Branqueamento de capitais

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças, sob orientação do Doutor José Amorim

Proposta de solução de videovigilância para locais remotos

Desde tempos remotos que homens faziam a vigilância de bens e mercadorias e mais recentemente também de pessoas com o intuito de dissuadir roubos, atos de vandalismo e de violência. Nos últimos anos, com a evolução das novas tecnologias verificou-se a sua adoção para auxílio da vigilância. Os atos de terrorismo que têm acontecido um pouco por todo o mundo trouxeram um clima de insegurança à população mundial. Este fenómeno, juntamente com o elevado número de roubos e atos de violência levou à expansão de utilização dos meios de videovigilância de forma a dissuadir estes tipos de crime podendo mesmo, nalguns casos servir como prova para punir os autores dos mesmos. Em Portugal tem-se verificado uma escalada de crimes nas zonas mais rurais não só de bens como as alfaias agrícolas mas também de frutos e mesmo de animais. Estes crimes predominam em locais rurais, relativamente distantes das povoações e em locais onde não existem (ou são praticamente inexistentes) infraestruturas necessárias para implementar meios de videovigilância como a falta de rede elétrica e internet o que torna quase inviável a existência de sistemas de videovigilância nesses locais. Dotar esses locais das infra estruturas necessárias poderia tornar-se demasiado dispendioso e os vigilantes humanos poderiam correr riscos no meio dos montes ou noutros locais remotos para além dos seus elevados custos. Para além do problema dos roubos, existe um outro flagelo relacionado com os incêndios na floresta portuguesa, que todos os anos é dizimada pelo fogo devido a incêndios que surgem na sua maioria causados pelo homem sendo uma parte significativa os de origem criminosa. Para dar resposta a estes problemas e no sentido de vigiar e dissuadir estes tipos de crimes, iniciamos um estudo que pretende propor um protótipo de um sistema de videovigilância para locais remotos (SVR - Sistema de Videovigilância Remota) de baixo custo de forma a diminuir o número de crimes e assim minimizar os prejuízos económico e sociais causados pelos mesmos. Pretendemos estudar o problema e analisar tecnologias com potencial para propor uma solução que possa auxiliar a vigilância nesse tipo de locais com o pressuposto de poder vir a contribuir para a diminuição deste tipo de crimes devido ao seu efeito dissuasor pelo facto de se poder divulgar que estes locais já têm uma solução de vigilância oculta. A solução proposta contempla um sistema de videovigilância com uma camara construída com base num Raspberry Pi onde o vídeo é transmitido em streaming via Web através de comunicações móveis. A alimentação do sistema nestes espaços sem energia elétrica é feita através de um painel fotovoltaico. É proporcionado ao utilizador uma interface para visualizar o vídeo transmitido e um mecanismo de notificações por email. É ainda possível a visualização de imagens gravadas num cartão de memória relativas a ocorrências de deteção de movimentos. Foram realizados inúmeros testes ao protótipo SVR sendo os resultados obtidos aqui descritos.

Information Society in Croatia, Landsc@pes of Knowledge for Development

Sabbatical Studies Report

Detecção Remota no diagnóstico da gestão florestal da amazónia Mato-Grossense

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica

Saúde Mental em meio prisional : avaliação de necessidades de cuidados em reclusos com perturbação mental

