A introdução de mecanismos de competição e o quadro legal básico do Sistema Nacional de Saúde português : a perspectiva hospitalar

RESUMO - O presente trabalho de projecto visa analisar a introdução de mecanismos de competição do ponto de vista do quadro legal básico – Constituição e Lei de Bases da Saúde – que enforma o sistema de saúde português e principalmente, o seu impacte ao nível do meio hospitalar. Pretende-se aferir se a implementação de ferramentas de mercado no meio em apreço encontra previsão naqueles diplomas legais, sendo por isso, permissivos quanto ao seu desenvolvimento ou se, por outro lado, o nosso enquadramento legal se revela hostil ao seu desenvolvimento. O estudo foi desenvolvido com recurso, essencialmente, à pesquisa e revisão bibliográficas que serão transversais aos capítulos que compõem o enquadramento conceptual, à hermenêutica para efeitos de aplicação à temática da descrição do quadro legal básico e à análise das hipóteses de trabalho apresentadas. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que, via de regra, o quadro legal básico do sistema de saúde português é permissivo à introdução de mecanismos de competição, encontrando mesmo, alguns deles, eco legal em disposições datadas de final da década de ’60. Este grau de permissividade tanto é comprovável através de estatuições que directamente prevêem determinada ferramenta, como através da ausência de previsão que no nosso ordenamento jurídico, não é sinónimo de proibição. ----------------------------------ABSTRACT - This essay analyses the existing relation between the introduction of competition tools in the Portuguese health care system and its basic legal framework – the Constitution and the Health Bases Law – particularly from the hospital’s point of view. We aim to assess if the use and implementation of those tools are permissible by law or if, on the other hand, our legal system is hostile towards that introduction. Preferably we used bibliographical research in almost every chapter and hermeneutics allowed us to perform a detailed analysis of the basic legal framework. We conclude that, most of the times, the Portuguese basic legal framework is permissible to the use of such tools and some of the legislative acts date from the late sixties. That can be encompassed by existing or non-existing statutes – since in our legal system what is not specifically foreseen is not, necessarily forbidden.

Orçamentação por programas no orçamento de estado de 2012: enquadramento legal e estratégico 2011-2015

Apresentação realizada no curso "Orçamento por programas no OE 2012", no Ina em Oeiras a 30 de setembro de 2011

Quadro legal e serviços de informação para a abertura e transparência institucional Europeia

Esta comunicação apresenta e analisa a evolução do quadro legal criado para a divulgação e o acesso aos documentos produzidos pelas instituições europeias (Parlamento, Conselho e Comissão). É dada especial ênfase ao Regulamento 1049/2001, relativo ao acesso do público aos documentos. São apresentados os serviços de informação digital disponíveis no Portal EUROPA para o cumprir quadro legal definido no Regulamento 1049/2001. ão examinadas as características e os objetivos do registo de documentos das três principais instituições europeias, bem como o tipo de informação que disponibilizam. Avaliam-se alguns dos dados dos relatórios anuais publicados sobre o acesso aos documentos, no sentido de aferir o uso efetivo por parte dos cidadãos europeus desses serviços de mediação informacional. Para abordar esta temática são revistos e aplicados os conceitos de abertura, transparência e acessibilidade.

Reflections on the legal framework for relations between cooperatives and subsidiaries.

