932 resultados para HIGH-QUALITY-FACTOR


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Suomalaisessa oikeusjärjestelmässä yrityssaneerauksen organisaatio koostuu pääosin kohdeyrityksestä, selvittäjästä ja velkojista. Selvittäjällä on lain mukaan mahdollisuus teettää tilintarkastajalla kohdeyrityksen toimintaan ja hallintoon liittyvä erityistarkastus saneerausmenettelyä edeltävältä ajalta. Saneeraukseen liittyvää erityistarkastusta kutsutaan myös nimellä saneeraustarkastus. Tutkielma käsittelee yrityssaneerausmenettelyn yhteydessä tehtävän saneeraustarkastuksen funktiota ja tarkastuksen lopputuloksena syntyvän tarkastuskertomuksen sisältöä. Tutkielman tarkoitus on selvittää mitä tehtävää saneeraustarkastus palvelee, mitä lisäarvoa saneeraustarkastus tuottaa selvittäjälle ja velkojille, sekä minkälainen tulisi olla tarkastuskertomuksen sisältö. Tutkielma pohjautuu kvalitatiiviseen kyselytutkimukseen, jossa vastaajina ovat toimineet 21 selvittäjää ja 28 velkojaa. Tutkimuksen perusteella velkojilla ja selvittäjillä on pitkälti samanlainen näkemys yrityssaneeraukseen liittyvän erityistarkastuksen funktiosta ja sisällöstä. Molemmat intressiryhmät katsoivat, että kohdeyhtiön vastuuhenkilöiden toimien selvittäminen, etenkin jos kohdeyhtiö ei nauti intressitahojen täyttä luottamusta, tuottaa paljon lisäarvoa. Luottamus kohdeyhtiöön on ratkaisevassa asemassa myös saneeraustarkastuksen tarvetta harkittaessa. Selkeimmäksi eroksi selvittäjien ja velkojien vastausten välil-lä muodostui ainoastaan syy jättää saneeraustarkastus teettämättä. Selvittäjien mielestä todennäköisin syy jättää saneeraustarkastus teettämättä on velallisen varojen puute, kun taas velkojien mielestä todennäköisin syy jättää saneeraustarkastus teettämättä on luottamus velalliseen. Tutkimuksen mukaan saneeraustarkastuskertomukset ovat sisältönsä puolesta korkealaatuisia. Kertomuksia tulisi kuitenkin kehittää tiiviimpään muotoon ilman kattavaa raporttiosuutta, sekä vain merkittäväksi arvioidut havainnot tulisi dokumentoida liiteaineistoon. Vastanneiden mielestä kolme tärkeintä saneeraustarkastuksen laadun mittaria ovat tärkeysjärjestyksessä hinta-laatu-suhde, laadukas raportointi ja nopea toimitusvarmuus. Kaksi tärkeintä laadun kriteeriä vaikuttavat myös eniten saneeraustarkastuksen tekijän valintaan.

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Työn tavoitteena on selvittää, miten suomalainen rakennusyritys saa implementoitua projektihallinnan apuvälineistönsä Venäjälle. Lisäksi työn aikana laaditaan perusrakenne apuvälineistölle. Apuvälineistön avulla varmistetaan yhdenmukainen toiminta yrityksen projekteissa Venäjällä, sekä hallitaan näihin kohdistuvia riskejä. Työn toteutusmenetelmänä on konstruktiivinen tutkimusote, jossa lopputulos pohjautuu aikaisempaan teoriaan ja empiirisiin löydöksiin. Haastattelujen avulla rakennetaan näkemys apuvälineistölle ja apuvälineiden sisällölle asetettavista vaateista. Työssä esitetyt ratkaisut pohjautuvat teoriaan, haastatteluihin ja yrityksen sisäiseen materiaaliin. Rakennusprojektit ovat toteutustavaltaan yhtäläisiä maasta riippumatta, jonka vuoksi Suomessa käytössä oleva apuvälineistön rakenne toimii myös Venäjällä. Yksittäisten apuvälineiden eroavuudet johtuvat pääasiassa lainsäädännön sekä toimintatapojen eroavuudesta. Työn pohjalta havaittiin implementoinnin onnistumisen vaativan kolmen elementin toteutumisen. Nämä ovat toimivat apuvälineet, laadukas johtaminen sekä apuvälineistön käyttöönottosuunnitelman mukainen toiminta. Työn konstruktio kulminoituu käyttöönottosuunnitelmaan, mikä koostuu kolmesta mekanismista. Mekanismeilla huomioidaan apuvälineiden sovittamisen, apuvälineistön käyttöönoton sekä muutosjohtamisen vaateet.

