Utilization of Incident Reporting in The Finnish Maritime Industry

Marine traffic is expected to increase rapidly in the future, both in the Baltic Sea and in the Gulf of Finland. As the number of vessels in the area increases, so does the risk of serious marine accidents. To help prevent such accidents in the future, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has put forth the International Safety Management Code (the ISM Code), which aims to improve the safety of the vessels. The second work package of the Development of maritime safety culture (METKU) project investigates the effects of the ISM Code and potential areas of improvement in maritime safety. The first phase in the work package used a literature review to determine how maritime safety culture could be improved. Continuous improvement, management commitment and personnel empowerment and motivation were found to be essential. In the second phase, shipping companies and administrators were interviewed. It was discovered that especially incident reporting based on continuous improvement was felt to be lacking. This third phase aims to take a closer look at incident reporting and suggest improvements based on the findings. Both the IMO and national legislation encourage shipping companies in incident reporting, and on the national level a shared incident reporting system (ForeSea) is being pushed forward. The objective of this research project was to find out the IMO’s attitude towards incident reporting, to establish a theoretical framework of reference in incident reporting, and to observe how reporting is actually being employed on the seas. Existing incident reporting systems were also researched. The study was carried out using a literature review and the results previously gathered in interviews. The results of phase two were elaborated further for themes relating to incident reporting. According to the findings of this research, the theoretical background of incident reporting dates back to the early 20th century. Although some theories are widely accepted, some have also received criticism. The lack of a concise, shared terminology poses major difficulties in maritime incident reporting and in determining its efficiency. A central finding is the fact that existing incident reporting focuses mostly on information flow away from the ship, whereas the backward information flow is much less planned and monitored. In incident reporting, both nationally and internationally, stakeholders are plenty. The information produced by these parties is scattered, however, and thus not very usable. Based on this research, the centralizing of this information should be made a priority. Traditionally, the success of incident reporting has been determined statistically, from the number of reported incidents. Yet existing reporting systems have not been designed with such statistical analysis in mind, so different methodologies might yield a more comprehensive view. The previous findings of seafarers and management (including shipping companies and administration) having differing views on safety work and safety management were backed up by the results of this study. Seafarers find seamanship and storytelling important, while management wants a more systematic and broad approach on safety matters. The research project was carried out by the Centre for Maritime Studies of the University of Turku, in the Kotka unit (Maritime Logistics Research), with coordination by the Kotka Maritime Research Centre. The major financiers of the project were the European Union and the city of Kotka. The financing authority was the Regional Council of Päijät-Häme. Partners in the project were the shipping companies Finnlines Oyj, Kristina Cruises Oy, Meriaura Oy and VG-Shipping Oy, and the ports of Helsinki, Kotka and Hamina. The partners provided both funding for the project and information for the research.

Seisontamaksuprosessin kehittäminen rautatielogistiikassa

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli kehittää seisontamaksuprosessia löytämällä keinot tehostaa informaation kulkua prosessin eri osapuolten välillä, parantaa prosessin läpimenoaikaa, yhtenäistää toimintakäytäntöjä, sekä vähentää virheellisten seisontamaksulaskujen lähettämistä asiakkaille. Tietoa kerättiin haastatteluin, sähköpostikeskusteluja tutkimalla, sekä analysoimalla numeerista aineistoa seisontamaksuista. Työn teoriaosassa käsiteltiin prosesseja ja niiden kehittämistä yleisesti, muutoksen hallintaa, sekä prosessien kehittämisessä apuna toimivia valmiita kehittämismalleja. Työn empiirisessä osassa kuvattiin seisontamaksuprosessi ja löydettiin siitä suurimmat ongelmakohdat. Tiedonkulku prosessin eri osapuolten välillä osoittautui suurimmaksi ongelmien aiheuttajaksi. Ongelmiin kehitettiin ratkaisut, joiden pohjalta luotiin optimaalinen toimintamalli seisontamaksuprosessista. Lisäksi prosessin tulevan toiminnan seuraamiseksi ehdotettiin erilaisia mittareita. Kehitettyjen ratkaisujen katsottiin täyttäneen kaikki yrityksen asettamat tavoitteet, mutta ratkaisujen tarkemmat vaikutukset prosessin toimintaan näkyvät kuitenkin vasta niiden käyttöönoton jälkeen.