In the light of Portuguese legal system, cooperative enterprises may include an enterprise carried out by a subsidiary, provided they conform to certain requirements. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the issue of the legal framework of the relationship between the cooperative and the subsidiary. There are several problems to be addressed in this paper: (i) How to qualify such a relationship since corresponding to mere investments made by the cooperative? Should it be classified as non-member cooperative transactions or as extraordinary activities? (ii) How to qualify such a relationship when related to the development of preparatory or complementary activities for the economic activity developed between the cooperative and its members? May we speak, in this situation, of a concept of “indirect mutuality”, as provided in other legal systems? (iii) How should we classify and what is the regime of the economic results from the activity developed by the subsidiary? We will conclude, advocating: (i) That the cooperative enterprise may include an enterprise carried out by a subsidiary if this is deemed necessary to satisfy the interests of the members; (ii) The inadmissibility of the concept of “indirect mutuality”; (iii) The inadequacy of qualifying the legal relationship between the cooperative partner (iv) The application, to the economic results coming from the activity developed by the subsidiary, of the regime provided for in the Portuguese Cooperative Code to the results from non-member cooperative transactions; (v) The economic results coming from the activity developed by the subsidiary cannot be appropriated by individual co-operators members, and so should be allocated to indivisible reserves.

A reserva legal nas cooperativas: um estudo de caso de uma cooperativa centenária portuense

O objetivo da presente comunicação consiste em refletir sobre as principais diferenças entre o tratamento jurídico e contabilístico da reserva legal nas cooperativas e nas sociedades comerciais. Assim, partindo de uma análise crítica do regime previsto no Código Cooperativo Português, e tendo por referência os documentos contabilísticos da Cooperativa dos Pedreiros, esta comunicação procura responder a questões pertinentes no que concerne à constituição e utilização da reserva legal e à sua finalidade quer durante a vida das cooperativas quer no momento da dissolução e liquidação do seu património. Os resultados do estudo confirmam que a reserva legal nas cooperativas tem um regime jurídico diferente face ao das sociedades comerciais, nomeadamente quanto ao destino da reserva legal, que nas cooperativas se circunscreve à cobertura de perdas, bem como a sua irrepartibilidade. Tendo em conta o caráter variável do capital social cooperativo, a reserva legal apresentase como o recurso financeiro de melhor qualidade nas cooperativas. Impõe-se, no entanto, uma alteração ao normativo jurídico português aplicável às cooperativas quanto a aspetos particulares do regime jurídico das cooperativas, destacando-se a necessidade do estabelecimento de uma hierarquia entre as diferentes reservas, no sentido de que, para efeitos de cobertura de prejuízos, a reserva legal só seja movimentada depois de esgotadas as outras reservas.

Análise do enquadramento técnico-legal dos resíduos hospitalares

Dissertação para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil Gestão e Sistemas Ambientais

O enquadramento legal do Facebok

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre.

Uniformização dos métodos de avaliação do estado de conservação de edifícios definidos no quadro legal português

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil - Perfil de Construção

O Ne bis in idem no Espaço de Liberdade, Segurança e Justiça e no Direito Europeu da Concorrência

Ne bis in idem, understood as a procedural guarantee in the EU assumes different features in the AFSJ and in european competition law. Despite having a common origin (being, in both sectors the result of the case law of the same jurisdictional organ) its components are quite distintic in each area of the integration. In the AFSJ, the content of bis and idem are broader and addressed at a larger protection of individuals. Its axiological ground is based on the freedom of movements and human dignity, whereas in european competition law its closely linked to defence rights of legal persons and the concept of criminal punishment of anticompetitive sanctions as interpreted by the ECHR´s jurisprudence. In european competition law, ne bis in idem is limited by the systemic framework of competition law and the need to ensure parallel application of both european and national laws. Nonetheless, the absence of a compulsory mechanism to allocate jurisdiction in the EU (both in the AFSJ and in the field of anti-trust law) demands a common axiological framework. In this context, ne bis in idem must be understood as a defence right based on equity and proportionality. As far as its international dimension is concerned, ne bis in idem also lacks an erga omnes effect and it is not considered to be a rule of ius cogens. Consequently, the model which the ECJ has built regarding the application of the ne bis in idem in transnational and supranational contexts should be replicated by other courts through cross fertilization, in order to internationalize that procedural guarantee and broaden its scope of application.