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Developing software is a difficult and error-prone activity. Furthermore, the complexity of modern computer applications is significant. Hence,an organised approach to software construction is crucial. Stepwise Feature Introduction – created by R.-J. Back – is a development paradigm, in which software is constructed by adding functionality in small increments. The resulting code has an organised, layered structure and can be easily reused. Moreover, the interaction with the users of the software and the correctness concerns are essential elements of the development process, contributing to high quality and functionality of the final product. The paradigm of Stepwise Feature Introduction has been successfully applied in an academic environment, to a number of small-scale developments. The thesis examines the paradigm and its suitability to construction of large and complex software systems by focusing on the development of two software systems of significant complexity. Throughout the thesis we propose a number of improvements and modifications that should be applied to the paradigm when developing or reengineering large and complex software systems. The discussion in the thesis covers various aspects of software development that relate to Stepwise Feature Introduction. More specifically, we evaluate the paradigm based on the common practices of object-oriented programming and design and agile development methodologies. We also outline the strategy to testing systems built with the paradigm of Stepwise Feature Introduction.

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Communication, the flow of ideas and information between individuals in a social context, is the heart of educational experience. Constructivism and constructivist theories form the foundation for the collaborative learning processes of creating and sharing meaning in online educational contexts. The Learning and Collaboration in Technology-enhanced Contexts (LeCoTec) course comprised of 66 participants drawn from four European universities (Oulu, Turku, Ghent and Ramon Llull). These participants were split into 15 groups with the express aim of learning about computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL). The Community of Inquiry model (social, cognitive and teaching presences) provided the content and tools for learning and researching the collaborative interactions in this environment. The sampled comments from the collaborative phase were collected and analyzed at chain-level and group-level, with the aim of identifying the various message types that sustained high learning outcomes. Furthermore, the Social Network Analysis helped to view the density of whole group interactions, as well as the popular and active members within the highly collaborating groups. It was observed that long chains occur in groups having high quality outcomes. These chains were also characterized by Social, Interactivity, Administrative and Content comment-types. In addition, high outcomes were realized from the high interactive cases and high-density groups. In low interactive groups, commenting patterned around the one or two central group members. In conclusion, future online environments should support high-order learning and develop greater metacognition and self-regulation. Moreover, such an environment, with a wide variety of problem solving tools, would enhance interactivity.

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Software plays an important role in our society and economy. Software development is an intricate process, and it comprises many different tasks: gathering requirements, designing new solutions that fulfill these requirements, as well as implementing these designs using a programming language into a working system. As a consequence, the development of high quality software is a core problem in software engineering. This thesis focuses on the validation of software designs. The issue of the analysis of designs is of great importance, since errors originating from designs may appear in the final system. It is considered economical to rectify the problems as early in the software development process as possible. Practitioners often create and visualize designs using modeling languages, one of the more popular being the Uni ed Modeling Language (UML). The analysis of the designs can be done manually, but in case of large systems, the need of mechanisms that automatically analyze these designs arises. In this thesis, we propose an automatic approach to analyze UML based designs using logic reasoners. This approach firstly proposes the translations of the UML based designs into a language understandable by reasoners in the form of logic facts, and secondly shows how to use the logic reasoners to infer the logical consequences of these logic facts. We have implemented the proposed translations in the form of a tool that can be used with any standard compliant UML modeling tool. Moreover, we authenticate the proposed approach by automatically validating hundreds of UML based designs that consist of thousands of model elements available in an online model repository. The proposed approach is limited in scope, but is fully automatic and does not require any expertise of logic languages from the user. We exemplify the proposed approach with two applications, which include the validation of domain specific languages and the validation of web service interfaces.