Comparative analysis of different meat traceability systems using multiple criteria and a social network approach

The adoption of a proper traceability system is being incorporated into meat production practices as a method of gaining consumer confidence. The various partners operating in the chain of meat production can be considered a social network, and they have the common goal of generating a communication process that can ensure each characteristic of the product, including safety. This study aimed to select the most appropriate meat traceability system “from farm to fork” that could be applied to Brazilian beef and pork production for international trade. The research was done in three steps. The first used the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) for selecting the best on-farm livestock traceability. In the second step, the actors in the meat production chain were identified to build a framework and defined each role in the network. In the third step, the selection of the traceability system was done. Results indicated that with an electronic traceability system, it is possible to acquire better connections between the links in the chain and to provide the means for managing uncertainties by creating structures that facilitate information flow more efficiently.

Palkkakirjanpito osana yrityksen talousohjausta- case tutkimus

Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli tutkia palkkakirjanpitoon liittyviä näkökulmia ja niiden vaikutuksia talousohjaukseen sekä tuoda esille kehitysideoita palkkakirjanpitäjien ja controllerien välisen yhteistyön kehittämiseksi. Lähtökohtana tarkasteltiin talousohjauksen ja palkkakirjanpidon yhteistyön nykytilaa ja aiempia tutkimuksia. Tämä tutkimus on empiirinen tapaustutkimus jossa tutkimusmetodina on käytetty kvalitatiivista analyysiä. Tutkimus on toteutettu puolistrukturoituja haastatteluja ja havainnointia apuna käyttäen. Tutkimuksessa nousi esille globalisaation ja yhteiskunnan muutoksen tuo-mat haasteet. Muutosten myötä molempien osapuolten tehtävien muuttu-minen ja erilaisissa palvelukeskuksissa toimiminen on muuttanut toimintaa ja osapuolten rooleja. Tulokset osoittavat että palkkakirjanpitäjien tiedon tuottamista controllereille, voidaan kehittää parhaiten panostamalla tiedon välitykseen, yhteistyönrakentamiseen ja tuottamalla erilaisia raportteja ennusteiden tueksi. Lisäksi on ymmärrettävä taustatekijät ja kasvatettava molempien osapuolten talousohjauksen ja palkkakirjanpidon tuntemusta. Nämä muutokset havainnollistamalla päästään rakentamaan hyvää ja laadukasta tiedon tuottamista, jolloin palkkakirjanpitäjät voivat olla paremmin osana liike-elämän tukemista.

Searching for keys to successful post-merger integration : a longitudinal case-study following a public sector merger