RESUMO: A população prisional é constituída por indivíduos geralmente sujeitos a alguma forma de exclusão social e que apresentam problemas de saúde física e mental mais frequentes do que na população em geral. A prevalência mais elevada de perturbações mentais e de suicídio nos reclusos, em relação à população civil, é consensual e está demonstrada em numerosos estudos internacionais. O abuso/dependência de substâncias, a depressão, as psicoses e a perturbação anti-social de personalidade são as perturbações mais comuns na população prisional. As perturbações mentais são importantes factores de risco de suicídio, de vitimização, de reincidência e de reentrada no sistema prisional. Assim sendo, o grupo de reclusos com perturbação mental constitui um grupo de risco relevante. A avaliação de necessidades de cuidados foi iniciada no Reino Unido como um método para o planeamento, medição dos resultados e financiamento dos cuidados de saúde. Para esta avaliação foram desenvolvidos instrumentos que avaliam as necessidades em diversos domínios (clínicos e sociais) para aplicação aos utentes, cuidadores e profissionais. Até aos anos noventa, a avaliação de necessidades no contexto prisional incidia especialmente nas necessidades de segurança dos serviços, segundo a perspectiva dos profissionais. Contudo, a partir do relatório Reed (1992), sobre a situação dos reclusos com perturbação mental, verificou-se uma abordagem mais abrangente, que incluía a avaliação das necessidades de cuidados dos reclusos. Embora as necessidades dos reclusos com perturbação mental pareçam ser similares às dos doentes psiquiátricos em geral, existem diferenças em determinados domínios como a comorbilidade do eixo II, o abuso de substâncias e o risco de violência. Por este motivo, as necessidades de cuidados de saúde mental dos reclusos são elevadas e frequentemente não se encontram satisfeitas. De forma a incluir estas especificidades foi desenvolvida a versão forense do Camberwell Assessment of Need (CAN), designada por CAN - Forensic Version (CANFOR). Actualmente existe um consenso generalizado entre as instituições internacionais do dever de proporcionar aos reclusos cuidados de saúde, de prevenção e de tratamento, equivalentes aos cuidados disponíveis para a população civil - o princípio da equivalência de cuidados. A presente investigação pretendeu caracterizar e avaliar as necessidades de cuidados dos reclusos acompanhados nos serviços de psiquiatria prisionais na área da Grande Lisboa (internamento no Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital Prisional de S. João de Deus (HPSJD) e consultas nos Estabelecimentos Prisionais (EP) de Caxias e de Tires). De modo a estabelecer uma comparação com sujeitos civis foi seleccionada uma amostra de conveniência de pacientes acompanhados num departamento de psiquiatria da mesma região, segundo um emparelhamento por sexo, escalão etário, e por diagnóstico, num período de 3 meses. Realizou-se um estudo de tipo observacional, transversal e comparativo. Aplicaram-se os seguintes instrumentos de avaliação: questionário específico, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale 4.0, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0.0, Global Assessment Functioning, CAN-R e CANFOR-R. No período do estudo (12 meses) foram assistidos 149 reclusos, dos quais, 35 (23,5%) não cumpriram os critérios de inclusão. A amostra final de reclusos (PRs) (n=114) foi constituída por 79 homens (69,3%) e 35 mulheres (30,7%), dos quais 77 eram condenados (67,5%) e 37 (32,5%) encontravam-se detidos preventivamente. A amostra final de participantes civis (PCs) foi constituída por 121 indivíduos, dos quais 76 eram homens (62,8%) e 45 eram mulheres (37,2%).A amostra final de participantes civis (PCs) foi constituída por 121 indivíduos, dos quais 76 eram homens (62,8%) e 45 eram mulheres (37,2%). Relativamente aos PRs, o diagnóstico mais frequente foi a Perturbação Anti-social da Personalidade (57,9%), seguida pela Depressão Major (56,1%). A maioria (53,5%) apresentava três ou mais categorias diagnósticas. Aproximadamente um terço dos PRs (30%) pontuou o nível elevado de risco de suicídio. A probabilidade deste risco aumentava, significativamente, nos portadores de Depressão Major, de um maior nível de psicopatologia e de uma condenação actual. Perto de metade dos PRs (47,4%) possuía duas ou mais condenações prévias e mais de metade estavam envolvidos em crimes contra pessoas (53,5%). A probabilidade de condenações múltiplas foi significativamente superior nos portadores de Perturbação Antisocial da Personalidade e nos reclusos com maior número de necessidades totais. Entre os PRs dos dois sexos, as principais diferenças significativas residiram na maior frequência de consumo de substâncias e no maior número de necessidades de cuidados nãosatisfeitas nos homens versus mulheres. A comparação entre os PRs, antes da detenção, e os PCs mostrou que os primeiros possuíam menor escolaridade, menos medicação psiquiátrica, mas mais emprego e mais consumos de substâncias ilícitas. A Perturbação Anti-social da Personalidade (OR=26,4; IC95%: 10,7-64,9), a Perturbação Pós-stress Traumático (OR=15,0; IC95%: 3,5-65,4), a Dependência/Abuso de Substâncias (OR=8,5; IC95%: 4,2-17,6) a Depressão Major (OR=2,6; IC95%: 1,5-4,4) e o Risco de Suicídio Elevado (OR=2,6; IC95%: 1,4-5,0) foram significativamente mais frequentes nos PRs versus PCs. Relativamente à avaliação de necessidades de cuidados, os PRs mostraram maior número de necessidades não-satisfeitas e maior necessidade de ajuda profissional, em relação aos PCs. Embora diversas necessidades não-satisfeitas possam resultar da condição de recluso, outras, em domínios da saúde física, da segurança do próprio e dos consumos tóxicos, poderão indicar que os PRs recebem um nível de cuidados inferior ao necessário, em comparação com os PCs. Os PRs apresentaram patologia mental, predominantemente não-psicótica e elevado risco de suicídio/auto-agressão, associado a depressão, necessidades de cuidados e uma pena de prisão. Possuíam, numa frequência elevada, características, consistentemente, associadas à reincidência criminal (personalidade anti-social, consumos tóxicos, condenações anteriores), pelo que se justifica um especial acompanhamento deste grupo, no período pré e pós-libertação. A comparação de necessidades de cuidados no contexto civil e prisional indica um maior nível de necessidades e um menor nível de cuidados recebidos pelos PRs, em relação aos PCs. O princípio da equivalência de cuidados poderá estar comprometido nos indivíduos reclusos com perturbação mental. A utilização do CANFOR foi fácil e poderá contribuir para um melhor planeamento, oferta e avaliação de resultados ao nível individual. Os PRs e PCs revelaram características clínicas e de necessidades muito diferentes entre si, pelo que, os reclusos com perturbação mental deverão ser assistidos em serviços de saúde mental preparados para abordar as suas especificidades.