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Suuri osa ihmisten tiedon etsinnästä painottuu internetiin ja siellä käytettäviin hakukoneisiin. Myös yritykset ovat tiedostaneet sähköisen markkinoinnin roolin omassa kansainvälisessä näkyvyydessään. Pienyritysten kansainvälistymisessä sähköisellä markkinoinnilla voidaan parantaa markkinatiedon etsintää, asiakkaiden tavoitettavuutta ja markkinointiviestinnän kohdennettavuutta eri käyttäjäryhmille. Sähköinen markkinointi ei kuitenkaan poista kulttuurisidonnaisia epävarmuuksia, ja sen laadukas toteuttaminen vaatii perehtymistä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää Case-yritykselle sähköisen markkinoinnin potentiaaliset hyödyntämisvaihtoehdot kansainvälistymisprosessissa Venäjälle ja suunnitella resursseihin nähden toteutettava sähköisen markkinoinnin markkinointisuunnitelma. Monimenetelmätekniikalla toteutetussa tutkimuksessa tietolähteenä käytetään asiantuntijahaastatteluja sekä datarekistereitä. Teoriapohjana tarkastellaan pk-yrityksien tiedon vaiheittaista oppimista, verkoston roolia sekä ulkoistamispäätöksen tukena käytettyjä transaktiokustannuksia. Sähköisen markkinoinnin kehitys on ollut Venäjällä kovaa viimeisen kahden vuoden aikana. Tästä syystä venäläisten yritysten sähköisen markkinoinnin taso on osittain korkeampaa kuin suomalaisten. Sähköisellä markkinoinnilla tavoittaa erityisesti kaupungeissa asuvat ihmiset, mutta kaupunkien ulkopuolella verkkotekniikka on vielä osittain alkeellisella tasolla. Vientimuotojen vertailussa transaktiokustannusten avulla nousi esille suoran viennin malli, jossa jälleenmyyjän etsimisen avuksi kehitetään sähköisen markkinoinnin osaamista. Paikallisella jälleenmyyjällä nähdään olevan etuja sähköisen markkinoinnin, paikallistuntemuksen ja kulttuurillisten erityispiirteiden tuntemuksessa.

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Finanssiala on kokonaisuutena suurten muutosten ja vaatimusten kohteena. Toisaalta globalisaatio ja kehittyvä tietotalous antavat toiminnalle suuria mahdollisuuksia, toisaalta finanssikriisin jälkeistä aikaa on leimannut perinteisen korkokatteen supistuminen ja uusien tulonlähteiden etsintä. Entistä tehokkaampi tietojenkäsittely ja asiakastietojen hyväksikäyttö luo edellytyksiä toimia alalla entistä tehokkaammin ja ohjata yrityksen päätöksentekoa tiedolla. Tämän pro gradu –tutkielman tavoitteena oli tutkia tiedon roolia OP-Pohjola-ryhmän strategiaprosessissa ja luoda malli, jolla liiketoimintatietoa pystyttäisi käyttämään tehokkaammin ja tarkoituksenmukaisemmin hyväksi strategiatyössä. Tutkielma toteutettiin tapaustutkimuksena ja empiirinen aineisto hankittiin haastattelemalla organisaation strategiaprosessiin osallistuvia tahoja. Tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan OP-Pohjola-ryhmällä ei ole määrämuotoista tapaa käyttää hyväksi liiketoimintatiedonhallinnan tuottamaa dataa. Strategiaprosessin päätöksenteossa merkittävä rooli on yksilöiden toisaalta omista organisaatioista tuottaman liiketoimintatiedon ja toisaalta yksilöiden hiljaisen tiedon varassa. Tutkimuksen lopputuloksena luotiin malli, jolla strategiaprosessiin tuotetaan tietoa määrämuotoisen ja toistettavan prosessin kautta.