Unsuccessful mergers are unfortunately the rule rather than the exception. Therefore it is necessary to gain an enhanced understanding of mergers and post-merger integrations (PMI) as well as learning more about how mergers and PMIs of information systems (IS) and people can be facilitated. Studies on PMI of IS are scarce and public sector mergers are even less studied. There is nothing however to indicate that public sector mergers are any more successful than those in the private sector. This thesis covers five studies carried out between 2008 and 2011 in two organizations in higher education that merged in January 2010. The most recent study was carried out two years after the new university was established. The longitudinal case-study focused on the administrators and their opinions of the IS, the work situation and the merger in general. These issues were investigated before, during and after the merger. Both surveys and interviews were used to collect data, to which were added documents that both describe and guide the merger process; in this way we aimed at a triangulation of findings. Administrators were chosen as the focus of the study since public organizations are highly dependent on this staff category, forming the backbone of the organization and whose performance is a key success factor for the organization. Reliable and effective IS are also critical for maintaining a functional and effective organization, and this makes administrators highly dependent on their organizations’ IS for the ability to carry out their duties as intended. The case-study has confirmed the administrators’ dependency on IS that work well. A merger is likely to lead to changes in the IS and the routines associated with the administrators’ work. Hence it was especially interesting to study how the administrators viewed the merger and its consequences for IS and the work situation. The overall research objective is to find key issues for successful mergers and PMIs. The first explorative study in 2008 showed that the administrators were confident of their skills and knowledge of IS and had no fear of having to learn new IS due to the merger. Most administrators had an academic background and were not anxious about whether IS training would be given or not. Before the merger the administrators were positive and enthusiastic towards the merger and also to the changes that they expected. The studies carried out before the merger showed that these administrators were very satisfied with the information provided about the merger. This information was disseminated through various channels and even negative information and postponed decisions were quickly distributed. The study conflicts with the theories that have found that resistance to change is inevitable in a merger. Shortly after the merger the (third) study showed disappointment with the fact that fewer changes than expected had been implemented even if the changes that actually were carried out sometimes led to a more problematic work situation. This was seen to be more prominent for routine changes than IS changes. Still the administrators showed a clear willingness to change and to share their knowledge with new colleagues. This knowledge sharing (also tacit) worked well in the merger and the PMI. The majority reported that the most common way to learn to use new ISs and to apply new routines was by asking help from colleagues. They also needed to take responsibility for their own training and development. Five months after the merger (the fourth study) the administrators had become worried about the changes in communication strategy that had been implemented in the new university. This was perceived as being more anonymous. Furthermore, it was harder to get to know what was happening and to contact the new decision makers. The administrators found that decisions, and the authority to make decisions, had been moved to a higher administrative level than they were accustomed to. A directive management style is recommended in mergers in order to achieve a quick transition without distracting from the core business. A merger process may be tiresome and require considerable effort from the participants. In addition, not everyone can make their voice heard during a merger and consensus is not possible in every question. It is important to find out what is best for the new organization instead of simply claiming that the tried and tested methods of doing things should be implemented. A major problem turned out to be the lack of management continuity during the merger process. Especially problematic was the situation in the IS-department with many substitute managers during the whole merger process (even after the merger was carried out). This meant that no one was in charge of IS-issues and the PMI of IS. Moreover, the top managers were appointed very late in the process; in some cases after the merger was carried out. This led to missed opportunities for building trust and management credibility was heavily affected. The administrators felt neglected and that their competences and knowledge no longer counted. This, together with a reduced and altered information flow, led to rumours and distrust. Before the merger the administrators were convinced that their achievements contributed value to their organizations and that they worked effectively. After the merger they were less sure of their value contribution and effectiveness even if these factors were not totally discounted. The fifth study in November 2011 found that the administrators were still satisfied with their IS as they had been throughout the whole study. Furthermore, they believed that the IS department had done a good job despite challenging circumstances. Both the former organizations lacked IS strategies, which badly affected the IS strategizing during the merger and the PMI. IS strategies deal with issues like system ownership; namely who should pay and who is responsible for maintenance and system development, for organizing system training for new IS, and for effectively run IS even during changing circumstances (e.g. more users). A proactive approach is recommended for IS strategizing to work. This is particularly true during a merger and PMI for handling issues about what ISs should be adopted and implemented in the new organization, issues of integration and reengineering of IS-related processes. In the new university an ITstrategy had still not been decided 26 months after the new university was established. The study shows the importance of the decisive management of IS in a merger requiring that IS issues are addressed in the merger process and that IS decisions are made early. Moreover, the new management needs to be appointed early in order to work actively with the IS-strategizing. It is also necessary to build trust and to plan and make decisions about integration of IS and people.

Tuotanto- ja pakkausmateriaalien varastojen nykytila ja kehittäminen lääkeannostelijoita valmistavassa tehtaassa

