Efficient heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis of the Mukaiyama aldol reaction by silica- and ionic liquid-supported Lewis acid copper(II) complexes of bis(oxazolines)

Lewis acid complexes based on copper(II) and an imidazolium-tagged bis(oxazoline) have been used to catalyse the asymmetric Mukaiyama aldol reaction between methyl pyruvate and 1-methoxy-1-tri-methylsilyloxypropene under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. Although the ees obtained in ionic liquid were similar to those found in dichloromethane, there was a significant rate enhancement in the ionic liquid with reactions typically reaching completion within 2 min compared with only 55% conversion after 60 min in dichloromethane. However, this rate enhancement was offset by lower chemoselectivity in ionic liquids due to the formation of 3-hydroxy-1,3-diphenylbutan-1-one as a by-product. Supporting the catalyst on silica or an imidazolium-modified silica using the ionic liquid or in an ionic liquid-diethyl ether system completely suppressed the formation of this by-product without reducing the enantioselectivity. Although the heterogeneous systems were characterised by a drop in catalytic activity the system could be recycled up to five times without any loss in conversion or ee.

Recyclable copper catalysts based on imidazolium-tagged bis(oxazolines): A marked enhancement in rate and enantioselectivity for Diels-Alder reactions in ionic liquid

Imidazolium-tagged bis(oxazolines) have been prepared and used as chiral ligands in the copper(II)-catalysed Diels-Alder reaction of N-acryloyl- and N-crotonoyloxazolidinones with cyclopentadiene and 1,3-cyclohexadiene in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide, [emim][NTf2]. A significant and substantial enhancement in the rate and enantioselectivity was achieved in [emim][NTf2] compared with dichloromethane. For example, complete conversion and enantioselectivities up to 95 % were obtained for the reaction between N-acryloyloxazolidinone and cyclopentadiene within 2 min in [emim][NTf2] whereas the corresponding reaction in dichloromethane required 60 min to reach completion and gave an ee of only 16 %. The enhanced rates obtained in the ionic liquid enabled a catalyst loading as low as 0.5 mol % to give complete conversion within 2 min while retaining the same level of enantioselectivity. The imidazolium-tagged catalysts can be recycled ten times without any loss in activity or enantioselectivity and showed much higher affinity for the ionic liquid phase during the recycle procedure than the analogous uncharged ligand.

Ionic Liquid Effect on the Reversal of Configuration for the Magnesium(II) and Copper(II) Bis(oxazoline)-Catalysed Enantioselective Diels-Alder Reaction

Ionic liquids have been used to support a range of magnesium-and copper-based bis(oxazoline) complexes for the enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction between N-acryloyloxazolidinone and cyclopentadiene. Compared with reaction performed in dichloromethane or diethyl ether, an enhancement in ee is observed with a large increase in reaction rate. In addition, for non-sterically hindered bis(oxazoline) ligands, that is, phenyl functionalised ligands, a reversal in configuration is found in the ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide], compared with molecular solvents. Supported ionic liquid phase catalysts have also been developed using surface-modified silica which show good reactivity and enantioselectivity for the case of the magnesium-based bis(oxazoline) complexes. Poor ees and conversion were observed for the analogous copper-based systems. Some drop in ee was found on supporting the catalyst due a drop in the rate of reaction and, therefore, an increase in the contribution from the uncatalysed a chiral reaction.

Model calculations for copper clusters on Au(111) surfaces

Using the semi-empirical embedded-atom method, the structure of small copper clusters on Au(111) surfaces has been investigated both by static and dynamic calculations. By varying the size of roughly circular clusters, the edge energy per atom is obtained; it agrees quite well with estimates based on experimental results. Small three-dimensional clusters tend to have the shape of a pyramid, whose sides are oriented in the directions of small surface energy. The presence of a cluster is found to distort the underlying lattice of adsorbed copper atoms. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Mandelohydroxamic acid as ligand for copper(II) 15-metallacrown-5 lanthanide(III) and copper(II) 15-metallacrown-5 uranyl complexes

The formation of pentanuclear copper(ii) complexes with the mandelohydroxamic ligand was studied in solution by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), absorption spectrophotometry, circular dichroism and H-1 NMR spectroscopy. The presence of lanthanide(iii) or uranyl ions is essential for the self-assembly of the 15-metallacrown-5 compounds. The negative mode ESI-MS spectra of solutions containing copper(II), mandelohydroxamic acid and lanthanide(iii) ions (Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Eu, Gd, Dy, Er, Tm, Lu, Y) or uranyl in the ratio 5:5:1 showed only the peaks that could be unambiguously assigned to the following intact molecular ions: {Ln(NO3)(2)[15-MCuIIN(MHA)-5](2-)}(-) and {Ln(NO3)[15-MCCuIIN(MHA)-5](3-)}(-), where MHA represents doubly deprotonated mandelohydroxamic acid. The NMR spectra of the pentanuclear species revealed only one set of peaks indicating a fivefold symmetry of the complex. The pentanuclear complexes synthesized with the enantiomerically pure R- or S-forms of mandelohydroxamic acid ligand, showed circular dichroism spectra which were mirror images of each other. The pentanuclear complex made from the racemic form of the ligand showed no signals in the CD spectrum. The UV/ Vis titration experiments revealed that the order in which the metal salts are added to the solution of the mandelohydroxamic acid ligand is crucial for the formation of metallacrown complexes. The addition of copper(ii) to the solutions containing mandelohydroxamic acid and neodymium(iii) in a 5:1 ratio lead to the formation of a pentanuclear complex in solution. In contrary, titration of lanthanide(iii) salt to the solution containing copper(ii) and mandelohydroxamic acid did not show any evidence for the formation of pentanuclear species. ((c) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)

Relaxometric study of copper [15]metallacrown-5 gadolinium complexes derived from alpha-aminohydroxamic acids

Proton nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profiles were recorded between 0.24 mT and 1.4 T for lanthanum(III)- and gadolinium(III)-containing [15]metallacrown-5 complexes derived from alpha-aminohydroxamic acids and with copper(n) as the ring metal. The influence of the different R-groups on the proton relaxivity was investigated, and a linear relationship between the relaxivity and the molecular mass of the metallacrown complex was found. The selectivity of the metallacrown complexes was tested by transmetalation experiments with zinc(n) ions. The crystal structure of the copper [15]metallacrown-5 gadolinium complex with glycine hydroximate ligands is reported.