---------------ABSTRACT: The prison population is generally made up of individuals who are usually subject to some sort of social exclusion and who show physical and mental problems more frequently than the general population. Various international studies have found higher rates of mental disturbances and suicide within the prison population. The most common mental disturbances found are substance abuse or dependency, depression, psychosis, and anti-social personality disturbance. Such mental disturbances are important factors in suicide, victimization, delinquency recurrence, and the risk of reentry into prison. As a result, prison inmates with mental disturbances are a relevant at risk group. Assessment of needs of care first started in the United Kingdom as a method of care planning, results measuring and finance health care. The method involved the development of certain measuring instruments to be used by patients, caregivers and professionals in order to evaluate needs in various domains (clinical and social). Until the nineties, the assessment of needs of care in a prison context focused mainly on the service’s security needs. However, after the Reed (1992) report on mentally disturbed inmates, a much wider approach was considered, which included evaluation of the inmate’s needs of care. However similar mentally disturbed prison inmates’ needs may appear to those of other psychiatric patients, there are some differences in particular domains, namely, co-morbidity of Axis II, substance abuse and the risk of violence. For this reason, inmates’ mental health care needs are high and very often not met. In order to include these specificities, a forensic version of the Camberwell assessment of need (CAN,) designated CAN – Forensic version (CANFOR) was developed. There is now generalized consensus among international institutions of the duty under the equivalent health care principle to provide inmates with preventative health care and treatment, that are equivalent to the care available to the civil population. This investigation aims to characterize and assess the health care provision of prison inmates admitted to Lisbon’s Psychiatric Prison ward - the Psychiatric Ward of São João de Deus Hospital (HPSJD) - and inmates in the Caxias and Tires Prison Establishments (EP) undertaking outpatient treatment. In order to establish a comparison between prison and civilian patients, a convenience sample was selected from civilian patients being treated in a psychiatric ward in the same geographical area. This sample was paired by gender, age group and diagnosis during a three month period. The study was observational, transversal and comparative. The following measuring instruments were used: a purpose-built questionnaire, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale 4.0, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0.0, Global Assessment Functioning Scale, CAN-R and CANFOR-R. During the research period (12 months), 149 inmates received care, of whom 35 (23.5%) did not comply with the prerequisite criteria of this study. The final sample of inmates (PRs) (n=114) comprised 79 men (69.3%) and 35 (30.7%) women, of whom 77 (67.5%) were convicted prisoners and 37 (32.5%) were in preventive custody. The final sample for Civilian Participants (PCs) was made up of 121 individuals, of whom 76 (62.8%) were men and 45 (37.2%) were women. The most common diagnosis among the PRs was Anti-Social Personality Disorder (57.9%), followed by Major Depression (56.1%). More than half of the subjects in the sample (53.5%) showed three or more diagnostic categories. Approximately one third (30%) of the PRs showed a high level of suicide risk. The probability of this risk was significantly higher among Major Depression patients, those showing a higher level of psychopathology and those with a current conviction. Almost half of the PRs (47.4%) had been given two or more prior convictions and more than half (53.5%) were involved in crimes against people. The probability of multiple convictions was significantly higher among inmates with Anti-Social Personality Disorder and in those with more total needs. With regard to gender, the main significant difference among the PRs was that men were found to have a higher frequency of substance use and a greater number of unsatisfied caring needs than women. Comparison between the PRs prior to detention and PCs revealed that the former held lower educational qualifications and received less psychiatric medication, but had higher levels of employment and showed greater consumption of illicit substances. In addition Anti-Social Personality Disorder (OR=26.4; IC 95%: 10.7-64.9), Post-Stress Traumatic Disturbance (OR=15.0; IC 95%: 3.5-65.4), Substance Dependency/Abuse (OR=8.5; IC 95%: 4.2-17.6), Major Depression (OR=2.6; IC 95%: 1.5-4.4), and High Suicide Risk (OR=2.6; IC 95%: 1.4-5.0) were significantly more frequent amongst PRs than PCs. The results for needs assessment revealed that the PRs showed higher levels of unmet needs and a greater need for professional help in comparison with the PCs. Although various unmet needs may result from the inmate’s condition, other needs - in particular those regarding physical health, personal security and toxic substance use - suggest that the care given to PRs may be inadequate in comparison with that given to PCs. This implies that the principle of equivalent health care for PRs with mental illnesses may not be upheld. Furthermore, the mental morbidity results of the PRs indicated that they suffer predominantly from non-psychotic and high suicide/self inflicted aggression risk associated with depression, caring needs and a prison sentence. They also often showed characteristics that are consistently associated with criminal recidivism (Anti-social Personality, use of toxic substances, prior convictions). This result justifies that there should be special follow-up for this group in the pre- and after release period. The use of CANFOR proved to be simple and the application delay was acceptable. No difficulties were encountered in the understanding of its categories by its users. As a result, itcould contribute towards better planning, supply and assessment of results at an individual level. Given that the PRs and PCs revealed different clinical and needs characteristics, it is recommended that inmates with mental disturbances should be assisted in mental health services that are adequately prepared to address their specificities.

