CAD/CAM一体化的应用与开发

文章概要地介绍了CAD/CAM系统的结构、CAD/CAM一体化的工作流程,提出实现CAD/CAM一体化的几种可行方案,并以具体零件机床为例,给出从设计到数控编程和机床加工的全过程。

激光再制造关键技术及其工艺试验研究

激光再制造技术是在20世纪80年代末期出现的激光熔覆技术基础上结合再制造技术所发展起来的一项先进制造技术，它利用高能激光束局部熔化零件表面形成熔池，同时将金属合金粉末同步送入熔池而形成与基体金属冶金结合的熔覆层，赋予零部件耐高温、耐腐蚀、耐磨损、抗疲劳等性能。该技术融合了激光技术、材料科学、数控加工、CAD/CAM技术、光电检测技术、机构设计技术、优化设计和系统仿真等相关领域的关键技术，是一门全新的光、机、电、计算机、自动化、材料综合交叉的制造技术。它的出现给机电设备的再制造带来了全新的理念，解决了很多传统再制造技术无法解决的难题，极大的带动和促进了再制造产业的发展，具有广阔的应用前景，产生了巨大的经济、社会和环境效益。 目前，国内外激光再制造技术的研究尚处于萌芽阶段，研究还没有形成系统化，仍然有很多关键技术需要进行深入细致的研究。本文在国家863计划、中科院知识创新基金和地方科技攻关等项目的支持下，系统地研究了激光再制造的关键技术，在建立各项关键技术知识点分析和理论研究的基础上，给出了关键技术的实施路线和解决方案，为激光再制造技术的工艺试验和工业化应用提供了理论依据和技术支持。具体的研究内容如下： （1） 进行了激光再制造系统本体研究，在系统地研究了各功能模块的基础上，提出了各功能模块选择的原则，有效的避免了搭建再制造系统时各功能模块任意选择的误区。针对国产激光器不稳定和使用寿命短等缺点，借鉴固态激光器的结构原理，设计开发了新一代模块化CO2激光器；针对国产送粉系统不稳定、送粉不均匀等缺点，设计开发了一种新型内外双水冷的同轴送粉喷嘴，经过试验测试，此喷嘴可长时间连续稳定运行，满足工业化生产的需要。基于模糊数学理论的优化设计方法，自主开发了一套三维多功能激光再制造系统，该系统结构完整、功能完善、性能可靠，可以对大型设备零部件进行激光修复和激光淬火。 （2） 进行了激光再制造熔池温度场检测系统的研究，建立了一套在线、小视场、大量程、高精度红外测温系统；通过红外滤光片的选择和设计，有效解决了传统3CCD相机比色测量的准确度差和精度低的问题；提出了一种红外热像系统位置标定的方法，为其它领域红外系统的摄像机标定提供了研究基础；进行了各加工工艺参数对熔池温度场稳定性影响的研究，从而更加了解了激光熔覆凝固成型的原理。同时，进行了熔覆层厚度检测系统的研究，建立了一套单CCD应用线结构光测量熔覆层厚度的系统，并对系统的构成、系统的标定和测量原理进行了分析和研究，从而实现了熔覆层厚度由定性测量向定量测量的跨越。 （3） 进行了工业生产中常见装备及其零部件的失效分析研究，提出了一套按照增加熔覆层性能的失效原因分类原则；进行了激光熔覆粉末种类及其特点的研究，提出了一套激光熔覆粉末的选择原则，给出了各类熔覆层应该采用的熔覆粉末的具体配比方案，从而为激光再制造技术的工业应用奠定了基础。 （4） 进行了激光再制造工艺设计研究，详细分解了激光熔覆过程中涉及到的各工艺步骤，如光束选择、送粉方式、不同基材的熔覆工艺、预处理工艺、预热处理、加工路径规划和后处理等，结合大量的工艺试验，提出了各工艺的选择原则；提出了激光比能量、送粉速度、搭接率、预热温度、预置粉末厚度和保护气流量是影响激光再制造熔覆层质量的最重要工艺参数，并结合工艺实验验证了这些工艺参数对熔覆层质量的实际影响；进行了熔覆层质量的宏观判据和微观判据研究，给出了宏观判据现象产生的原因和微观判据测量的方法，从而为激光再制造技术的工业应用铺平了道路。 （5） 在解决了上述激光再制造关键技术的基础上，进行了板坯结晶器激光再制造工艺试验研究，分析了板坯结晶器的失效原因，并根据失效分析设计和选择熔覆粉末，然后对每种熔覆粉末进行了熔覆工艺设计，采用正交试验法获得了各加工工艺的最佳工艺参数，并制备了相应的样件；然后对样件熔覆层的各种宏观现象和微观性能测试的进行了分析，包括孔隙率、浸润性、微观形貌、显微硬度、成分偏析、金相研究、抗腐蚀性和抗热疲劳性能等，从而得出了大面积板坯结晶器激光熔覆的最佳熔覆粉末、最佳工艺和工艺参数等，并进行了窄板结晶器的激光再制造。

