48 resultados para Roma-Historia-Nerón, 54-68
Resumo:
采用金属有机物化学气相淀积(MOCVD)技术,在蓝宝石衬底上生长了Al_(0.48)Gao_(0.52)N/Al_(0.54)Ga_(0.36)N多量子阱(MQWs)结构.通过双晶X射线衍射(DCXRD)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和阴极荧光(CL)等测试技术,分别对样品的结构和光学特性进行了表征.在DCXRD图谱中,可以观察到明显的MQWs衍射卫星峰,通过拟和,MQWs结构中阱和垒的厚度分别为2.1和9.4 nm,Al组分分别为0.48和0.54.在AFM表面形貌图上,可以观察到清晰的台阶流,表明MQWs获得了二维生长;与此同时,MQWs结构存在一些裂缝,主要原因为AlGaNMQWs结构和下层GaN层间存在很大的应力.CL测试表明,AlGaN MQWs结构的发光波长为295 nm,处于深紫外波段,同时观察到处于蓝光、绿光波段的缺陷发光.
Resumo:
采用等离子体增强化学汽相沉积技术生长不同氧含量的氢化非晶氧化硅薄膜(a-SiO_x:H),离子注入铒及退火后在室温观察到很强的光致发光。当材料中氧硅含量比约为1和1.76时,分别对应77K和室温测量时最强的1.54μm光致发光。从15到250K的变温实验显示出三个不同的强度与温度变化关系,表明氢化非晶氧化硅中铒离子的能量激发和发光是一个复杂的过程。提出氢化非晶氧化硅薄膜中发生铒离子来自于富氧区,并对实验现象进行了解释。氢化非晶氧化硅中铒发光的温度淬灭效应很弱。从15到250K,光致发光强度减弱约1/2。
Resumo:
利用等离子体增强化学气相淀积(PECVD)技术生长氧、硼、磷掺杂的氢化非晶硅薄膜。在室温下注入铒离子后研究三种掺杂元素对铒离子发光的作用。室温下观察到很强的光致发光现象。氧的引入并且和铒离子形成发光中心,提高了铒离子的发光强度。退火实验表明氧、硼、磷的掺杂补偿了材料中的缺陷,提高了氢的逃逸温度,改善材料的热稳定性,使材料的退火温度因掺杂元素的加入而提高,铒的发光得到增强。讨论了铒离子的发光机制。
Resumo:
采用等离子化学汽相淀积方法,改变SiH_4和N_2O的流量比制备含有不同氧浓度的SiO_x。用离子注入方法将铒掺入SiO_x,经300~935℃快速热退火,在波长1.54μ处观察到很强的室温光致发光(PL)。发光强度随氧含量和激发功率增加而增加,与SiO_x的微结构有非常密切的关系。对可能的发光机理进行了讨论。
Resumo:
材料科学开放实验室基金,光学信息技术科学教育部开放实验室基金
Resumo:
国家自然科学基金,国家攀登计划
Resumo:
在a-Si:H和a-SiCx:H中共注稀土铒和氧。300 ℃和400 ℃热退火后,测得了来自发光中心Er~(3+)内层4f电子跃迁的1.54 μm光致发光。400 ℃是较好的退火温度。随着碳含量的增加,发光强度逐渐减弱,这可能是由于碳的引入减弱了间隙氧退火时的迁移能力所致。
Resumo:
分别在InP、GaAs和Si中以7×10<′14>和1×10<′15>cm<′-2>的剂量进行Er离子注入, 并采用闭管、快速和炉退火等热处理。低温光致发光(PL)、反射式高等电子衍射和卢瑟福背散射实验研究表明, 上述样品中Er<′3+>离子特征发光的中心波长均出现在1.5μm处, 其中InP的发光峰最强, 而注入损伤的恢复是影响Er<′3+>发光的重要因素之一。卢瑟福背散射分析进一步证实退火后Er原子在Si中向表面迁移, 而在InP中的外扩散较小, 并比较了Er在InP和Si晶格中的占位情况。图7参12
Resumo:
种子雨是森林植物种群更新的主要方式之一,是森林生态系统自我繁衍和恢复的主要手段。为了解长白山阔叶红松林种子雨的组成及其时空变化,参照BCI 50ha 样地技术规范,在长白山阔叶红松林25ha长期监测样地内设置了150个种子收集器,从2006年5月15日到2007年11月8日,每15天收集掉落于收集器中的果实、种子及其相关附属物等。所收到的样品分别鉴定其种类并分为成熟种实、未成熟种实、花絮、果实或种子碎片及其附属物4类,记录各类别的数量,然后分别烘干称重。 研究期间,共收集到11科12属22种木本植物的种子及其它生殖器官残体,包括成熟种实16种,未成熟种实17种,花序12种,翅2种,果实或种子碎片及其附属物10种。累计收集到种实136664粒,其中成熟种实32358粒,占所有种实总数的23.80%。种实数最多的树种是紫椴(Tilia amurensis),其次为水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshuica),两个树种种实数占总数的89.54%。种实总重量为3320.93g,其中成熟种实总重量为1242.85g,占37.4%。成熟种实中水曲柳和紫椴的重量最大,其次是色木槭(Acer mono),假色槭(A. pseudo-sieboldianum)、糠椴(T. mandshuric)和红松(Pinus koraiensis)。 种子雨数量年际变化明显,2006年种子雨密度为1370.25粒/m2,2007年为249.47粒/m2,差异极显著(P<0.001)。但不同年份种子雨的季节动态趋势一致,均有两个明显的大高峰期和一个小高峰期。不同物种种子雨扩散的时间格局大致可以分为“单峰”和“双峰”两种类型,在时间上体现了不同物种的更新策略。 150个收集器均收到了成熟种实,各收集器中的种实数呈偏态分布,种实数在150-250之间的收集器数量最多,共68个,种实数小于50的收集器有5个,种实数大于250的收集器共37个。样地内成熟种实数量及其空间分布差异明显,收集器中种实数在1000个以上的有3个,最多达1511个,聚集分布于样地的西北角;收集器中种实数最少的只有22个种实。种实重量的空间分布与种实数分布一样存在较明显的空间差异,只是差异性相对偏弱一些,且与种实数量的空间分布不一致。
