Unpacking the Link Between Entrepreneurialism and Employability: an Assessment of the Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Likelihood of Graduate Employment in a Professional Field

Purpose This research investigates the relationship between students’ entrepreneurial attitudes and traits and their classification of employment six months after university graduation. It aims to identify what specific attitudes and traits of entrepreneurial graduates are linked to employability in a professional or managerial field. Design/Methodology The research adopts a quantitative approach to measure the entrepreneurial drive of final-year undergraduate business school students and regresses this measurement against the employment level of the same students six months after their graduation. The employment classification of each respondent was classified as ‘professional/managerial’ or ‘non-professional/non-managerial’, in line with the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 2010. Findings The research found that both proactive disposition and achievement motivation were statistically linked to the likelihood of graduates being employed in a professional or managerial position six months after graduation. Originality/Value This research goes beyond existing literature linking entrepreneurship to employability to quantitatively examine what specific attitudes and traits can be linked to employability in recent graduates. By identifying the aspects of entrepreneurialism that have a relationship with employability, more information is available for educators who are designing entrepreneurial education programs and allows for greater focus on aspects that may be of greatest benefit to all students.

The lexical needs of ESP students in a professional field

This paper examines two kinds of questions relating to the lexical needs of professional ESP students: (1) what range of terms and words do they need help with? (2) what types of dictionary, bilingual and/or monolingual, can they make use of in solving lexical problems?

Tracking habitus across a transnational professional field

The sociology of the professions has shied away from cross-national comparative work. Yet research in different professional jurisdictions emphasizes the transnational nature of professional fields. Further work is therefore needed that explores the extent to which transnational professional fields are characterized by unity or heterogeneity. To that end, this article presents the results of a qualitative interrogation of the habitus of partners in ‘Big 4’ professional service firms across, primarily, five countries (Bangladesh, Canada, France, Spain and the UK). Marked differences are observed between the partner habitus in Bangladesh and the other countries studied in terms of entrepreneurial and public service dispositions. In turn, these findings highlight the methodological relevance of habitus for both the sociology of the professions and comparative capitalism literatures: for the former, habitus aids in mapping the dynamics of transnational professional fields; for the latter, habitus can elucidate the informal norms and conventions of national business systems.

Reflexive professionalism : reclaiming the voice of authority in shaping the discourses of education policy

The nature and value of ‘professionalism’ has long been contested by both producers and consumers of policy. Most recently, governments have rewritten and redefined professionalism as compliance with externally imposed ‘standards’. This has been achieved by silencing the voices of those who inhabit the professional field of education. This paper uses Foucauldian archaeology to excavate the enunciative field of professionalism by digging through the academic and institutional (political) archive, and in doing so identifies two key policy documents for further analysis. The excavation shows that while the voices of (academic) authority speak of competing discourses emerging, with professional standards promulgated as the mechanism to enhance professionalism, an alternative regime of truth identifies the privileged use of (managerial) voices from outside the field of education to create a discourse of compliance. There has long been a mismatch between the voices of authority on discourses around professionalism from the academic archive and those that count in contemporary and emerging Australian educational policy. In this paper, we counter this mismatch and argue that reflexive educators’ regimes of truth are worthy of attention and should be heard and amplified.

But what makes it doctoral? Taking on the traditionalists : interdisciplinary, practice-led doctoral research in the creative industries - a case study in academic politics, research, rigour and relevance

This paper examines a Doctoral journey of interdisciplinary exploration, explication, examination...and exasperation. In choosing to pursue a practice-led doctorate I had determined from the outset that ‘writing 100,000 words that only two people ever read’, was not something which interested me. Hence, the oft-asked question of ‘what kind of doctorate’ I was engaged in, consistently elicited the response, “a useful one”. In order to satisfy my own imperatives of authenticity and usefulness, my doctoral research had to clearly demonstrate relevance to; productively inform; engage with; and add value to: wider professional field(s) of practice; students in the university courses I teach; and the broader community - not just the academic community. Consequently, over the course of my research, the question, ‘But what makes it Doctoral?’ consistently resounded and resonated. Answering that question, to satisfy not only the traditionalists asking it but, perhaps surprisingly, some academic innovators - and more particularly, myself as researcher - revealed academic/political inconsistencies and issues which challenged both the fundamental assumptions and actuality of practice-led research. This paper examines some of those inconsistencies, issues and challenges and provides at least one possible answer to the question: ‘But what makes it Doctoral?’