松辽盆地南部大情字井地区CO2埋存体地质格架及储层建模

Increasing attentions have been paid to the subsurface geological storage for CO2 in view of the huge storage capacity of subsurface reservoirs. The basic requirement for subsurface CO2 storage is that the CO2 should be sequestrated as supercritical fluids (physical trapping), which may also interact with ambient reservoir rocks and formation waters, forming new minerals (chemical trapping). In order to the effective, durable and safe storage for CO2, enough storage space and stable sealing caprock with strong sealing capacity are necessitated, in an appropriate geological framework. Up till now, hydrocarbon reservoirs are to the most valid and appropriate CO2 storage container, which is well proven as the favorable compartment with huge storage capacity and sealing condition. The thesis focuses on two principal issues related to the storage and sealing capacity of storage compartment for the Qingshankou and Yaojia formations in the Daqingzijing block, Southern Songliao Basin, which was selected as the pilot well site for CO2-EOR storage. In the operation area, three facies, including deltaic plain, deltaic front and subdeep-deep lake facies associations, are recognized, in which 11 subfacies such as subaqueous distributary channel, river- mouth bar, interdistributary bay, sheet sandbody, crevasse splay and overflooding plain are further identified. These subfacies are the basic genetic units in the reservoir and sealing rocks. These facies further comprise the retrogradational and progradational depositional cycles, which were formed base- level rise and fall, respectively. During the regressive or lake lowstand stage, various sands including some turbidites and fans occurred mostly at the bottom of the hinged slope. During the progradation stage, these sands became smaller in size and episodically stepped backwards upon the slope, with greatly expanded and deeped lake. However, most of Cretaceous strata in the study area, localized in the basin centre under this stage, are mainly composed of grey or grizzly siltstones and grey or dark grey mudstones intercalated with minor fine sandstones and purple mudstones. On the base of borehole and core data, these siltstones are widespread, thin from 10 to 50 m thick, good grain sorting, and have relative mature sedimentary structures with graded bedding and cross- lamination or crossbeds such as ripples, which reflect strong hydrodynamic causes. Due to late diagenesis, pores are not widespread in the reservoirs, especially the first member of Qingshankou formation. There are two types of pores: primary pore and secondary cores. The primary pores include intergranular pores and micropores, and the secondary pores include emposieus and fracture pores. Throat channels related to pores is also small and the radius of throat in the first, second and third member of Qingshankou formation is only 0.757 μm, 0.802 μm and 0.631 μm respectively. In addition, based on analyzing the probability plot according to frequency of occurrence of porosity and permeability, they appear single- peaked distribution, which reflects strong hetero- geneity. All these facts indicate that the conditions of physical property of reservoirs are not better. One reason may be provided to interpret this question is that physical property of reservoirs in the study area is strong controlled by the depositional microfacies. From the statistics, the average porosity and permeability of microfacies such as subaqueous distributary channel, channel mouth bar, turbidites, is more than 9 percent and 1md respectively. On the contrary, the average porosity and permeability of microfacies including sand sheet, flagstone and crevasse splay are less than 9 percent and 0.2md respectively. Basically, different hydrodynamic environment under different microfacies can decide different physical property. According to the reservoir models of the first member of Qingshankou formation in the No. well Hei47 block, the character of sedimentary according to the facies models is accord to regional disposition evolution. Meantime, the parameter models of physical property of reservoir indicate that low porosity and low permeability reservoirs widespread widely in the study area, but the sand reservoirs located in the channels are better than other places and they are the main sand reservoirs. The distribution and sealing ability of fault- fractures and caprock are the key aspects to evaluate the stable conditions of compartments to store CO2 in the study area. Based on the core observation, the fractures widespread in the study area, especially around the wells, and most of them are located in the first and second member of Qingshankou formation, almost very few in the third member of Qingshankou formation and Yaojia formation instead. In addition, analyzing the sealing ability of eleven faults in the three-dimensional area in the study area demonstrates that most of faults have strong sealing ability, especially in the No. well Hei56 and Qing90-27. To some extent, the sealing ability of faults in the No. well Hei49, Qing4-6 and Qing84-29 are worse than others. Besides, the deposition environment of most of formations in the study area belongs to moderately deep and deep lake facies, which undoubtedly take advantage to caprocks composed of mudstones widespread and large scale under this deposition environment. In the study area, these mudstones distribute widely in the third member of Qingshankou formation, Yaojia and Nenjiang formation. The effective thickness of mudstone is nearly ~550m on an average with few or simple faults and fractures. In addition, there are many reservoir beds with widely- developed insulated interbeds consist of mudstones or silty mudstone, which can be the valid barrier to CO2 upper movement or leakage through diffusion, dispersion and convection. Above all, the closed thick mud caprock with underdeveloped fractures and reservoir beds can be taken regard as the favorable caprocks to provide stable conditions to avoid CO2 leakage.