Resumo:
本论文以镉超富集植物龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)为材料,研究化学强化剂对龙葵修复镉-多环芳烃复合污染的作用,并对筛选出的强化剂在不同浓度水平镉-多环芳烃复合污染土壤的适用性进行研究,以期为镉-多环芳烃复合污染土壤的植物修复强化技术提供理论指导。 (1)采用室内盆栽试验的方法,研究外源半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸及其复合处理对超富集植物龙葵修复镉-多环芳烃复合污染土壤的影响。试验表明,各浓度水平的单因素处理对植物株高及地上部干重并没有显著影响(p>0.05),而复合处理则具有显著的促进作用(p<0.05)。各处理能够显著增强龙葵对镉的吸收和富集能力,其中半胱氨酸处理使重金属提取率分别达到1.80%及1.83%,与对照相比提高1.80及1.83倍。研究发现甘氨酸、谷氨酸及半胱氨酸复合处理能够促进镉及多环芳烃在土壤环境中的去除作用,且0.3mmol•kg-1甘氨酸+0.3mmol•kg-1谷氨酸+0.3mmol•kg-1半胱氨酸处理效果最佳,与对照相比龙葵地上部Cd含量增加2.26倍,土壤多环芳烃总量的去除率提高5.46倍。 (2)采用室内盆栽试验的方法,研究EDTA、水杨酸、TW80及其复合处理对超富集植物龙葵修复镉-多环芳烃复合污染土壤的影响。研究发现,单因素EDTA处理对龙葵具有很强的植物毒性作用,显著降低了龙葵地上部干重(p<0.05)。水杨酸及TW80处理促进了土壤中多环芳烃的生物降解作用,其中以0.9mmol•kg-1水杨酸处理效果最佳,芴、苯并(a)蒽、 、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘及苯并(g,h,i) 的降解率分别达到52.3、35.1、60.7、54.5、69.3及68.8%。此外,研究结果显示水杨酸对龙葵地上部提取镉总量具有很好的促进作用,即水杨酸处理能够促进污染物镉和多环芳烃的在土壤环境中的去除作用。 同样,复合处理0.1mmol•kg-1EDTA+0.5mmol•kg-1TW80和0.5mmol•kg-1EDTA+0.3mmol•kg-1水杨酸对以上两种污染物的去除均有很好的促进作用,表明在化学强化剂的协助条件下利用超富集植物修复重金属和有机复合污染土壤是可行的。 (3)采用室外盆栽试验的方法,研究化学强化剂0.1mmol•kg-1EDTA、0.9mmol•kg-1半胱氨酸、0.9mmol•kg-1水杨酸、0.3mmol•kg-1TW80及其复合处理对不同类型的镉和苯并(a)芘土壤修复适用性进行研究。研究发现,高浓度镉和苯并(a)芘对其在土壤环境中的去除产生抑制作用,其抑制强度随浓度的升高而增强。研究结果显示,不同类型的污染土壤对化学强化剂的需求不同,当土壤投加5mg•kg-1Cd时,EDTA+半胱氨酸及EDTA处理对龙葵吸收镉具有显著的促进作用,而土壤镉投加浓度为15mg•kg-1Cd时,仅EDTA+半胱氨酸处理的促进效果最佳;当土壤投加1mg•kg-1Bap时,水杨酸+TW80处理能够显著增强Bap的降解作用,而土壤投加2mg•kg-1Bap时,TW80处理的强化效果最佳;当土壤投加5mg•kg-1Cd和1mg•kg-1Bap时,水杨酸+TW80+EDTA处理对土壤中两种污染物去除均有很好的促进作用,而土壤投加15mg•kg-1Cd和2mg•kg-1Bap时,半胱氨酸+TW80处理效果最佳。
Resumo:
从空间、时间、食物3个方面研究了若尔盖湿地3种两栖类的种间竞争,运用生态位理论探讨了3种两栖类利用环境资源的能力以及它们之间的共存模式,研究了3种两栖类年周期食性,并考察了畜牧业对3种两栖类食性及食物竞争格局的影响;此外,还通过实验室研究对2种两栖类幼体的种间竞争策略进行了考察。主要结果如下: 1、两栖类的空间资源利用状况:在3种两栖类成体生态位宽度的比较中,岷山蟾蜍(Bufo minshanicus)成体在牧场性质(0.41)、牛粪数量(0.42)、植被盖度(0.20)、地表温度(0.50)、地表湿度(0.51) 5个维度上的生态位宽度最窄;而倭蛙(Nanorana pleskei)成体在牛粪数量(0.81)、植被高度(0.63)、植被盖度(0.47)、小水体距离(0.68) 4个维度上的生态位宽度最宽。在3种两栖类亚成体生态位宽度的比较中,岷山蟾蜍亚成体在牧场性质(0.66)、牛粪数量(0.58)、植被高度(0.64)、小水体距离(0.51)、地表湿度(0.79) 5个维度的上生态位宽度最宽;倭蛙亚成体在牧场性质(0.39)、牛粪数量(0.30)、地表温度(0.18)、地表湿度(0.33) 4个维度上的生态位宽度最窄。高原林蛙(Rana kukunoris)在地表温度(成体:0.62;亚成体:0.56)、地表湿度(成体:0.84;亚成体:0.60)两个维度上具有较大的生态位宽度值,而在小水体距离维度上(成体:0.27;亚成体:0.14)的生态位宽度值则很小。比较3种无尾两栖类在不同生长阶段(成体、亚成体)的生态位宽度,发现高原林蛙和倭蛙的亚成体对栖息环境的要求更高。3种两栖类空间资源利用的相似程度很高,高原林蛙与倭蛙之间的生态重叠度(0.87)较之它与岷山蟾蜍(0.81)的生态位重叠度更大。 2、两栖类的日活动节律:高原林蛙成体、亚成体、岷山蟾蜍亚成体活动的最低气温为0℃、2℃、8℃;岷山蟾蜍和高原林蛙亚成体出现的数量与气温成极显著的正相关(r=0.797, p<0.001;r=0.794, p<0.001),高原林蛙成体出现的数量与气温有一定相关性(r=0.456, p<0.05);晴天时两栖类的活动性明显高于阴天(p<0.001);多云转晴天气,高原林蛙和岷山蟾蜍亚成体出现两次日活动高峰,分别为中午12:30左右和下午15:30~16:30之间;多云天气,高原林蛙和岷山蟾蜍亚成体出现两次日活动高峰,分别为9:30~10:30之间和15:30~16:30之间。 