Sisustaminen on kuin käsialaa : Carin Bryggman ja Lasse Ollinkari sisustusarkkitehdin ammatissa 1940- ja 1950-luvulla

"Interior Design is Like Handwriting." Carin Bryggman and Lasse Ollinkari as Interior Designers in the 1940s and 1950s My dissertation deals with the emergence of the interior designer's profession in Finland with focus on the 1940s and 1950s, the postwar years of reconstruction and modernism, as the historical context. The topic is addressed at both the collective and individual levels. Specific subjects of study are the training of interior designers (also known as interior architects), the association of Finnish interior architects (Sisustusarkkitehdit SIO), the professional field and its public image and two leading designers, Carin Bryggman (1920 1993) and Lasse Ollinkari (1921 1993). Though respected figures within the field, Bryggman and Ollinkari have otherwise remained little known and studied. My study presents a great deal of new empiria. The main materials consist of the documents of related institutions and the archives of Bryggman and Ollinkari, in which drawings and photographs figure prominently. The drawings illustrate in a new way the variety of professional tasks in the field. My results are also based on a large body of interviewed material. The materials are approached from two theoretical perspectives, with gender and margins as core concepts from the perspective of women's studies. The even gender division of Finnish interior designers revealed a difference with regard to neighbouring occupations and other countries. I claim that the division of tasks was not defined by gender. The second theoretical basis is the sociological study of professions. The high professional status achieved by interior designers is shown by the fact that of the many related titles in Finnish and Swedish, such as "furniture draughtsman" or "interior artist", interior architect became the established one, despite opposition from architects. My hypothesis that the professionalization of interior designers took place during the two postwar decades proved to be correct. The profession emerged through specialized education and became established with the founding of its own professional organization. From the outset, the goal was to mark a distinction between professionals of interior and furniture design and other designers and architects. Interior designers became a strong and successful modern professional group, involved in a wide range of projects from objects to interiors. Keywords: interior designers, interior architects, interior art, occupations, gender, professions, interior design, furniture, home, public space, Carin Bryggman, Lasse Ollinkari, the Sisustusarkkitehdit SIO association, 1940s and 1950s, reconstruction, modernism.

Representações sociais da aids por enfermeiras das redes básica e hospitalar

Este estudo objetiva analisar as representações sociais da aids produzidas por enfermeiras atuantes em dois níveis distintos de atenção aos sujeitos que vivem com HIV/Aids e suas implicações para o cuidado desenvolvido por esse grupo profissional. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo, pautado na abordagem qualitativa, orientado pela Teoria das Representações Sociais, em sua abordagem processual. Os sujeitos do estudo foram enfermeiras, atuantes em instituições públicas de saúde da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sendo 10 da rede hospitalar e 9 da rede básica. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio de um roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturada e um questionário de caracterização. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a técnica de análise lexical, realizada pelo software Alceste 4.10. Na análise do grupo total de sujeitos foram definidas seis categorias: "Memórias sócio profissionais de enfermeiras sobre o HIV/Aids", abordando os atores sociais atingidos pela aids no passado e na atualidade, as memórias das enfermeiras sobre aids e os estereótipos presentes em cada período; "O cuidado relacionado à autoproteção ao HIV/Aids", referindo-se as medidas de proteção ao HIV/Aids adotadas pelas enfermeiras tanto em suas vidas profissionais quanto pessoais; "Dimensões práticas do atendimento e do cuidado", destacando elementos do cotidiano assistencial, com ênfase nas diferentes formas de compreensão do cuidado; "As famílias atingidas pela aids", com conteúdos relativos às vivências das enfermeiras em situações da aids no contexto familiar; "As políticas públicas e instituicionais e a aids", relativa as percepções das enfermeiras sobre as políticas de saúde; "O tratamento medicamentoso do HIV/Aids", com conteúdos relativos às dificuldades percebidas para a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso por parte dos sujeitos com HIV/Aids. A análise cruzada da variável nível de atenção permitiu observar que a representação da aids no grupo de enfermeiras da rede hospitalar encontra-se ancorada em elementos negativos relativos ao passado, embora apontem também para novos elementos representacionais no presente; enquanto as enfermeiras de rede básica representam a aids a partir de elementos relativos à prática assistencial cotidiana. A representação da aids para o grupo de enfermeiras estudado abarca elementos tais como: sentimento de insegurança em relação ao próprio parceiro, devido a situações que vivenciam, imagem dos sujeitos que vivem com HIV/Aids em transição devido às mudanças ocorridas no perfil epidemiológico; atitudes distintas no campo profissional, relacionadas às formas de contágio e persistência de identificação dos sujeitos que vivem com HIV/Aids como vítimas ou culpados. Apesar de afirmarem inexistir diferenças no cuidado de enfermagem às pessoas que vivem com o HIV/Aids quando comparado ao cuidado aos sujeitos com outras patologias, enfatizam a necessidade de maior cautela devido ao risco de contágio em relação aos primeiros, caracterizando uma contradição no discurso. Conclui-se que existem diferenças nas representações sociais das enfermeiras de acordo com o nível de atenção no qual atuam e que há repercussões singulares na forma que o cuidado de enfermagem é desenvolvido, a partir dessas representações.