Diplomityön tarkoituksena oli selvittää lääkeannostelijoita valmistavan tehtaan materiaalivarastojen nykytila. Varaston nykytila-analyysi jaettiin pääoma- ja operatiivisen tehokkuuden arviointiin. Työssä haluttiin kartoittaa toimenpide-ehdotuksia varastonohjauksen tehostamiseksi. Diplomityön tarkoituksena oli myös lisätä avainhenkilöiden ymmärrystä koskien varastojen pidon vaikutuksia yrityksen liiketoimintaan. Varastojen nykytila voitiin kiteyttää suureen pääoman sitoutumiseen, hitaisiin kiertoaikoihin sekä tehokkaan työskentelyn kannalta liian pieniin ja ahtaisiin varastoihin. Kustannuksia ei ole otettu kokonaisuudessaan huomioon tilattaessa ja varastoitaessa materiaalia. Varaston hitaita kiertonopeuksia ei ole tunnistettu vaikuttajina yrityksen tulokseen ja kannattavuuteen. Jotta varastonohjaus- ja hankintaprosesseja voitaisiin tehostaa, pitäisi ostotoimintoihin tehdä muutoksia. Tilausrytmiä ja –määriä täytyisi harkita uudelleen, jotta voitaisiin vähentää varastoihin sitoutuvan pääoman määrää. Informaationvirtaa tehtaalla sekä organisaatiorajojen yli pitäisi parantaa, jotta voitaisiin vähentää kysynnän heilahteluja sekä siihen varautumista. Varmuusvarastojen pidosta saatavien korvausten olisi katettava koko materiaalin kiertoajan aikana syntyvät varastoinnin kustannukset.

Tiedonkulun merkitys erilaisissa tuotannonohjausympäristöissä

Tämä kandidaatintyö käsittelee yrityksen sisäisen tiedonkulun merkitystä erilaisissa tuotannonohjausympäristöissä. Työn tavoitteena on selvittää millaisia tietotarpeita tuotannonohjauksella on, miten tuotannonohjausmuoto vaikuttaa tietotarpeisiin sekä onko puutteellisen tiedonkulun seurauksilla erilainen merkitys asiakastilauksen kytkentäpisteen (CODP) mukaisissa tuotantoympäristöissä. Lisäksi työ antaa teoriakatsauksen tuotannonohjausprosessista sekä yrityksen sisäisestä tiedonkulusta. Tutkielman perusteella voidaan todeta, että tuotannonohjausmuodot vaikuttavat tietotarpeisiin ja että puutteellisen tiedonkulun seurauksilla on erilainen merkitys erilaisissa tuotantoympäristöissä. Yleisesti voidaan todeta, että mitä aikaisemmassa vaiheessa CODP on, sitä merkittävämpiä seuraukset ovat. Koska sisäisen tiedonkulun, tuotannonohjausmuotojen sekä puutteellisen tiedonkulun seurausten välisestä merkityksestä ei ole varsinaisesti julkaistu aiempaa tutkimusta, olisi lisätutkimus myös tarpeellista.

Tieliikennetelematiikkalaitteiden huoltoon liittyvän verkoston toiminnan kehittäminen

Diplomityössä on tutkittu tieliikennetelematiikkalaitteiden huoltoon liittyvän verkoston toiminnan kehittämistä. Tutkittuun verkostoon kuuluvat Valtti-yksikkö (Valtakunnallinen liikennetelematiikka ja liikenteenhallinnan tietopalvelut), ELYkeskukset, tieliikennekeskukset, hallinta- ja valvontatoimija sekä huoltotoimijat. Tarkoituksena oli selvittää, kuinka verkoston toiminnan tehokkuutta voidaan parantaa. Tähän sisältyi verkoston toimijoiden tunnistaminen sekä toimijoiden roolien ja vastuiden määrittäminen. Lisäksi on tutkittu kuinka verkoston toimijoiden välistä tiedonkulkua voidaan parantaa ja kuinka ITIL-viitekehys soveltuu verkoston toimintaan. Diplomityötä varten on haastateltu verkoston toimijoiden edustajia heidän näkemyksistään verkoston toiminnasta ja sen kehittämistarpeista.

Memory Effects in the Dynamics of Open Quantum Systems

In this Thesis various aspects of memory effects in the dynamics of open quantum systems are studied. We develop a general theoretical framework for open quantum systems beyond the Markov approximation which allows us to investigate different sources of memory effects and to develop methods for harnessing them in order to realise controllable open quantum systems. In the first part of the Thesis a characterisation of non-Markovian dynamics in terms of information flow is developed and applied to study different sources of memory effects. Namely, we study nonlocal memory effects which arise due to initial correlations between two local environments and further the memory effects induced by initial correlations between the open system and the environment. The last part focuses on describing two all-optical experiment in which through selective preparation of the initial environment states the information flow between the system and the environment can be controlled. In the first experiment the system is driven from the Markovian to the non- Markovian regime and the degree of non-Markovianity is determined. In the second experiment we observe the nonlocal nature of the memory effects and provide a novel method to experimentally quantify frequency correlations in photonic environments via polarisation measurements.