Os diferentes níveis de regulação legal dos conflitos de interesses no âmbito da gestão de fundos de investimento mobiliário

In the context of the activity developed by securities investment funds (hereinafter referred to “SIF”) the holders of investment units have a very tiny power to intervene. Aware of the risks that a decoupling between ownership and control may pose, the legislator has foreseen a number of impositions and limitations to the activity of the managing entities, namely to prevent or prohibit the performance of acts in situations of potential conflicts of interests. Accordingly, the purpose of the dissertation on – “Os diferentes níveis de regulação legal dos conflitos de interesses no âmbito da gestão de FIM” – is exactly to determine the field of application of the several levels of legal regulation of the conflicts of interests that arise within the scope of the management of SIF, both at the level of the new legal requirements governing collective investment undertakings, and at the level of the legal requirements governing the conflicts of interests foreseen in the Portuguese Securities Code, in order to clarify the articulation of these different levels of conflicts of interests regulations.

A liberalização do mercado energético e o papel das entidades reguladoras

The liberalisation of the energy market goes back to the 1990s, when it was impelled by the European legislator. Since then, three legislative packages, temporarily successive, were approved. Those packages contained the measures to be implemented in order to deepen the internal energy market. Besides the opening up of several national markets to competition, the European legislator aimed the creation of a real internal energy market within the European Union. The unbundling regime was one of the most important steps with respect to the liberalisation process. The introduction of these rules ensured independence to the various market operators. A real and effective right of choice was granted to the consumers so they may choose their electricity and natural gas supplier. Therefore, the activity of comercialisation is subject to competition. However, some activities of the electricity’s and natural gas’ chain of value, namely the activities of transportation and distribution, were kept under regulation rules. Even though it may seem odd, the assignment of important competences and strong powers to a regulatory authority was essential in order to achieve the liberalisation process’ goals. Electricity and natural gas are essential public goods; therefore the market operators are legally bound to public service obligations, such as the security, the universality and the continuity of the supply. The performance of these obligations may become, in some cases, unprofitable for those operators. For such reason, the protection of the consumers’ rights shall only be properly defended if there is a regulatory authority that monitors the behaviour of the operators and sanctions the failure to comply with the public service obligations. Portugal, as a Member State of the European Union, transposed into the national legal order the European directives concerning the liberalisation process. This transposition has caused radical changes to the electricity and natural gas’ national markets. The Entidade Reguladora dos Serviços Energéticos also suffered various mutations in order to keep up with the regulatory demands regarding the liberalisation process.

Does the existing Corporate Governance structure and strict Legal Framework, affect the strategic decisionmaking of CEOs?

This thesis is a case study on Corporate Governance and Business Ethics, using the Portuguese Corporate Law as a general setting. The thesis was conducted in Portugal with illustrations on past cases under the Business Judgment Rule of the State of Delaware, U.SA along with illustrations on current cases in Portugal under the Portuguese Judicial setting, along with a comparative analysis between both. A debate is being considered among scholars and executives; a debate on best practices within corporate governance and corporate law, associated with recent discoveries of unlawful investments that lead to the bankruptcy of leading institutions and an aggravation of the crisis in Portugal. The study aimed at learning possible reasons and causes for the current situation of the country’s corporations along with attempts to discover the best way to move forward. From the interviews and analysis conducted, this paper concluded that the corporate governance structure and legal frameworks in Portugal were not the sole influencers behind the actions and decisions of Corporate Executives, nor were they the main triggers for the recent corporate mishaps. But it is rather a combination of different factors that played a significant role, such as cultural and ethical aspects, individual personalities, and others all of which created gray areas beyond the legal structure, which in turn accelerated and aggravated the corporate governance crisis in the country.

Impact of taxes on competition: the legal status quo in the European Union

Dissertação de mestrado em Direito dos Negócios, Europeu e Transnacional

A violência sexual e de género nos campos de população refugiada: análise e enquadramento legal

Dissertação de mestrado em Direitos Humanos