9 resultados para hajautushyödyt


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Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, kuinka suuria hajautushyötyjä sijoittajan on mahdollista saavuttaa Suomen osakemarkkinoilla lisäämällä eri yhtiöiden osakkeita sijoitusportfolioonsa. Lisäksi tutkitaan, minkälaisia hajautushyötyjä OMXH25 -indeksiosuusrahasto tarjoaa markkinaportfolioon verrattuna. Tutkimusaineisto on vuosilta 2007–2011. Tutkimuksen mukaan markkinariski Suomen osakemarkkinoilla on 29,59 prosenttia ja hajautettavissa olevan yritysriskin määrä on siten 70,41 prosenttia. Portfolion riski alenee nopeasti ensimmäisiä osakkeita lisättäessä, mutta hajautuksen vähenevän rajahyödyn takia yli kahdenkymmenen osakkeen portfolioilla riskin aleneminen on marginaalista. Viidellä osakkeella saavutetaan yli 80 prosenttia, kymmenellä osakkeella yli 90 prosenttia ja 18 osakkeella yli 95 prosenttia hajautushyödyistä. OMXH25 -indeksiosuusrahastolla saavutetaan merkittävät hajautushyödyt.

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Tässä kandidaatintutkielmassa perehdytään Bitcoiniin sijoituskohteena hajautuksen näkökulmasta. Työssä esitellään Bitcoinin toimintaa ja valuuttakurssiin vaikuttavia tekijöitä sekä perehdytään portfolion hajautuksen teoriaan. Bitcoinin hajautushyötyjä tutkitaan empiirisesti suhteessa viiteen käytettyyn sijoituskohteeseen laskemalla keskinäisiä korrelaatioita, muodostamalla tehokas rintama sekä ratkaisemalla optimaaliset painot Sharpen luvulla mitattuna. Tutkielmassa Bitcoinin ei havaittu korreloivan minkään tutkitun sijoituskohteen kanssa. Bitcoineja sisältävän portfolion tehokkaan rintaman havaittiin puolestaan olevan merkittävästi jyrkempi kuin Bitcoineja sisältämättömän portfolion, joka osoittaa Bitcoineilla saavutettavan hajautushyötyjä. Suurimman mahdollisen Sharpen luvun portfolio saa, kun Bitcoineja sisällytetään siihen 0,51 %. Bitcoineja voi tutkielman tulosten mukaan pitää suositeltavana sijoituskohteena hajautushyötyjä hakeville sijoittajille.

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Minimizing the risks of an investment portfolio but not in the favour of expected returns is one of the key interests of an investor. Typically, portfolio diversification is achieved using two main strategies: investing in different classes of assets thought to have little or negative correlations or investing in similar classes of assets in multiple markets through international diversification. This study investigates integration of the Russian financial markets in the time period of January 1, 2003 to December 28, 2007 using daily data. The aim is to test the intra-country and cross-country integration of the Russian stock and bond markets between seven countries. Our test methodology for the short-run dynamics testing is the vector autoregressive model (VAR) and for the long-run cointegration testing we use the Johansen cointegration test which is an extension to VAR. The empirical results of this study show that the Russian stock and bond markets are not integrated in the long-run either at intra-country or cross-country level which means that the markets are relatively segmented. The short-run dynamics are also relatively low. This implies a presence of potential gains from diversification.

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The main objective of this study is to investigate whether the Finnish investors’ country-specific strategy concentrating on emerging markets provides diversification benefits. We also analyze whether the benefits of international diversification has been diminished after periods of high volatility caused by different market crisis. The objective is investigated with three methods: Correlation coefficients, rolling correlations added with OLS trend-lines and Box’s M statistic. All the empirical tests are analyzed and calculated with logarithmic returns of weekly time series data from Friday closing values between January 1995 and December 2007. The number of weekly observations is 678. The data type is total return indices of different countries. Data is collected from DataStream and provided by Datastream Financial. Countries investigated are Finland, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, India, Mexico, Poland, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand and Turkey. The current data is quoted both in U.S. Dollars and local currencies. The empirical results of this thesis show that the correlation coefficients are time-varying across Finland and 12 emerging market countries. Although the correlations have risen from 1995 to 2007, there can be found sub-periods where the correlation has declined from earlier period. The results also indicate that a Finnish investor constructing a portfolio of emerging market countries cannot rely on the correlation coefficients estimated from historical data because of the instability of correlation matrices.