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The safety of shipping operations in the Baltic Sea is an extensively studied issue due to the density of traffic and the ecological sensitivity of the area. The focus has, however, mainly been on ship technology or on traffic control measures and the operative safety aspect of shipping is in a minor position in maritime safety studies and is lacking in terms of solutions. Self-regulatory and voluntary measures could be effective ways to improve the operational safety of shipping. Corporate social responsibility, or CSR, is one example of a voluntary measure that the shipping companies can take. CSR can enhance maritime safety and improve the shipping companies’ competitiveness. The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge of CSR in the maritime sector and study its applicability and benefits to the shipping companies. The research comprises of a theory part and a questionnaire study, which examine the significance of corporate social responsibility in shipping companies’ maritime safety and competitiveness. The aim of the questionnaire study is to find out how corporate social responsibility is implemented in the shipping companies. According to the literature review, responsible actions can produce financial and time costs, but due to these actions cost savings in the form of learning and increased efficiency can be achieved. Responsible actions can also produce concrete improvements and a reputation of responsibility that can lead to both cost savings and increase in the company’s income. CSR is recognised as having real business benefits in terms of attracting customers and high-quality employees. In shipping, CSR usually focuses on environmental issues. Environmental social responsibility in shipping is mainly motivated by the need to comply with existing and forthcoming regulation. Shipping companies engage in CSR to gain competitive advantage and to increase maritime safety. The social aspects of CSR take into account the well-being and skills of the employees, corporation and other stakeholders of the company. The questionnaire study revealed that the most common CSR measures in shipping companies are environmental measures, and that environmental concerns are considered to be the most important reason to engage in CSR. From the preliminary question about the concept of CSR it can also be seen that safety issues are commonly considered to be a part of CSR and safety gains are the second most important reason to engage in CSR. From the questionnaire, it can also be extrapolated that gaining a better reputation is one of the most important reasons to engage in CSR in the first place. For example, the main economic benefit was seen to be the increase of customer numbers as a result of a better reputation. Based on the study, it would seem that companies are starting to realise that they might gain competitive advantage and be favoured as shippers if they engage in sustainable, responsible operations and present themselves as “green”.

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Tiedon tehokas jakaminen ja tiedon hallinta näyttelee tärkeätä roolia yritysten kannattavuuden ja tehokkuuden kehittämisessä. Laadukkaan tiedon tehokas jakaminen ja omaksuminen korostuvat verkostoituneessa logistiikkaketjussa ja kolmannen osapuolen logistiikkaa harjoittavissa yrityksissä. Tehokkaalla tiedon jakamisella, tietämyksen hallinnalla sekä tietojohtamisen keinoilla voidaan luoda tehokkaita ja kilpailukykyisiä businessprosesseja. Työn tuloksena saavutettiin kuvaus tietojohtamisen eri näkökulmista sekä tietojohtamisesta tiedon hallinnan työkaluna. Työn teoreettisessa osuudessa käsitellään tietoa ja sen eri tasoja sekä perspektiivejä tietojohtamisessa käytettyinä syötteinä, sen prosesseina sekä lopputuloksena, joita tietojohtamisen käsitteen alla olevilla työkaluilla ja käytännöillä toteutetaan. Aiempi tutkimus osoittaa, että tietojohtaminen on yksi johtamisen malli, jonka avulla voidaan saavuttaa tehokkaan yritystoiminnan edellytykset sekä asetetut strategiset tavoit- teet. Kirjallisuuden perusteella pyrittiin kartoittamaan verkostoituneen logistiikkaketjun tiedonhallinnan esteet ja sitä rajoittavat tekijät. Työn empiirinen osuus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena kysely- sekä haastattelututkimuksena, jonka avulla kerättiin työssä käytetty tutkimusaineisto. Työn empiirisessä osuudessa kartoitettiin kohdeorganisaation tiedonhallintaprosesseja sen kuljetustuotannon toiminnoissa, sekä niiden toteuttamista vaikeuttavia ja hidastavia tekijöitä. Empiirisen aineiston perusteella yritykselle ehdotettiin organisaation muokkaamista enemmän tiedon jakamista tu- kevaan suuntaan, joka voidaan teoriatiedon perusteella toteuttaa esimerkiksi luomalla fyysisiä ja henkisiä tiloja tietoprosessien toteuttamiselle.