Spatial analysis of crime evolution in Portugal between 1995 and 2013

The main objective of this survey was to perform descriptive analysis of crime evolution in Portugal between 1995 and 2013. The main focus of this survey was to analyse spatial crime evolution patterns in Portuguese NUTS III regions. Most important crime types have been included into analysis. The main idea was to uncover relation between local patterns and global crime evolution; to define regions which have contributed to global crime evolution of some specific crime types and to define how they have contributed. There were many statistical reports and scientific papers which have analysed some particular crime types, but one global spatial-temporal analysis has not been found. Principal Component Analysis and multidimensional descriptive data analysis technique STATIS have been the base of the analysis. The results of this survey has shown that strong spatial and temporal crime patterns exist. It was possible to describe global crime evolution patterns and to define crime evolution patterns in NUTS III regions. It was possible to define three to four groups of crimes where each group shows similar spatial crime dynamics.

Psychometric properties of the Psychopathy Checklist : Youth version among portuguese juvenile delinquents

The main aim of the present study was to examine some psychometric properties of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV) among Portuguese juvenile delinquents. With forensic sample of 192 incarcerated male participants, the Portuguese version of the PCL:YV demonstrated promising psychometric properties of the three-factor model of youth psychopathy, internal consistency, convergent validity, concurrent validity, and retrospective validity that generally justify its use among Portuguese youths. Statistically significant associations were found with age of criminal onset, frequency of crimes, number of victims, and use of physical violence.