Formação e atuação do orientador pedagógico: indicações a partir dos Conselhos de Educação

A orientação pedagógica como campo de atuação profissional no contexto brasileiro se constitui como um processo cuja concepção, de alguma forma, confunde-se com a estruturação e consolidação do sistema educacional no Brasil. É possível encontrar, desde a educação jesuítica, a presença de um conjunto de ações administrativo-pedagógicas que indicam a necessidade de procedimentos articulados e distribuídos entre os diferentes níveis das hierarquias institucionais, sem os quais os propósitos organizacionais não seriam atingidos (FRANCA, 1952; AZEVEDO, 1976; CHAGAS, 1970; PRZYBYLSKI, 1982; 1985; SPERB, 1976). Diante desse cenário, questionam-se, no contexto atual, as funções e atribuições do orientador pedagógico. Assim, o presente estudo, utilizando-se de pesquisa descritiva-documental, investiga os elementos que caracterizam a orientação pedagógica nos pareceres e resoluções emanados pelos Conselhos de Educação. Busca-se, também, mapear os processos de definição das atribuições que compõem as funções orientadoras do ensino e revelar indicadores a partir dos quais se possa pensar a atuação e a formação dos orientadores. A análise de Pareceres e Resoluções permite perceber que as áreas explicitadas compõem a totalidade da escola para a organização efetiva do funcionamento pedagógico, no sentido de cumprir normas e manter a coerência entre os princípios e as finalidades da educação. Também revela o modo pelo qual a orientação pedagógica se insere no contexto da gestão democrática e da docência.

Graduate Education for Leadership in Sustainable Development Innovation , Practice and Research

This paper reflects on the motivation, method and effectiveness of teaching leadership and organisational change to graduate engineers. Delivering progress towards sustainable development requires engineers who are aware of pressing global issues (such as resource depletion, climate change, social inequity and an interdependent economy) since it is they who deliver the goods and services that underpin society within these constraints. In recognition of this fact the Cambridge University MPhil in Engineering for Sustainable Development has focussed on educating engineers to become effective change agents in their professional field with the confidence to challenge orthodoxy in adopting traditional engineering solutions. This paper reflects on ten years of delivering this course to review how teaching change management and leadership aspects of the programme have evolved and progressed over that time. As the students on this professional practice have often extensive experience as practising engineers and scientists, they have learned the limitations of their technical background when solving complex problems. Students often join the course recognising their need to broaden their knowledge of relevant cross-disciplinary skills. The course offers an opportunity for these early to mid-career engineers to explore an ethical and value-based approach to bringing about effective change in their particular sectors and organisations. This is achieved through action learning assignments in combination with reflections on the theory of change to enable students to equip themselves with tools that help them to be effective in making their professional and personal life choices. This paper draws on feedback gathered from students during their participation on the course and augments this with alumni reflections gathered some years after their graduation. These professionals are able to look back on their experience of the taught components and reflect on how they have been able to apply this key learning in their subsequent careers.

Graduate education for leadership and organisational change in sustainable development

This paper reflects on the motivation, method and effectiveness of teaching leadership and organisational change to graduate engineers. Delivering progress towards sustainable development requires engineers who are aware of pressing global issues (such as resource depletion, climate change, social inequity and an interdependent economy) since it is they who deliver the goods and services that underpin society within these constraints. They also must understand how to implement change in the organisations within which they will work. In recognition of this fact the Cambridge University MPhil in Engineering for Sustainable Development has focussed on educating engineers to become effective change agents in their professional field with the confidence to challenge orthodoxy in adopting traditional engineering solutions. This paper reflects on ten years of delivering a special module to review how teaching change management and leadership aspects of the programme have evolved and progressed over that time. As the students who embark on this professional practice have often extensive experience as practising engineers and scientists, many have already learned the limitations of their technical background when solving complex problems. Students often join the course recognising their need to broaden their knowledge of relevant cross-disciplinary skills. The programme offers an opportunity for these early to mid-career engineers to explore an ethical and value-based approach to bringing about effective change in their particular sectors and organisations. This is achieved through action learning assignments in combination with reflections on the theory of change to enable students to equip themselves with tools that help them to be effective in making their professional and personal life choices. This paper draws on feedback gathered from students during their participation on the programme and augments this with alumni reflections gathered some years after their graduation. These professionals are able to look back on their experience of the taught components and reflect on how they have been able to apply this key learning in their subsequent careers. Copyright © 2012 September.