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In this study, cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (CEPAS) was applied in different drug detection schemes. The study was divided into two different applications: trace detection of vaporized drugs and drug precursors in the gas-phase, and detection of cocaine abuse in hair. The main focus, however, was the study of hair samples. In the gas-phase, methyl benzoate, a hydrolysis product of cocaine hydrochloride, and benzyl methyl ketone (BMK), a precursor of amphetamine and methamphetamine were investigated. In the solid-phase, hair samples from cocaine overdose patients were measured and compared to a drug-free reference group. As hair consists mostly of long fibrous proteins generally called keratin, proteins from fingernails and saliva were also studied for comparison. Different measurement setups were applied in this study. Gas measurements were carried out using quantum cascade lasers (QLC) as a source in the photoacoustic detection. Also, an external cavity (EC) design was used for a broader tuning range. Detection limits of 3.4 particles per billion (ppb) for methyl benzoate and 26 ppb for BMK in 0.9 s were achieved with the EC-QCL PAS setup. The achieved detection limits are sufficient for realistic drug detection applications. The measurements from drug overdose patients were carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) PAS. The drug-containing hair samples and drug-free samples were both measured with the FTIR-PAS setup, and the measured spectra were analyzed statistically with principal component analysis (PCA). The two groups were separated by their spectra with PCA and proper spectral pre-processing. To improve the method, ECQCL measurements of the hair samples, and studies using photoacoustic microsampling techniques, were performed. High quality, high-resolution spectra with a broad tuning range were recorded from a single hair fiber. This broad tuning range of an EC-QCL has not previously been used in the photoacoustic spectroscopy of solids. However, no drug detection studies were performed with the EC-QCL solid-phase setup.

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The purpose of this study was to examine and expand understanding concerning young Finnish registered nurses (RN) with an intention to leave the profession and the related variables, specifically when that intention has emerged before the age of 30. The overall goal of the study was to develop a conceptual model in relation to young RNs’ intention to leave the profession. Suggestions for policymakers, nurse leaders and nurse managers are presented for how to retain more young RNs in the nursing workforce. Suggestions for future nursing research are also provided. Phase I consists of two sequential integrative literature reviews of 75 empirical articles concerning nurses’ intention to leave the profession. In phase II, data had been collected as part of the Nurses’ Early Exit (NEXT) study, using the BQ-12 structured postal questionnaire. A total of 147 young RNs participated in the study. The data were analysed with statistical methods. In phase III, firstly, an in-depth interpretive case study was conducted in order to understand how young RNs explain and make sense of their intention to leave the profession. The data in this study consisted of longitudinal career stories by three young RNs. The data was analysed by using narrative holistic-content and thematic methods. Secondly, a total of 15 young RNs were interviewed in order to explore in-depth their experiences concerning organizational turnover and their intent to leave the profession. The data was analysed using conventional content analysis. Based on earlier research, empirical research on the young RNs intention to leave the profession is scarce. Nurses’ intention to leave the profession has mainly been studied with quantitative descriptive studies, conducted with survey questionnaires. Furthermore, the quality of previous studies varies considerably. Moreover, nurses’ intention to leave the profession seems to be driven by a number of variables. According to the survey study, 26% of young RNs had often considered giving up nursing completely and starting a different kind of job during the course of the previous year. Many different variables were associated with an intention to leave the profession (e.g. personal burnout, job dissatisfaction). According to the in-depth inquiries, poor nursing practice environments and a nursing career as a ‘second-best’ or serendipitous career choice were themes associated with young RNs’ intention to leave the profession. In summary, young RNs intention to leave the profession is a complex phenomenon with multiple associated variables. These findings suggest that policymakers, nurse leaders and nurse managers should enable improvements in nursing practice environments in order to retain more young RNs. These improvements can include, for example, adequate staffing levels, balanced nursing workloads, measures to reduce work-related stress as well as possibilities for advancement and development. Young RNs’ requirements to provide high-quality and ethical nursing care must be recognized in society and health-care organizations. Moreover, sufficient mentoring and orientation programmes should be provided for all graduate RNs. Future research is needed into whether the motive for choosing a nursing career affects the length of the tenure in the profession. Both quantitative and in-depth research is needed for the comprehensive development of nursing-turnover research.

