La matemática en el contexto de las ciencias: Fase didáctica

La matemática en el contexto de las ciencias es una línea de investigación que reflexiona acerca de la vinculación que debe existir entre la matemática y las ciencias que la requieren, está constituida por cuatro fases: la curricular, la didáctica, la epistemológica y la cognitiva. En este artículo se presenta la fase didáctica. Esta fase incluye una estrategia didáctica (denominada matemática en contexto)que presenta conocimientos integrados a los alumnos a partir de una situación problémica de otras disciplinas, que al tratar de resolverla el estudiante se encuentra con la necesidad de tener nuevos conocimientos, lo cual da apertura a que el estudiante esté interesado en otros tópicos matemáticos. Para lograr la vinculación de la matemática con otras ciencias se describe un proceso metodológico a través de seis de las etapas de la matemática en contexto. Con esta estrategia el modelar matemáticamente está presente todo el tiempo, por lo que se presentan los resultados de una investigación que caracteriza y clasifica a los modelos matemáticos. Asimismo, los modelos son un elemento común a la matemática en contexto y a la resolución de problemas, por lo que se muestran las diferencias sustancias entre ambas estrategias.

Propuesta didáctica para modelar estadísticamente errores de medición en las ciencias naturales, en los grados décimo y once

Este documento es una síntesis de una propuesta didáctica para modelar estadísticamente, errores de medición en las ciencias naturales. El origen de este trabajo fue motivado por cuatro cuestiones: la primera es la enseñanza del error como requisito para el currículo, los estándares curriculares establecen que un error es un punto en uno de los caminos hacia la verdad y, cada punto en ese camino, es un error de mayor o menor magnitud. Se vive en un mundo lleno de incertidumbres donde a nivel físico no existen verdades absolutas, por tanto, se vive con el error permanentemente, la segunda es la escasez de recursos didácticos para atender la enseñanza de error de medición en el aula teniendo en cuenta la revisión bibliográfica realizada, la tercera es el manejo interdisciplinar que se le puede dar al error de medición en el aula, y por último, es el uso de herramientas tecnológicas para el desarrollo de modelos o representaciones visuales acerca de éste tema en el aula, la importancia del error de medición en las ciencias y el tratamiento estadístico del error de medición en el aula, como instrumento para evaluar de forma cuantitativa la precisión y exactitud de los resultados obtenidos a partir de procesos experimentales.

Patrones de razonamiento proporcional en la resolución de tareas de ciencias

En este artículo se propone una tipología de patrones de razonamiento proporcional con aplicación general a tareas matemáticas y científicas. También se describen algunos ejemplos de las estrategias y procedimientos seguidos por los estudiantes en una tarea de proporcionalidad de Química. Así mismo, se hace una discusión de los principales resultados obtenidos a partir del análisis de diversos problemas de proporciones resueltos por estudiantes de enseñanza secundaria.

Análisis de los conocimientos probabilísticos del profesorado de educación primaria

Algunos profesores presentan dificultades para enseñar probabilidad, sobre todo en países en los que la incorporación de esta materia en el currículo es reciente y la preparación durante la formación inicial es escasa, como es el caso de Chile. Para diseñar programas de intervención que den lugar a una enseñanza idónea, se realiza un estudio exploratorio sobre el conocimiento didáctico-matemático para enseñar probabilidad, fundamentado en el modelo del Conocimiento Didáctico-Matemático (CDM). Con este propósito se ha administrado el Cuestionario CDM-Probabilidad a 93 profesores, cuyos resultados han puesto de manifiesto varios errores y dificultades, evidenciando la presencia de heurísticas y sesgos probabilísticos. Se concluye que es necesaria una mayor especialización del profesorado en todas las facetas de su conocimiento didáctico-matemático: conocimiento común del contenido, conocimiento ampliado del contenido y conocimiento especializado.