一种由全球水循环产生的可能重要的CO2汇

关于全球CO2汇的位置、大小、变化和机制目前仍不确定, 还存有争议. 在理论计算和野外观测数据证明的基础上发现, 可能存在一种由全球水循环产生的重要的CO2汇(以溶解无机碳-DIC的形式). 这个汇达到0.8013 Pg C/a(约占人类活动排放CO2总量的10.1%, 或占所谓的遗漏CO2汇的28.6%), 它是由水对CO2的溶解吸收形成的, 并随着碳酸盐的溶解及水生植物光合作用对CO2的消耗的增加而显著增加. 这部分汇中有0.5188 Pg C/a通过海上降水(0.2748 Pg C/a)和陆地河流(0.244 Pg C/a)进入海洋, 有0.158 Pg C/a再次释放进入大气, 还有0.1245 Pg C/a储存在陆地水生生态系统中. 因此, 净沉降是0.6433 Pg C/a. 随着全球变暖引起的全球水循环的加强、CO2和大气圈中碳酸盐粉尘的增加, 还有造林地区的增多(会引起土壤CO2的增加进而导致水中DIC浓度的增大), 这部分汇也可能增加.

超临界CO2流体萃取重金属的研究进展

超临界CO2流体与技术配合相结合开辟了重金属萃取的新途径。本文介绍了超临界CO2流体萃取重金属的研究现状，总结了影响萃取的因素，并对未来的发展趋势作了展望。

岩溶水系统对大气CO2的潜在影响——基于热力学的研究

认识不同条件下岩溶水释放或吸收CO2 的反应过程是研究碳酸盐岩对碳循环响应的前提和基础。本文从吉布斯自由能的热力学原理出发,对全球不同岩溶地区162 组岩溶水(河水、溪水、湖水等) 进行了热力学研究,结果显示:1) 河水、溪水、湖水和洞穴滴水等岩溶水所处的环境因方解石矿物沉积而释放CO2 成为大气CO2 一个潜在的源;2) 地下水在所处的环境下由于方解石的溶解而吸收CO2 ,成为大气CO2 一个潜在的汇;3) 少数出露点的泉水所处的环境既可发生方解石的溶解而吸收CO2 ,成为大气CO2 的潜在汇,也可发生方解石的沉积而释放CO2 ,成为大气CO2 的潜在源;4) 在洪水期,泉水的水化学特征变化并未导致对大气CO2 潜在贡献在源汇之间的跨跃性转变。162 组岩溶水数据中,所有河水与溪水皆无一例外地在释放CO2 。结果表明,从吉布斯自由能的热力学原理出发,研究岩溶水系统对大气CO2 潜在源汇的贡献,没有条件约束,是一种较好的途径。