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The iron and steelmaking industry is among the major contributors to the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide in the world. The rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere and the global concern about the greenhouse effect and climate change have brought about considerable investigations on how to reduce the energy intensity and CO2 emissions of this industrial sector. In this thesis the problem is tackled by mathematical modeling and optimization using three different approaches. The possibility to use biomass in the integrated steel plant, particularly as an auxiliary reductant in the blast furnace, is investigated. By pre-processing the biomass its heating value and carbon content can be increased at the same time as the oxygen content is decreased. As the compression strength of the preprocessed biomass is lower than that of coke, it is not suitable for replacing a major part of the coke in the blast furnace burden. Therefore the biomass is assumed to be injected at the tuyere level of the blast furnace. Carbon capture and storage is, nowadays, mostly associated with power plants but it can also be used to reduce the CO2 emissions of an integrated steel plant. In the case of a blast furnace, the effect of CCS can be further increased by recycling the carbon dioxide stripped top gas back into the process. However, this affects the economy of the integrated steel plant, as the amount of top gases available, e.g., for power and heat production is decreased. High quality raw materials are a prerequisite for smooth blast furnace operation. High quality coal is especially needed to produce coke with sufficient properties to ensure proper gas permeability and smooth burden descent. Lower quality coals as well as natural gas, which some countries have in great volumes, can be utilized with various direct and smelting reduction processes. The DRI produced with a direct reduction process can be utilized as a feed material for blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace. The liquid hot metal from a smelting reduction process can in turn be used in basic oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace. The unit sizes and investment costs of an alternative ironmaking process are also lower than those of a blast furnace. In this study, the economy of an integrated steel plant is investigated by simulation and optimization. The studied system consists of linearly described unit processes from coke plant to steel making units, with a more detailed thermodynamical model of the blast furnace. The results from the blast furnace operation with biomass injection revealed the importance of proper pre-processing of the raw biomass as the composition of the biomass as well as the heating value and the yield are all affected by the pyrolysis temperature. As for recycling of CO2 stripped blast furnace top gas, substantial reductions in the emission rates are achieved if the stripped CO2 can be stored. However, the optimal recycling degree together with other operation conditions is heavily dependent on the cost structure of CO2 emissions and stripping/storage. The economical feasibility related to the use of DRI in the blast furnace depends on the price ratio between the DRI pellets and the BF pellets. The high amount of energy needed in the rotary hearth furnace to reduce the iron ore leads to increased CO2 emissions.