Otras vías de aprendizaje: el reconocimiento de la experiencia profesional en la universidad. El caso de la UNED

Nadie cuestiona que una fuente de aprendizaje es el propio ámbito de trabajo, en el que todo profesional resuelve las funciones y tareas a las que se enfrenta diariamente a partir de su formación y de su experiencia. Reconocer esta experiencia en las titulaciones de Grado es un tema aún no resuelto. Pero este reconocimiento exige un proceso de evaluación, apoyado en metodologías y herramientas fiables y válidas, a partir del cual se valide que una persona ha adquirido un determinado nivel de logro en unas competencias en el marco de una cualificación profesional determinada. A raíz de los resultados obtenidos en 2 convocatorias dirigidas al reconocimiento de la experiencia profesional en el Grado en Educación Social impartido por la UNED, este articulo lleva a cabo un análisis de carácter descriptivo y en perspectiva comparada, entre ambas ediciones (2011-12 y 2012-13), con el fin de valorar la pertinencia de este proceso y la calidad de los resultados obtenidos. Con una muestra de 421 estudiantes hemos inferido la validez del procedimiento propuesto. Además, esta realidad nos muestra cuáles son las áreas de intervención más demandadas, los puntos fuertes y débiles de estos profesionales, las competencias más y menos consolidadas de acuerdo a la titulación que se imparte, etc. Disponer de estos datos, además de favorecer el desarrollo profesional de nuestros estudiantes, aporta una información clave para perfilar mejor las competencias específicas del título, trabajar de forma coordinada y colaborativa entre el mundo académico y el profesional, a la vez que responder a un derecho de nuestros estudiantes. 

A figura masculina na docência do ensino primário : um "corpo estranho" no quotidiano das escolas públicas "primárias" do Rio de Janeiro-Brasil e Aveiro-Portugal

Esta tese é um estudo comparativo que dá conta de uma busca centrada na figura do professor do sexo masculino que trabalha no ensino público do “ensino primário” do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil e em Aveiro - Portugal. O que se pretende averiguar, fundamentalmente, são os motivos e as conseqüências da escolha profissional destes professores que se enveredam por uma área tipicamente associada com o feminino, uma associação tão forte que estes professores parecem um “corpo estranho” no quotidiano das escolas públicas “primárias”. Ou seja, nosso objetivo é entender por que os homens escolhem o magistério? Esta escolha é bem vista pelas pessoas do seu quotidiano ou é desvalorizada? Estes homens estão satisfeitos com a sua profissão ou ela serve como um trampolim para outras? A aptidão para o magistério depende do sexo? Eles são bem recebidos na sua profissão ou sofrem discriminações? Será que ganhamos algo com a existência ou ingresso de homens no magistério primário? Pesquisar a opção docente dos homens que ingressam no magistério público é importante porque a escola é o espaço de vivência e convivência educacional onde a maioria da população é socializada. Desta forma, esta investigação mostra-se relevante ao promover discussões centradas nas representações de gênero que rondam o campo profissional da docência, questionando a normalização do magistério enquanto profissão aliada a atributos considerados femininos, tendo como desafio desmistificar as representações preconceituosas de gênero que cercam os professores deste segmento. A tese foi orientada pela abordagem de investigação narrativa, centrada no método qualitativo, para obter uma maior profundidade dos dados, assim como no método quantitativo, com o fim de obter também dados mais gerais sobre a temática. A informação foi recolhida através de inquéritos por questionário e entrevistas com professores “primários” do sexo masculino. Apontamos que a presença de professores do sexo masculino na docência do “ensino primário” é uma forma de inserir as questões de gênero na educação, mostrando que existem outros temas e outras vozes que ecoam nas escolas, ou seja, indivíduos capazes de exercer esta profissão independente do seu sexo. Demonstramos, acima de tudo, que apesar das discriminações, do malestar, do estatuto financeiro e social, o homem pode escolher essa atividade por gosto, ter sucesso e reconhecimento profissional.