O espaço das informações no combate ao terrorismo

The management of terrorism presents an added importance because of the ignorance and uncertainty that this threat to peace launches in societies. From the globalization process has resulted a capacity of mobility and communication which allowed the spread of terrorism globally and hence the ability to be in the international agenda. Thus it became necessary a synergy between the main international organizations and states, in the common interest of managing terrorism to acceptable levels. This thesis aims to assess how much space is reserved for intelligence on combating terrorism. To this end, it carried out a literature review related to intelligence, security and terrorism, such as legislation and official documents, national and international. These allowed realize the strategies for combating terrorism of major international organizations and the Portuguese, the institutions that are in charge of fighting terrorism and related crimes, highlighting the intelligence institutions within the European Union and Portugal. Intelligence should enter on this panel by the need to meet the threat and its contours. On the one hand lies to understand the framework which establishes terrorism, tracing relevant scenarios to reduce uncertainty in decision-making and, on the other hand, also be responsible for disseminating information to other stakeholders on security, allowing its commands to use the means efficiently.

O processo sumário e a reforma do Código do Processo Penal de 2013

The present work aims to develop the theme "The summary procedure and the reform of 2013". The purpose of its analysis serves the interest to understand the virtues and disadvantages of the changes introduced by Act n.º 20/2013 to our Code of Criminal Procedure, and the main focus of the present reflection is to further the impact of the measures taken by the legislator to the summary proceedings. The opening of the most serious crimes to summary procedure is a reform measure duly highlighted because it is a true innovation in the Portuguese penal system. Therefore, it urges to analyse not only the consequences of this measure, as well as if the objectives of its introduction in the summary procedure system are met. It should be noted that the legislator intends to promote speedy trial, and at the same time, ensure compliance with the Constitutional rights associated to the accused. At this point it is important to realize if there is a restriction of the accused essential guarantees. On the other hand, it should be noted that the typical characteristics of summary proceedings might have been invariably modified, due to the innovative aspect of the reform. That said, the changes might have fostered a mischaracterization of the typical format of the summary procedure, both in terms of the nature of the proceedings and in terms of its space and objectives within the penal system. Reflecting on the above will provide a deeper understanding of the volatile balance between the Portuguese governing prosecution efficiency and the Constitution, as well as the future of the criminal policy in Portugal.

Relatório de estágio no departamento central de investigação e acção penal

The means of obtaining evidence, the amount of evidence obtained, the number of defendants related to each criminal case and the gravity of the crimes for which the magistrates of the Department are holders of penal action, define its real importance to the Rule of Law. I have deeply studied the subject of the institution of hierarchical intervention required by the assistant and the application of an opening statement by the defendant, starting from a hypothetical case, provided when the query of an investigation with the subject of the crime of active corruption, where this institution was called as a reaction to the archiving dispatch delivered by the Public Ministry. I have study about the implementation of the institution of provisional suspension of the process, specifically in the scope of fiscal criminality, analyzing the effective satisfaction of the purposes of the sentences in two slopes: general prevention and special prevention. I went for my first time to a Central Court of Criminal Instruction, where I attended the measures of inquiry and instructive debate of a process that culminated with the prosecution and pronunciation of the defendants. In addition to this criminal experience, I have deepened and consolidated the academic knowledge with the study of various criminal cases from various fields in the scope of criminality investigated by the Department. I could therefore check the basis of procedural delays, regarding to our legal system, especially in this type of crime, raising issues that I analyzed and discussed, always in a critical and academic way. I had the opportunity to attend and witness a seminar in the Lisbon Directorate of Finance as well of entering the Centre for Judicial Studies to attend a conference on the International Anti-Corruption Day. Focus on the investigatory importance of the international judicial cooperation, through the various organs, with special interest to EUROJUST. I comprehended the organization and functioning of these communitarian organs and means of communication of procedural acts, in particular, the rogatory letters and european arrest warrants. This involvement is motivated by the moratorium factor of the investigations where rogatory letters are necessary for the acquisition of evidence or information relevant to the good continuation of the process. For this reason the judicial cooperation through the relevant communitarian organs, translates a streamlined response between the competent judicial authorities of the Member States, through the National Member that integrates EUROJUST. This report aims to highlight some of the difficulties and procedural issues that Public Prosecutors of DCIAP and criminal police bodies that assist them, face in combating violent and organized crime, of national and transnational nature, of particular complexity, according to the specifics of criminal types.

