabiliterade har varit tvungna att göra biografiskt arbete. Jag baserar min processindelning pä Corbin's och Strauss' (1988) defmition om att biografiskt arbete vid en krissituation i livet eller livsförändring innefattar fyra processer; kontextualisering, accepterande, äteruppbyggande av identiteten och omarbetning av biografin. Jag definierar insjuknandet eller skadan som en gemensam livsförändring för de rehabiliterade. De rehabiliterade har varit tvungna att konstruera en ny eller delvis en ny biografisk identitet som stämmer överens med de nya aktuella livsförhällandena, med framtida livsförhällanden och med tidigare erfarenheter. För största delen av de rehabiliterade hade rehabiliteringsprocessen varit en positiv erfarenhet och de hade lyckats med det biografiska arbetet för att återuppbygga identiteten och omarbeta biografin. Det var bara några av de rehabiliterade som ansåg att de inte hade haft någon nytta av rehabiliteringen. Det var personer som inte hade fått arbete efter omskolningen. Positiva studieerfarenheter och att man lyckas skaffa sig en utbildning i vuxen älder har för många varit faktorer som har gett dem bättre självkänsla och ökat deras självförtroende och dessutom skapat resurser för att kunna gå vidare i livet.

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Right as an Argument. Leo Mechelin and the Finnish Question 1886-1912 At the turn of the 20th century the Finnish Question rose up as a political and juridical issue at the international arena. The vaguely précised position of Finland in the Russian empire led to diverse conclusions concerning the correctness of the February manifesto of 1899. It was predominantly among a European elite of politicians, cultural workers and academics the issue rose some interest. Finns were active making propaganda for their cause, and they put an emphasis on the claim that the right was on the Finnish side. In the study Elisabeth Stubb compare the Finnish, Russian and European statements about the Finnish Question and analyse their use of right as an argument. The Finnish Question offers at the same time a case study of a national entity which possesses a political sphere of life but is not fully independent, and its possibilities to drive its interests in an international context. Leo Mechelin (1839-1914), the leader of the Finnish propaganda organization abroad, is used as a point of departure. The biographical stance is formed into a triangle, where Leo Mechelin, the idea of right and the Finnish Question abroad are the three cornerstones. The treatment of one cornerstone sheds a ligth on the two others. The metaphor of triangulation also worked as a method to reach "a third stance" in a scinetific and political issue that usually is polarised into two opposite alternatives. An adherence to a strict legal right could not in the end offer a complete, unquestionable and satisfactory solution to the Finnsih Question, it was dependent on "the right of state wisdom and sound insight". The Finnish propaganda abroad used almost completely alternative ways of making politics. The propaganda did not have a decisive effect on countries' official politics, but gained unofficial support, especially in the public opinion and in academic statements. Mechelin claimed that the political field was dependent on public opinion and scientific research. Together with the official politics these two fields formed a triangle that shared the task of balancing the political arena and preventing it from making unwise decisions of taking an unjust turn. The international sphere worked as a balancing part in the Finnish Question. Mechelin tried by claiming the status of state for Finland's part to secure the country a place at the official international arena. At the same time, and especially when the claim was not fully adopted, he emphasised, and in a European context worked for, that right would become the guiding light not only for international relations, but also for the policy making in the inner life of the state.