超临界CO2萃取小茴香精油与其它方法所得提取物的成分对比

本文主要是研究超临界CO2萃取小茴香精油的GC－MS成分，并将其与水蒸汽蒸馏产物及索氏提取产物相对比。分析结果表明：超临界CO2萃取精油与水蒸汽蒸馏提取物、索氏提取物的主要差异在于脂肪酸的含量。超临界CO2萃取小茴香精油的主要成分为大茴香脑和脂肪酸，而水蒸汽蒸馏及索氏提取物的主要成分为大茴香脑。

超临界CO2萃取九叶青花椒和大红袍花椒挥发油的化学成分分析及香气比较

采用超临界CO2萃取法提取九叶青花椒和大红袍花椒挥发油，以气相色谱-质谱仪对其化学成分进行检测，用色谱峰面积归一化法确定各化学成分的相对含量，评香师对花椒挥发油的香气进行评价。结果表明，超临界萃取的九叶青花椒挥发油得率为7％，鉴定出63个化合物，属青香型花椒油；超临界萃取的大红袍花椒挥发油得率为4％，鉴定出80个化合物，属浓香型花椒油；两种花椒挥发油的化学成分含量和香气有明显差异，但都保留了各自品种的天然香气特征.

超临界CO2萃取灵芝孢子油的GC／MS分析

采用超临界CO2萃取破壁灵芝孢子，萃取条件22MPa，40℃，将所得的孢子油，经GC／MS定性和定量分析，共检出18种脂肪酸成分，其中亚油酸和油酸占62．45％，不饱和脂肪酸占68．42％。

我国南方岩溶区和北方黄土区的大气CO2效应

我国南方岩溶区与北方黄土区都是巨大的碳库。碳酸盐的溶蚀及再结晶是两个碳库与大气ＣＯ２交换的重要过程；碳的区域平衡是评价化学风化消耗或逸散ＣＯ２的基础，岩溶区与黄土区在地球化学风化的环境背景。溶蚀过程，产物运移和归宿等差异很大。黄土区化学风化消耗大气ＣＯ２通量较岩溶区小。目前评价两类地区土壤与大气ＣＯ２的源汇关系尚不成熟，需要定量认识土壤ＣＯ２与下伏碳酸盐岩溶蚀或与下伏黄土次生碳酸盐化作用。

云贵高原湖泊CO2的地球化学变化及其大气CO2源汇效应

国家自然科学基金项目(批准号：49903007和40073032)和中国科学院知识创新工程项目(批准号：KZCX2—105)资助

超临界CO2萃取印楝种子中印楝素的研究

应用超临界CO2 萃取技术从印楝种子中萃取印楝素,研究了萃取温度、压力和夹带剂对印楝素萃取效果的影响。当萃取温度为35 ℃、压力为15 MPa、甲醇用量为CO2 体积的3 %时,可将印楝种子中90 %以上的印楝素A 萃取出来,所得产品印楝素A 的质量分数为2013 %。

超临界CO2萃取不同部位姜油的组成研究

应用超临界CO2萃取同一品种生姜的带皮姜、去皮姜、姜皮姜油，采用GC-MS联用技术分离鉴定其中的化学组成，并计算其相对含量。结果表明不同部位姜油化学成分含量存在差异。

大蒜深加工中的超临界CO2萃取技术

介绍了大蒜的重要用途及大蒜油的几种主要提取技术,综述了超临界CO2 萃取技术在大蒜深加工中大蒜油提取、大蒜脱臭及生物活性成分保留方面的应用研究。

超临界CO2萃取花椒挥发油及化学组分研究

用超临界CO2萃取技术提取重庆江津产青花椒挥发油，研究了萃取温度的影响，用色谱－质谱联用仪分析了花椒挥发油化学成分及百分含量，共鉴定出38个化合物，占挥发油总量的98.81%，其中花椒挥发油的特征有效成分之一－哩哪醇含量高达58.79%，表明用超临界CO2萃取技术提取重庆江津产青花椒挥发油品质较高。