La evaluación sumativa.

El artículo forma parte de un monográfico de la revista dedicado a la fase de cierre de la secuencia formativa

La autorregulación en la secuencia formativa : incorporar y estructurar conocimientos con sentido y autonomía.

El artículo forma parte de una sección de la revista dedicada a innovación

Evaluación para la inclusión : siete propuestas en forma de tesis.

Este artículo forma parte de un monográfico dedicado a la evaluación para la inclusión

La diversidad en la secundaria obligatoria : podemos ofrecer respuestas, pero lo importante es la pregunta.

El artículo forma parte de un monográfico dedicado a recursos de atención a la diversidad específicos como motor de cambio en secundaria

La evaluación inicial : principio del proceso de aprendizaje.

El artículo forma parte de un monográfico de la revista dedicado a la fase inicial de la secuencia formativa

Los colegios profesionales como vía para la participación del profesorado.

Monográfico con el título: 'Participación del profesorado en la educación'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Pluriling??isme i ensenyament de lleng??es

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Educar "en els" i "per als" pluriling??ismes a Europa : com replantejar la formaci?? dels docents?

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Com recompensa el mercat laboral europeu les compet??ncies dels joves graduats universitaris?

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Bjerknes compensation and the decadal variability of the energy transports in a coupled climate model

In the 1960s, Jacob Bjerknes suggested that if the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) fluxes and the oceanic heat storage did not vary too much, then the total energy transport by the climate system would not vary too much either. This implies that any large anomalies of oceanic and atmospheric energy transport should be equal and opposite. This simple scenario has become known as Bjerknes compensation. A long control run of the Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Model (HadCM3) has been investigated. It was found that northern extratropical decadal anomalies of atmospheric and oceanic energy transports are significantly anticorrelated and have similar magnitudes, which is consistent with the predictions of Bjerknes compensation. ne degree of compensation in the northern extratropics was found to increase with increasing, time scale. Bjerknes compensation did not occur in the Tropics, primarily as large changes in the surface fluxes were associated with large changes in the TOA fluxes. In the ocean, the decadal variability of the energy transport is associated with fluctuations in the meridional overturning circulation in the Atlantic Ocean. A stronger Atlantic Ocean energy transport leads to strong warming of surface temperatures in the Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian (GIN) Seas. which results in a reduced equator-to-pole surface temperature gradient and reduced atmospheric baroclinicity. It is argued that a stronger Atlantic Ocean energy transport leads to a weakened atmospheric transient energy transport.

The impact of global freshwater forcing on the thermohaline circulation: adjustment of North Atlantic convection sites in a CGCM

On the time scale of a century, the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) is sensitive to the global surface salinity distribution. The advection of salinity toward the deep convection sites of the North Atlantic is one of the driving mechanisms for the THC. There is both a northward and a southward contributions. The northward salinity advection (Nsa) is related to the evaporation in the subtropics, and contributes to increased salinity in the convection sites. The southward salinity advection (Ssa) is related to the Arctic freshwater forcing and tends on the contrary to diminish salinity in the convection sites. The THC changes results from a delicate balance between these opposing mechanisms. In this study we evaluate these two effects using the IPSL-CM4 ocean-atmosphere-sea-ice coupled model (used for IPCC AR4). Perturbation experiments have been integrated for 100 years under modern insolation and trace gases. River runoff and evaporation minus precipitation are successively set to zero for the ocean during the coupling procedure. This allows the effect of processes Nsa and Ssa to be estimated with their specific time scales. It is shown that the convection sites in the North Atlantic exhibit various sensitivities to these processes. The Labrador Sea exhibits a dominant sensitivity to local forcing and Ssa with a typical time scale of 10 years, whereas the Irminger Sea is mostly sensitive to Nsa with a 15 year time scale. The GIN Seas respond to both effects with a time scale of 10 years for Ssa and 20 years for Nsa. It is concluded that, in the IPSL-CM4, the global freshwater forcing damps the THC on centennial time scales.