Relatório de estágio curricular no Ministério Público na Comarca de Setúbal

This report represents four months of study on activities in the public prosecution service at the Local Instance of Setúbal judiciary district, started in September 2014 and completed of the same year. This report was prepared considering all the teachings of criminal law courses and criminal procedural law, doctrine, jurisprudence and all the practical experience experienced with prosecutors. In this context, their traineeship provided contact with different procedural stages: the investigation stage that allowed to understand better the progress of the processing of summary proceedings; the expedient distribution of urgent cases; the investigation stage, as regards the procedural impulse assistant and the accused; and the trial stage. This last phase allowed contact with different types of crimes especially road crimes and the crime of domestic violence. The analysis carried out the summary proceedings in the Public Ministry service would acquire relevant information to explain the incidence of road crimes. Topics will be addressed that were found on stage during the various procedural stages, as the implementation of new judicial map. The relationship between the prosecution and the Criminal Police Bodies was also an issue to be addressed. The work also raises awareness of the issue of archives in order to find out the position of assistant.

A protecção jurídica do consumidor em Angola

The scope of the present work is to study the legal protection conferred upon the consumer in Angola, especially as regards electronic communication agreements. Its purpose is to promote consumers’ rights and contribute to its defence given the relatively privileged position of professionals in their relationship with consumers. With this in mind, we have made a description of the Consumer Law in Angola based on the Angolan Constitution (as the law that establishes the fundamental rights and guarantees of citizens) and on the Consumer’s Defence Law, which, as the basic law regarding consumers’ rights, provides the framework for this dissertation. We have analysed several aspects relating to consumer relationships, starting from its concept and rights of consumers and covering the legal and contractual mechanisms put in place for their protection. We have also analysed the Advertising Law with a view to better understand consumer’s rights before advertising campaigns carried out by professionals whilst promoting their goods and services and, additionally, to understand the duties and principles that shall be complied with in such campaigns with the purpose to protect the rights and interests of consumers. From a criminal point of view, we have briefly covered the crimes against consumers provided for in the Penal Code and the Law of Infractions against the Economy. In the second part of this work, we have summarised the institutions that protect the rights and interests of consumers, which include the Public Prosecutor Office, the National Institute for the Defence of the Consumers and the Consumers’ Associations. The third and last part of this work covers electronic communications agreements. Given the fact that there is no specific legislation in this matter, our analysis was based on the Civil Code – specifically the part relating to contracts – the Law on General Contractual Terms and Conditions and the Consumer’s Defence Law. We have analysed the formation of contracts, compliance and consumers’ rights resulting from contract breach. We further have appealed to the Angolan legislator to legislate certain aspects of consumer relationships, especially those where breach of consumers’ rights are blatant and facilitated by the lack of specific laws addressing such cases.

Eutanásia ativa

Euthanasia, especially the active one, has always been an extremely discussed subject, which goes further pure dogmatics and transcends the strictly legal field. A reflection about such issue makes us re-think on what it implies for all the involved without ever loosing sight of the fact that admitting a legalization is, in a legal system as ours, to admit the lack of punishment of an homicide act or an assistance to suicide. However, burying in mind the foreign experiences, isn’t there a possibility of working on a path that respects both the basis of our legal system and the rest of the interests involved? And what interests would those be? How to admit such a path? Based on what assumptions? The present study proposes a discovery of paths and not the search for dead ends, creating definitive answers. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the existing structure of the Portuguese legal system on these matters, in a path that is until now mostly in favour of punishment, based on homicide or assisted suicide crimes. Along with the Portuguese dynamic, we want to analyse legal systems that opted by decriminalization and, based on those experiences, shared with our legal culture, scan the viability of a decriminalization procedure. What paths would be viable for such a decriminalization in Portuguese criminal territory? The scope is only to open the eyes of who always wanted to keep them shut, or to who just never tried to open them, because at the end of the day it will always be a discussion that we want to keep light up, since that what we are here discussing is life. We want discussion, not imposition.