3、两栖类的食物资源利用状况:春、秋两季,高原林蛙最主要的食物是蜉金龟科(Aphodiidae)昆虫,相对重要性指数(IRI)最高(春季:35.28%,秋季:28.57%),其次为昆虫的幼虫,以及双翅目的毛蚊科(Bibionidae)、蝇科(Muscidae)、丽蝇科(Calliphoridae)昆虫,秋季,蝗虫是高原林蛙食物组成中的重要部分;岷山蟾蜍最主要的食物是蚂蚁(IRI,春季:85.54%,秋季:49.70%),其次为蜉金龟科、象甲科(Curculionidae)、步甲科(Carabidae)、粪金龟科(Geotrupidae) 等鞘翅目昆虫;倭蛙春季的最主要食物也是蜉金龟科昆虫(IRI,春季:13.41%),其次为蚂蚁、毛蚊科昆虫、昆虫的幼虫以及狼蛛科(Lycosidae)。3种两栖类中,倭蛙的食性生态位宽度相对较宽(0.43),而岷山蟾蜍(0.09)和高原林蛙(0.22)的生态位宽度较窄,与春季相比,两栖类在秋季的食谱更宽。以利用食物种类为标准,春季高原林蛙与倭蛙的生态位重叠度(0.40)比它与岷山蟾蜍的生态位重叠度(0.33)更大。 4、畜牧业对两栖类食性及食物竞争格局的影响:以藏牦牛粪为食物或寄居场所的昆虫,如蜉金龟科、粪金龟科、毛蚊科、蝇科、丽蝇科昆虫和某些昆虫幼虫,是3种两栖类食物谱中最主要的组成部分,蜉金龟科昆虫在高原林蛙食谱中的比例更高,高原林蛙可能从畜牧业发展中获得更多的好处,使之在食物竞争方面处于优势地位。与无放牧样地相比,在有放牧样地的中,两栖类食谱中的蜉金龟科昆虫数量更多(有放牧:31.94%;无放牧:21.32%)、出现频率更高(有放牧:76.38%;无放牧:44%)。然而在不同样地上(有放牧/无放牧),两栖类的食物组成无显著性差异(P=0.188),两栖类的数量(P=0.075)、肥满度(P=0.537)均没有显著差别。 5、两栖类幼体的竞争策略:实验室条件下,通过活动性水平,变态时的体重、增长率和完成变态所需时间考察自然条件下常同水塘分布的中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)和高原林蛙蝌蚪的竞争策略。结果表明:中华蟾蜍蝌蚪在不同食物资源条件下,所选择的生存策略可能不同,即食物资源充足时,增加活动性获取更多食物,食物资源有限时,降低活动性且提前完成变态;与中华蟾蜍蝌蚪相比,在食物资源有限时高原林蛙蝌蚪获取食物能力可能更强。 This paper presented the study of competition of three amphibians (Rana kukunoris, Nanorana pleskei, Bufo minshanicus) based on spatial, temporal and dietary scales in Zoige wetland. We measured coexistence patterns of three amphibians and analyzed their ability of exploiting resource. Effects of grazing on the diet composition and diet competition of amphibians were analyzed by their diet composition during spring and autumn. Furthermore, we examined the competitive ability of larval common frogs (Rana kukunoris)and common toads(Bufo gargarizans) in a laboratory experiment, and analyzed their competitive strategies respectively. The results were as follows: 1 .The status of using spatial resource Niche breadths of B. minshanicus adults on 5 dimensional axes including character of pasture(0.41), number of yaks dung(0.42), vegetation coverage(0.20), temperature (0.50)and humidity(0.51) of ground surface were narrower than adults of R. kukunoris and N. pleskei. Niche breadths of B. minshanicus subadults were broader than R.kukunoris subadults and N.pleskei subadults on 5 dimensional axes including character of pasture (0.66), number of yaks dung (0.58), vegetation height (0.64), distance to small waterbodies (0.51), humidity of ground surface (0.79). Niche breadths of N. pleskei subadults were the narrowest in