Tiedonhallinta verkostoituneessa logistiikkaketjussa – Case: VR-Yhtymä

Tiedon tehokas jakaminen ja tiedon hallinta näyttelee tärkeätä roolia yritysten kannattavuuden ja tehokkuuden kehittämisessä. Laadukkaan tiedon tehokas jakaminen ja omaksuminen korostuvat verkostoituneessa logistiikkaketjussa ja kolmannen osapuolen logistiikkaa harjoittavissa yrityksissä. Tehokkaalla tiedon jakamisella, tietämyksen hallinnalla sekä tietojohtamisen keinoilla voidaan luoda tehokkaita ja kilpailukykyisiä businessprosesseja. Työn tuloksena saavutettiin kuvaus tietojohtamisen eri näkökulmista sekä tietojohtamisesta tiedon hallinnan työkaluna. Työn teoreettisessa osuudessa käsitellään tietoa ja sen eri tasoja sekä perspektiivejä tietojohtamisessa käytettyinä syötteinä, sen prosesseina sekä lopputuloksena, joita tietojohtamisen käsitteen alla olevilla työkaluilla ja käytännöillä toteutetaan. Aiempi tutkimus osoittaa, että tietojohtaminen on yksi johtamisen malli, jonka avulla voidaan saavuttaa tehokkaan yritystoiminnan edellytykset sekä asetetut strategiset tavoit- teet. Kirjallisuuden perusteella pyrittiin kartoittamaan verkostoituneen logistiikkaketjun tiedonhallinnan esteet ja sitä rajoittavat tekijät. Työn empiirinen osuus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena kysely- sekä haastattelututkimuksena, jonka avulla kerättiin työssä käytetty tutkimusaineisto. Työn empiirisessä osuudessa kartoitettiin kohdeorganisaation tiedonhallintaprosesseja sen kuljetustuotannon toiminnoissa, sekä niiden toteuttamista vaikeuttavia ja hidastavia tekijöitä. Empiirisen aineiston perusteella yritykselle ehdotettiin organisaation muokkaamista enemmän tiedon jakamista tu- kevaan suuntaan, joka voidaan teoriatiedon perusteella toteuttaa esimerkiksi luomalla fyysisiä ja henkisiä tiloja tietoprosessien toteuttamiselle.

Mitigating uncertainty in logistics outsourcing with ERP systems

Outsourcing is a common strategy for companies looking for cost savings and improvements in performance. This has been especially prevalent in logistics, where warehousing and transporting are typical targets for outsourcing. However, while the benefits from logistics outsourcing are clear on paper, there are several cases companies fail to reach these benefits. The most commonly cited reasons for this are poor information flow between the company and the third party logistics partner, and a lack of integration between the two partners. Uncertainty stems from lack of information, and it can cripple the whole outsourcing operation. This is where enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems step in, as they can have a significant role in improving the flow of information, and integration, which consequently mitigates uncertainty. The purpose of the study is to examine if ERP systems have an effect on a company's decision to outsource logistics operations. Along the rapid advancements in technology during the past decades, ERP systems have also evolved. Therefore, empirical research on the subject needs constant revision as it can quickly become outdated due to ERP systems having more advanced capabilities every year. The research was conducted using a qualitative single-case study of a Finnish manufacturing firm that had outsourced warehousing and transportation operations in the Swedish market. The empirical data was gathered with use of semi-structured interviews with three employees from the case company that were closely related to the outsourcing operation. The theoretical framework that was used to analyze the empirical data was based on Transaction Cost Economics theory. The results of the study were align with the theoretical framework, in that the ERP system of the case company was seen as an enabler for their logistics outsourcing operation. However, the full theoretical benefits from ERP systems concerning extended enterprise functionality and flexibility were not attained due to the case company having an older version of their ERP system. This emphasizes the importance of having up-to-date technology if you want to overcome the shortcomings of ERP systems in outsourcing situations.