Creación de una filmoteca de prácticas para la Facultad de Ciencias de la Información de la UCM: Adecuación de espacio y estrategias de catalogación

En el presente trabajo se da el primer paso para la creación de una Filmoteca de Prácticas en la facultad de Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. El Patrimonio Fílmico se ve gravemente expuesto al paso del tiempo y el abandono por lo que se necesita un rescate urgente. Mediante un riguroso trabajo de investigación, en el que se estudian diferentes propuestas y normativas expuestas por organismos especializados, se redacta un manual de inicio. Se han investigado, diseñado y propuesto las herramientas básicas y útiles para poner en funcionamiento la primera Filmoteca de Prácticas en el ámbito universitario español.

The “re-socialization” of Gypsy women in the literacy courses aimed to the recipients of the Social Integration Revenue Policy of the Region of Madrid

This article studies the gender values that are promoted both in the literacy courses for gypsy women beneficiaries of the Social Integration Revenue Policy of the Region of Madrid and in the events that are organized for this group by public institutions and NGOs. The process of “socialization” that occurs in the educative groups for Gypsy women is focused on constructing an image of what it is to be a “Gypsy modern woman”. Through multiple mechanisms and discursive techniques a specific conception of gender equality is transmitted in these educative spaces. In addition to this, Gypsy women are continually urged to assume certain values and social practices (of gender identity, of "citizenship", of parenting, etc..), while an archetype of "Gypsy Woman" which condenses powerful stereotypes and prejudices about the "Gypsy culture" and the gender relations characteristics of this group is constructed.

University students with disabilities in Universities. A study of their inclusion

Access to higher education has increased among students with disabilities, and universities are adopting different alternatives which must be assessed. The purpose of this study was to identify the situation of a sample of students with disabilities (n=91) who attend a university in Spain, through the design and validation of the “CUNIDIS-d” scale, with satisfactory psychometric properties. The results show the importance of making reasoned curriculum adaptations, adapting teacher training, improving accessibility and involving all the university community. Different proposals were provided which support the social dimension of the EHEA.

The University Programmes for Senior Citizens and their contribution of lifelong learning

The study addresses the essential features of University Programmes for senior citizens (PUM). It committed to the lifelong education through the integration of the elderly in the University. Part of the base that is learned during the entire life cycle, there is no age, no specific space for education. Learning is constructed from knowledge, abilities, skills and aptitudes that are enriched continuously. It is necessary to ensure the elderly to age in a healthy way. It calls for active ageing, effective tool against isolation and social exclusion. The aim is to discover aspects of the UNED Senior training programme that contribute to lifelong learning and satisfaction produced. The PUM are ways for the promotion of aging along with other activities aimed to enhance a creative leisure, access to culture, facilitate training on topics of interest and create a means of participation in all spheres of society. In this research has resorted to a mixed methodology. Their wealth combines the methods of quantitative and qualitative allowing us to obtain information and contrast from different perspectives. The purpose is to verify the results of the investigation. The sample consists of 639 students, 57 teachers and 15 coordinators. The results indicate that the PUM of the UNED Senior is highly satisfactory for those involved, by the adequacy between interests and expectations. Fruit of this research are the conclusions and suggestions for improvement.

The elimination of the tutoring group-hour in Secondary Education. An exploratory study about teachers thoughts.

The Tutoring Group-hour in Compulsory Secondary Education and Post-Compulsory Schooling has been eliminated in a number of autonomous communities. Given the importance of the tutorial act as one of the fundamental pillars in students overall development, its disappearance has created considerable disturbance in the educational institutions, sparking a debate regarding the role of the tutor and the impact and effectiveness of their actions. In this survey, teachers from two different schools in the Community of Madrid maintain that they are properly trained to perform the various duties required for a tutor, show strong disagreement to the elimination of the Tutoring Group-hour in secondary schools, advocate incorporating it at a primary school level, and consider one of the main consequences of its disappearance to be less personalized attention for students. In short, an educational response that is less effective.