three anurans subadults on 4 dimensional axes including character of pasture (0.39), number of yaks dung (0.30), temperature (0.18) and humidity (0.33) of ground surface, niche breadths of N. pleskei adults were the broadest in three anurans adults on 4 dimensional axes including number of yaks dung (0.81), vegetation height (0.63) and coverage(0.47), distance to small waterbodies(0.68).Comparatively, niche breadths of R. kukunoris were broader on the two microclimate factors including temperature(adults:0.62;subadults:0.56) and humidity (adults:0.84;subadults:0.60)of ground surface, but was narrow on distance to small waterbodies(adults:0.27;subadults:0.14). Strategies for using habitat resource of adults and subadults of the three species anuran were different. Generally, subadults of R. kukunoris and N. pleskei needs better habitat condition. It was quite similar that three anurans exploited spatial resource, Niche overlap between R. kukunoris and N. pleskei (0.87) was greater than that between R. kukunoris and B.minshanicus(0.81). 2.Daily activity rhythm R. kukunoris audlts were active when air temperatures were as low as 0℃, R. kukunoris subadults were active at 2℃, B.minshanicus subaudlts were active at 8℃. Positive correlation was found between activities of amphibians and air temperature, Subadults of R.kukunoris, (r=0.797, p<0.001), Subadults,of,B.minshanicus, (r=0.794, p<0.001), andbadults,of,R.kukunoris(r=0.456, p<0.05).Amphibians were more active during sunny days than cloudy days. In cloudy turning into sunny, R. kukunoris and B.minshanicus subadults had two active peak: at noon about 12:30 and 15:30~16:30 pm; in cloudy, R. kukunoris and B.minshanicus subadult had two active peak too : 9:30~10:30am,15:30~16:30pm. 3.Diet analysis Aphodiidae was the most commonly consumed food item by R. kukunoris based on index of relative importance (IRI) during spring (35.28%) and autumn (28.57%) in Zogie wetland. Besides Aphodiidae, larval insect, dipterans such as Bibionidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae also were important food item for R. kukunoris, in autumn, locust was one of important food item for R. kukunoris. The most important food item for B.minshanicus during spring (IRI:85.54%) and autumn (IRI:49.70%) was ants, following, was coleopterans, such as Aphodiidae, dung beetle. Aphodiidae (IRI:13.41%) were the most important consumed food item by N. pleskei during spring too, following, was ants and Bibionidae. Dietary breadth of N. pleskei (0.43) were greater than R. kukunoris (0.22) and B. minshanicus (0.09). As a whole, Dietary breadth of amphibians during aurumn were greater than spring. Based on prey item, dietary overlap between R. kukunoris and N. pleskei (0.40) was greater than that between R. kukunoris and B.minshanicus (0.33) during spring. 