HR-asiantuntijapalveluiden käyttö PK-yrityksissä. Case: Virvo Oy palveluiden tarjoajana

Tutkielma on kvalitatiivinen haastattelututkimus, jonka tavoitteena on tarkastella HR-asiantuntijapalveluiden;konsultoinnin, ulkoistamisen ja vuokrajohtajuuden käyttöä sekä mahdollisuuksia PK-sektorilla. Tutkimuksessa perehdytään myös työn toimeksiantajan, case-yritys Virvon liiketoimintaan HR-asiantuntijapalveluiden markkinoilla ja siihen, miten Virvo pystyy vastaamaan näihin haasteisiin. HR-asiantuntijapalveluiden markkinoiden selvittämiseksi on haastateltu neljää HR-asiantuntijaa. Tämän pohjalta on tehty 15 PK-yrityksen toimitusjohtajan haastattelua HR-asiantuntijapalveluiden käytön selvittämiseksi. Tehdyt haastattelut ovat olleet puolistrukturoituja, jolloin on käytetty valmiita kysymyspohjia. Tutkimuksessa on selvinnyt, että HR-asiantuntijamarkkinat ovat vasta muotoutumassa ja että ala on varsin uusi. PK-yritysten HR-toimintojen haasteisiin pystytään parhaiten vastaamaan HR-asiantuntijapalveluilla, jotka ovat selkeitä kokonaisuuksia ja järkevästi hinnoiteltuja. Tärkeinä asioina on nähty esimerkiksi käytännön toteutus sekä lisäajan saaminen varsinaisen liiketoiminnan hoitamiseen. Palveluiden käyttö korostuu erityisesti erilaisissa muutostilanteissa kuten esimerkiksi yrityksen kasvuvaiheessa. Voidaan todeta myös, että liiketoiminnan tila vaikuttaa HR-asiantuntijapalveluiden käyttöön.

Les employés : excursion sociologique dans le monde de la gestion des ressources humaines

Manifestation du processus de rationalisation capitaliste contemporain, la gestion des ressources humaines s’est largement développée et diffusée comme paradigme d’organisation des relations sociales au sein de l’entreprise, mais aussi à l’extérieur de celle-ci. En m’appuyant sur l’étude Les employés de Siegfried Kracauer (2004 [1931]) ayant mis en lumière les effets de la rationalisation de l’entreprise moderne sur les traits de mentalités des employés dans les années 1920, je propose de me pencher sur les employés en gestion des ressources humaines aujourd’hui. Plus précisément, c’est la tension dont ils sont à la fois les porteurs et les objets qui constitue le coeur de ce mémoire. Cette tension lie la fonction particulière que ces employés sont appelés à jouer dans l’entreprise et leur propre condition comme employé. Ainsi, c’est par la constitution de rapports à la tension sous une forme idéaltypique— propre à l’approche wébérienne — que ce mémoire propose d’appréhender la condition des employés en gestion des ressources humaines. L’interprétation des rapports à la tension et à la pratique professionnelle de ces employés, à l’aune de quatre idéaltypes construits à cette fin (le sous-officier comptable, le sous-officier sportif, celle qui prend sur soi et le synthétique), permet de mettre en lumière des dilemmes qu’ils sont enclins à vivre, dilemmes inhérents à leur condition d’employés dans le monde rationalisé.

Demarcación teórica del optimismo y la resiliencia en el contexto de capital psicológico.

En este estudio se describe el constructo del Capital Psicológico y se hace el análisis de sus respectivos componentes; enfocándose en los conceptos de Optimismo y Resiliencia, con el fin de encontrar y demarcar teóricamente las diferencias que existen entre estos dos componentes. A consecuencia de la frecuente confusión entre estos dos términos en el ámbito académico, surge el interés de encontrar y analizar diferentes estudios e investigaciones que se hayan hecho hasta el momento, las cuales logren resaltar dichas diferencias, para aplicar este conocimiento a las personas con el fin de brindarles una mejor calidad de vida en el ámbito personal y profesional. La autoeficacia, en contextos organizacionales, hace referencia a la convicción y confianza con la que cuenta un trabajador, sobre sus habilidades para trabajar su motivación, teniendo en cuenta recursos cognitivos y/o cursos de acción necesarios para proyectar y completar exitosamente una prueba específica de su vida. El optimismo, se estudia como aquel estilo de pensamiento explicativo, que carga los eventos positivos a causas internas, continuas y penetrantes, y los eventos negativos a razones externas. Por otro lado, la esperanza es la capacidad de todo ser humano para llevar a cabo acciones que lo orienten a una meta deseada, a través de la propia motivación y el pensamiento seguro y positivo. Por último, la Resiliencia es tener la capacidad de recobrar frente a la adversidad, el fracaso, o incluso cambios efectivos que pueden parecer opresores.