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This thesis examines the interdependence of international stock markets (the USA, Europe, Japan, emerging markets, and frontier markets), European government bond market, and gold market during the 21st century. Special focus is on the dynamics of the correlations between the markets, as well as on, spillovers in mean returns and volatility. The mean return spillovers are examined on the basis of the bivariate VAR(1) model, whereas the bivariate BEKK-GARCH(1, 1) model is employed for the analysis of the volatility spillovers. In order to analyze the spillover effects in different market conditions, the full sample period from 2000 to 2013 is divided into the pre-crisis period (2000–2006) and the crisis period (2007–2013). The results indicate an increasing interdependence especially within international stock markets during the periods of financial turbulence, and are thus consistent with the existing literature. Hence, bond and gold markets provide the best diversification benefits for equity investors, particularly during the periods of market turmoil.

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Traditionally real estate has been seen as a good diversification tool for a stock portfolio due to the lower return and volatility characteristics of real estate investments. However, the diversification benefits of a multi-asset portfolio depend on how the different asset classes co-move in the short- and long-run. As the asset classes are affected by the same macroeconomic factors, interrelationships limiting the diversification benefits could exist. This master’s thesis aims to identify such dynamic linkages in the Finnish real estate and stock markets. The results are beneficial for portfolio optimization tasks as well as for policy-making. The real estate industry can be divided into direct and securitized markets. In this thesis the direct market is depicted by the Finnish housing market index. The securitized market is proxied by the Finnish all-sectors securitized real estate index and by a European residential Real Estate Investment Trust index. The stock market is depicted by OMX Helsinki Cap index. Several macroeconomic variables are incorporated as well. The methodology of this thesis is based on the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) models. The long-run dynamic linkages are studied with Johansen’s cointegration tests and the short-run interrelationships are examined with Granger-causality tests. In addition, impulse response functions and forecast error variance decomposition analyses are used for robustness checks. The results show that long-run co-movement, or cointegration, did not exist between the housing and stock markets during the sample period. This indicates diversification benefits in the long-run. However, cointegration between the stock and securitized real estate markets was identified. This indicates limited diversification benefits and shows that the listed real estate market in Finland is not matured enough to be considered a separate market from the general stock market. Moreover, while securitized real estate was shown to cointegrate with the housing market in the long-run, the two markets are still too different in their characteristics to be used as substitutes in a multi-asset portfolio. This implies that the capital intensiveness of housing investments cannot be circumvented by investing in securitized real estate.