4.Effects of grazing on the diet composition and diet competition of amphibians Amphibians are an important part of the pasture ecosystems as prey and predator. In Zogie wetland, major diet of amphibians was closely associated with dung of yaks, for example, Aphodiidae, Bibionidae, Muscidae, dung beetle. Dung of yaks was major diet and habitat of these insects. Proportion of Aphodiidae was higher in diet composition of R. kukunoris than N. pleskei and B.minshanicus, with development of pasturage, R. kukunoris may have a diet competitive advantage over N. pleskei and B.minshanicus. Number of Aphodiidae in diet composition of amphibians was higher in samples with grazing (31.94%) than in those without grazing (21.32%). Occurrence Frequency of Aphodiidae in diet composition of amphibians was higher in samples with grazing (76.38%) than in those without grazing (44%). However, There was not significantly different on diet composition (P=0.188), and number (P=0.075) and the relative fatness (P=0.537) of amphibians between grazing samples and without grazing. 5.Competitive strategies of amphibian larvae I examined the competitive ability of larval toads (Bufo gargarizans) and frogs (Rana kukunoris) which co-occur in the nature pond by activity level, the growth rate and mass at metamorphosis and larval period in a laboratory experiment. The results suggest: In laborary, B.gargarizans adapted himself to different food level by changing activity. At high food level, B. gargarizans increased activity to gain more diet. At low food level, B. gargarizans decreased activity and achieved early metamorphosis. When food resource was limit, R. kukunoris could gain more food than B. gargarizans.
Resumo:
从采集的土壤样品中分离筛选出一株碱性蛋白酶产生菌G-41,经16S rRNA分子鉴定为芽孢杆菌属菌株。该菌株在发酵培养基中能产生较高产量的胞外碱性蛋白酶(1.7×104U/mL)。以G-41为出发菌株,对其进行重离子辐照诱变处理,获得突变株G-41-68,将该突变株再次经重离子诱变,从大量突变株中筛选出碱性蛋白酶高产菌株15Gy-54,其酶活力达到6.22×104U/mL。与出发菌株相比较,突变株G-41-68和15Gy-54的酶活力分别提高了1.58倍和2.65倍。对突变株15Gy-54的发酵条件进行了优化研究,结果表明,该菌株的碱性蛋白酶活力得到进一步提高,达到7.18×104U/mL,其最适发酵条件为:培养基(g/100mL)为胰蛋白胨1、酵母膏0.5、乳糖5、Na2HPO4·12H2O0.4、KH2PO40.03、Na2CO30.1、MgSO40.0481(4×10-3mol/L)、pH8.0,培养温度41℃,振荡培养时间42-48h。实验结果表明,重离子辐照诱变技术是一种非常有效的微生物诱变育种新技术。