Project Resource Management in R&D Public Sector Organization

In R&D organizations multiple projects are executed concurrently. Problems arises in managing shared resources since they are needed by multiple projects simultaneously. The objective of this thesis was to study how the project and resource management could be developed in a public sector R&D organization. The qualitative research was carried out in the Magnetic Measurements section at CERN where the section measures magnets for particle accelerators and builds state of the art measurement devices for various needs. Hence, the R&D and measurement projects are very time consuming and very complex. Based on the previous research and the requirements from the organization the best alter- native for resource management was to build a project management information system. A centralized database was constructed and on top of it was built an application for interacting and visualizing the project data. The application allows handling project data, which works as a basis for resource planning before and during the projects are executed. It is one way to standardize the work-flow of projects, which strengthens the project process. Additionally, it was noted that the inner customer’s database, the measurement system and the new application needed to be integrated. Further integration ensures that the project data is received efficiently from customers and available not only within the application but also during the concrete work. The research results introduced a new integrated application, which centralizes the project information flow with better visibility.

Coaching-konstruktio strategian jalkauttamisessa

Tämän pro gradu – työn tavoitteena on selvittää miten coachingia voitaisiin hyödyntää strategian jalkauttamisessa esimiehen ja alaisen välisen viestinnän näkökulmasta. Tavoitteena on myös luoda ja toteuttaa konstruktio, jota voitaisiin käyttää johtamismenetelmänä esimiehen ja alaisen välisen viestinnän ohjaamisessa strategian jalkauttamisen hyväksi. Tutkielmassa sovelletaan kvalitatiivista ja kvantitatiivisista analyysitapaa ja tutkimusstrategiana on tapaustutkimus. Aineistonkeruu suoritetaan empiirisen osion osalta strukturoidun haastattelun avulla. Teoreettinen viitekehys rakentuu strategian jalkauttamisen ja esimies – alaisviestinnän aihepiireistä. Tutkielmassa kartoitetaan kohdeyrityksen strategian jalkauttamisen tasoa ja siinä tapahtuvia muutoksia coachingin seurauksena. Tutkielma nostaa esille niitä strategian jalkauttamisen osaalueita, joihin coachingilla voidaan mahdollisesti vaikuttaa. Aineiston analyysin perusteella coaching-työkalun käyttämisellä ei kuitenkaan pääosin ollut merkittäviä vaikutuksia strategian jalkauttamisen valittuihin osa-alueisiin. Työn suorittamisen tueksi saadun tiedon riittävyyden, oleellisen tiedon liikkumisen, strategian toteutumisesta keskustelun ja palautekäytäntöjen todettiin hieman parantuneen.

The effect of celebrity CEO’s crisis communication to crisis outcome

The purpose of this this study is to examine the effects that a celebrity CEO’s crisis communication has on the crisis outcome and further on the quick decision response, resource mobilization and information flow during a crisis. The research was conducted using a multiple embedded case method, with four cases that represent different kinds of crisis that have all involved a celebrity CEO. The cases have been collected from various secondary data sources. The results of the study indicate that in crisis situations the celebrity CEO is expected to take responsibility of the crisis communication. The CEO needs to understand how and what to communicate in these situations and they need to make quick decisions even with limited information available. Crisis outcome is highly dependent on the golden hour crisis communication and there the performance of the celebrity CEO is crucial.

Horizontal projections of area 17 in Cebus monkeys: metric features, and modular and laminar distribution

Metric features and modular and laminar distributions of intrinsic projections of area 17 were studied in Cebus apella. Anterogradely and retrogradely labeled cell appendages were obtained using both saturated pellets and iontophoretic injections of biocytin into the operculum. Laminar and modular distributions of the labeled processes were analyzed using Nissl counterstaining, and/or cytochrome oxidase and/or NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. We distinguished three labeled cell types: pyramidal, star pyramidal and stellate cells located in supragranular cortical layers (principally in layers IIIa, IIIb a, IIIb ß and IIIc). Three distinct axon terminal morphologies were found, i.e., Ia, Ib and II located in granular and supragranular layers. Both complete and partial segregation of group I axon terminals relative to the limits of the blobs of V1 were found. The results are compatible with recent evidence of incomplete segregation of visual information flow in V1 of Old and New World primates