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Suorien kiinteistösijoitusten hajauttamisesta kehkeytyi mielenkiintoinen aihe vuonna 2007 alkaneen maailmanlaajuisen talouskriisin seurauksena, jolloin asuntojen hinnat romahtivat lukuisissa maissa. Kiinteistösijoitusten hajauttamiseen liittyy lukuisia ongelmia ja riskejä, mutta myös saavutettavissa olevat hajautushyödyt houkuttelevat sijoittajia. Tutkielmassa etsitään vastausta siihen, voivatko kiinteistösijoitukset tarjota hajautushyötyjä myös silloin, kun volatiliteetti markkinoilla kasvaa ja ajaudutaan matalasuhdanteeseen tai lamaan. Vahvistuuko asuntohintaindeksien tuottojen välinen korrelaatio? Vaikuttaako maantieteellinen sijainti korrelaatio voimakkuuteen? Tutkielmassa keskitytään kansainvälisen kiinteistösijoittamisen mahdollisuuksiin ja ongelmiin, joihin perehdytään aikaisempien tieteellisten tutkimusten kautta sekä itse suoritetun empiirisen tutkimuksen avulla. Tieteellisiä artikkeleja on kerätty pitkältä ajanjaksolta, jotta voitaisiin samalla myös havainnoida tulosten muutoksia ajan kuluessa. Empiirisessä tutkimuksessa havainnoidaan Suomen ja neljän muun maan asuntohintaindeksien tuottojen korrelaatioita aikavälillä 1980-2013. Tutkittavalle ajanjaksolle ajoittuu useita maailmanlaajuisia kriisejä kuten, Aasian talouskriisi, ITkuplan puhkeaminen sekä vuonna 2007 alkanut maailmanlaajuinen talouskriisi. Aineisto tarjoaa tästä johtuen erinomaiset edellytykset hajautushyötyjen tutkimiselle mittavien kriisien keskellä. Empiirinen tutkimus suoritetaan korrelaatioanalyysinä, johon data on saatu Thomson Reuters-tietokannasta Datastream-ohjelman avulla. Tutkielman tulosten mukaan hajautushyötyjä on mahdollista saada myös kriisien keskellä, mutta hajautushyödyt heikkenevät markkinoiden volatiliteetin kasvaessa. Maantieteellisen sijainnin ei erityisesti nähty vaikuttavan kiinteistösijotusten hajautushyötyihin, mutta tarkempiin määritelmiin tarvittaisiin laajempi otos. Tutkielmassa kävi ilmi, että kansainvälisiä hajautushyötyjä on mahdollista saavuttaa kiinteistösijoitusten hajauttamisella. Hajautushyötyjä saatiin kaikilta tutkimuksen mantereilta ja maista, mutta hieman yllättäen parhaat hajautushyödyt oli mahdollista saada Saksan asuntomarkkinoilta. Ilmeisesti Saksan asuntomarkkinoiden vakaus oli suurin syy merkittäviin hajautushyötyihin. Kansainvälisten kriisien keskellä Suomen asuntohintaindeksi reagoi suhteellisen vahvasti. Tulevaisuudessa voidaan odottaa, että kiinteistösijoitusten hajautushyödyt heikkenevät, mutta säilyttävät silti houkuttelevuutensa johtuen markkinoiden paikallisuudesta. Kiinteistösijoittaminen ulkomaille yksinkertaistuu jatkuvasti markkinoiden muuttuessa avoimemmiksi sekä datan saatavuuden parantuessa.

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Since different stock markets have become more integrated during 2000s, investors need new asset classes in order to gain diversification benefits. Commodities have become popular to invest in and thus it is important to examine whether the investors should use commodities as a part for portfolio diversification. This master’s thesis examines the dynamic relationship between Finnish stock market and commodities. The methodology is based on Vector Autoregressive models (VAR). The long-run relationship between Finnish stock market and commodities is examined with Johansen cointegration while short-run relationship is examined with VAR models and Granger causality test. In addition, impulse response test and forecast error variance decomposition are employed to strengthen the results of short-run relationship. The dynamic relationships might change under different market conditions. Thus, the sample period is divided into two sub-samples in order to reveal whether the dynamic relationship varies under different market conditions. The results show that Finnish stock market has stable long-run relationship with industrial metals, indicating that there would not be diversification benefits among the industrial metals. The long-run relationship between Finnish stock market and energy commodities is not as stable as the long-run relationship between Finnish stock market and industrial metals. Long-run relationship was found in the full sample period and first sub-sample which indicate less room for diversification. However, the long-run relationship disappeared in the second sub-sample which indicates diversification benefits. Long-run relationship between Finnish stock market and agricultural commodities was not found in the full sample period which indicates diversification benefits between the variables. However, long-run relationship was found from both sub-samples. The best diversification benefits would be achieved if investor invested in precious metals. No long-run relationship was found from either sample. In the full sample period OMX Helsinki had short-run relationship with most of the energy commodities and industrial metals and the causality was mostly running from equities to commodities. During the first sub period the number of short-run relationships and causality shrunk but during the crisis period the number of short-run relationships and causality increased. The most notable result found was unidirectional causality from gold to OMX Helsinki during the crisis period.