Students perceptions about attention to diversity in Secondary Education Teachers Initial Training

This work aims to analyze the perceptions of students enrolled in the Master's Degree in Secondary Education Teaching, Training and Language Teaching at the University of Jaen, about the initial training received on attention to diversity. A descriptive methodology has been followed using an ad hoc questionnaire as data collection instrument. The results show favorable attitudes of future secondary teachers for diversity, having received an adequate training in curricular and organizational aspects, making it able to fully achieve inclusion of students with special educational needs in the classroom.

Art as an educative and social tool

Since remote times, certain sectors of society have been exposed to inequality and vulnerability, where adequate intervention processes have become conspicuous because of their absence. Nowadays, current societies have the responsibility of contributing, based on their experience and knowledge, with more efficient policies and programs that improve the life quality of the most disadvantaged. It is here where art and its different tools play a very important role, not only on a physical level, but also as an education tool that allows the development of emotional, mental and communicative skills. The aim of this paper is to make clear the potential of art as an instrument of social and educational intervention. It starts by showing worldwide-collected experience related to education and arts, and then, it acquaints the reader with two parallel intervention projects that worked with youths under social vulnerability conditions. These interventions were developed based on a qualitative research (Grounded theory), using as methodology “The Artistic Mediation” with emphasis on body language. This methodology helped researchers to get close to the participants and to know their experiences and emotions. At the same time, it was possible to evidence the positive effects of educative interventions through art. These workshops were based on an artistic methodology especially focused on body language. Data in this work is qualitative, and as such, it permits a special approach to the personal and emotional experiences of the participants; clearly showing the positive effects of the referenced practice on them.

Blogs as virtual environments for teaching and learning in Higher Education

The transformation of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into knowledge and learning technologies is increasingly becoming a matter of concern. Teaching settings associated with the use of blogs in Higher Education are presented in this paper, proceeding from an innovative learning experience of projects carried out by a group of professors between 2009 and 2013. Both, teachers and students who took part in the subjects that implemented the blog, considered it as helpful resource to create a virtual and learning-teaching environment due to the multiple potentialities it offers. Among some of these potentialities, some stand out: it makes easier the access to knowledge, promotes a more active and reflective learning, expands the social experience of learning, provides evidence about the students’ progress which helps to reorient the teaching-learning process, and encourages the critical judgment. Nevertheless, several problems related with the students’ participation and the teacher’s blog management have been identified.

How teachers of Geography and History of Secondary Education assess?

The purpose of this article is to analyse the assessment procedures and instruments used by teachers of Geography and History of Compulsory Secondary School (ESO) in the Region of Murcia (Spain). The data have been extracted implementing a survey technique proceeded by a descriptive analysis. The results show that teachers generally have a traditional conception of assessment, reflected in the fact that they think that assessment should not change when teaching strategies are changed or when they innovate. On the other hand, although they consider that is necessary to employ a variety of instruments to assess well and to prevent school failure, they still use exams as the most objective and essential instrument in the assessment, while they don’t apply continuous assessment, only tests in a continuous way. The implementation of similar research in other areas or in other subjects shows the existence of contrasts in teacher assessment practices.

Analysis of the admissions tests for teacher training in Spain and Finland: knowledge or competences

One of the most decisive factors in the quality of education and academic performance of students is quality, preparation and dedication of the teachers. The exquisite system of selecting candidates for teacher training programs is one of the fundamentals of success of the Finnish Education System. The responsibility of choosing the best students to convert them into teachers is a challenge that involves a significant reform of university admission. Achieving this goal involves the choice of strategies and educational tools in accordance to the complexity of the demands presented by the teaching profession in the digital age. This study describes, analyzes and compares the admission tests in the University of Spain (PAU) and Finland (VAKAVA), for those who wish to become professional educators, in order to understand the possible influence of these tests to select the most suitable candidates to develop into future teaching professionals. The results showed that in Spain, the entrance test to universities is developed in a general way for all the students that aspire to any field of knowledge, while in Finland, the test is specific and particular for students aspiring to the field of education. The results of this study can guide and encourage the necessary changes that have to be done in the admission tests to Spanish university in general and to teacher education faculties in particular.