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This pro gradu –thesis discusses generating competitive advantage through competitor information systems. The structure of this thesis follows the structure of the WCA model by Alter (1996). In the WCA model, business process is influenced by three separate but connected elements: information, technology, and process participants. The main research question is how competitor information can be incorporated into or made into a tool creating competitive advantage. Research subquestions are: How does competitor information act as a part of the business process creating competitive advantage? How is a good competitor information system situated and structured in an organisation? How can management help information generate competitive advantage in the business process with participants, information, and technology? This thesis discusses each of the elements separate, but the elements are connected to each other and to competitive advantage. Information is discussed by delving into competitor information and competitor analysis. Competitive intelligence and competitor analysis requires commitment throughout the organisation, including top management, the desire to perform competitive intelligence and the desire to use the end products of that competitive intelligence. In order to be successful, systematic competitive intelligence and competitor analysis require vision, willingness to strive for the goals set, and clear strategies to proceed. Technology is discussed by taking a look into the function of the competitor information systems play and the place they occupy within an organization. In addition, there is discussion about the basic infrastructure of competitor information systems, and the problems competitor information systems can have plaguing them. In order for competitor information systems to be useful and worthy of the resources it takes to develop and maintain them, competitor information systems require on-going resource allocation and high quality information. In order for competitor information systems justify their existence business process participants need to maintain and utilize competitor information systems on all levels. Business process participants are discussed through management practices. This thesis discusses way to manage information, technology, and process participants, when the goal is to generate competitive advantage through competitor information systems. This is possible when information is treated as a resource with value, technology requires strategy in order to be successful within an organization, and process participants are an important resource. Generating competitive advantage through competitor information systems is possible when the elements of information, technology, and business process participants all align advantageously.

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Palvelut ovat nousseet lähes kiinteäksi osaksi tuotteita sekä niiden rinnalle omaksi liiketoiminta-alueekseen. Tämän vuoksi palveluiden kehittäminen on viime vuosikymmeninä noussut sekä yritysten että akateemisten yhteisöjen mielenkiinnonkohteeksi. Menestyksekäs palveluiden kehittäminen vaatii usein systemaattisia menetelmiä, mutta menetelmien tulee antaa tilaa myös tarkoituksenmukaisille poikkeamille. Kohdeyritys pyrkii tuottamaan laadukkaita palveluita asiakastarpeet huomioiden. Tämän takia yritys haluaa kehittää olemassa olevia palveluita jatkuvasti ja pyrkii keräämään sekä työntekijöiltä että asiakkailta tietoa palvelutarpeista, joista voidaan lähteä kehittämään uusia palvelukokonaisuuksia. Tutkimus pyrkii havainnoimaan kohdeyrityksen palveluiden kehitystä ja tavoitteena on muodostaa havaintojen perusteella prosessin, jota yritys voi jatkossa hyödyntää sekä edelleen kehittää. Tutkimus on kehittävä tapaustutkimus, jonka teoreettisen viitekehyksen muodostavat uusien palveluiden kehittämisen - ja palveluinnovaatioprosessien näkökulmat. Yrityksen palveluiden kehitystä tarkastellaan kahden primaarisen aineiston sekä kahden sekundaarisen aineiston kautta. Näin ollen palveluiden kehitystä voidaan tarkastella useista näkökulmista käyttäen menetelmänä aineistotriangulaatiota. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että kohdeyrityksen palveluiden kehitysprosessi muodostui hyvin vastaavanlaiseksi kuin teoriaosuudessa esitettyjen uusien palveluiden kehitys- ja palveluinnovaatioprosessit. Asiakkaita ja työntekijöitä osallistettiin jonkin verran prosessin aikana. Lisäksi havaittiin, että uusien palveluiden kehitys- ja palveluinnovaatioprosessit eivät ehkä ole erillisiä kehitysprosesseja, vaikka niistä käytetäänkin eri nimityksiä kirjallisuudessa.

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Eleusine indica (goosegrass) is a diploid grass weed which has developed resistance to ACCase inhibitors during the last ten years due to the intensive and frequent use of sethoxydim to control grass weeds in soybean crops in Brazil. Plant dose-response assays confirmed the resistant behaviour of one biotype obtaining high resistance factor values: 143 (fenoxaprop), 126 (haloxyfop), 84 (sethoxydim) to 58 (fluazifop). ACCase in vitro assays indicated a target site resistance as the main cause of reduced susceptibility to ACCase inhibitors. PCR-generated fragments of the ACCase CT domain of the resistant and sensitive reference biotype were sequenced and compared. A point mutation was detected within the triplet of aspartate at the amino acid position 2078 (referred to EMBL accession no. AJ310767) and resulted in the triplet of glycine. These results constitute the first report on a target site mutation for a Brazilian herbicide resistant grass weed.