O âmbito de aplicação material da legislação de proteção de dados pessoais e o tratamento de imagem por pessoa singular

Images have gained a never before seen importance. Technological changes have given the Information Society extraordinary means to capture, treat and transmit images, wheter your own or those of others, with or without a commercial purpose, with no boundaries of time or country, without “any kind of eraser”. From the several different ways natural persons may engage in image processing with no commercial purpose, the cases of sharing pictures through social networks and video surveillance assume particular relevance. Consequently there are growing legitimate concerns with the protection of one's image, since its processing may sometimes generate situations of privacy invasion or put at risk other fundamental rights. With this in mind, the present thesis arises from the question: what are the existent legal instruments in Portuguese Law that enable citizens to protect themselves from the abusive usage of their own pictures, whether because that image have been captured by a smartphone or some video surveillance camera, whether because it was massively shared through a blog or some social network? There is no question the one's right to not having his or her image used in an abusive way is protected by the Portuguese constitution, through the article 26th CRP, as well as personally right, under the article 79th of the Civil Code, and finally through criminal law, articles 192nd and 193rd of the Criminal Code. The question arises in the personal data protection context, considering that one's picture, given certain conditions, is personal data. Both the Directive 95/46/CE dated from 1995 as well as the LPD from 1998 are applicable to the processing of personal data, but both exclude situations of natural persons doing so in the pursuit of activities strictly personal or family-related. These laws demand complex procedures to natural persons, such as the preemptive formal authorisation request to the Data Protection National Commission. Failing to do so a natural person may result in the application of fines as high as €2.500,00 or even criminal charges. Consequently, the present thesis aims to study if the image processing with no commercial purposes by a natural person in the context of social networks or through video surveillance belongs to the domain of the existent personal data protection law. To that effect, it was made general considerations regarding the concept of video surveillance, what is its regimen, in a way that it may be distinguishable from Steve Mann's definition of sousveillance, and what are the associated obligations in order to better understand the concept's essence. The application of the existent laws on personal data protection to images processing by natural persons has been analysed taking into account the Directive 95/46/CE, the LPD and the General Regulation. From this analysis it is concluded that the regimen from 1995 to 1998 is out of touch with reality creating an absence of legal shielding in the personal data protection law, a flaw that doesn't exist because compensated by the right to image as a right to personality, that anyway reveals the inability of the Portuguese legislator to face the new technological challenges. It is urgent to legislate. A contrary interpretation will evidence the unconstitutionality of several rules on the LPD due to the obligations natural persons are bound to that violate the right to the freedom of speech and information, which would be inadequate and disproportionate. Considering the recently approved General Regulation and in the case it becomes the final version, the use for natural person of video surveillance of private spaces, Google Glass (in public and private places) and other similar gadgets used to recreational purposes, as well as social networks are subject to its regulation only if the images are shared without limits or existing commercial purposes. Video surveillance of public spaces in all situations is subject to General Regulation provisions.

A internet e o sistema de justiça

The subject of study of this Thesis aims to highlight and recognize as an object of reflection the undoubted relationship between the Internet and the Justice System, based on the issue of digital evidence. The simultaneously crossing of the juridical-legal implications and the more technical computer issues is the actual trigger for the discussion of the issues established. The Convention on Cybercrime of the Council of Europe of 23rd November 2001 and the Council Framework Decision n.° 2005/222/JHA of 24th February 2005 were avant-garde in terms of the international work about the crimes in the digital environment. In addition they enabled the harmonization of national legislations on the matter and, consequently, a greater flexibility in international judicial cooperation. Portugal, in compliance with these international studies, ratified, implemented and approved Law n. º 109/2009 of 15th September concerning the Cybercrime Act, establishing a more specific investigation and collection of evidence in electronic support when it comes to combating this type of crime, as it reinforced the Substantive Criminal Law and Procedural Nature. Nevertheless, the constant debates about the New Technologies of Information and Communication have not neglected the positive role of these tools for the user. However, they express a particular concern for their counterproductive effects; a special caution prevails on the part of the judge in assessing the digital evidence, especially circumstantial evidence, due to the its fragility. Indisputably, the practice of crimes through the computer universe, given its inexorable technical complexity, entails many difficulties for the forensic investigation, since the proofs hold temporary, changeable, volatile, and dispersed features. In this pillar, after the consummation of iter criminis, the Fundamental Rights of the suspects may be debated in the course of the investigation and the construction of iter probatorium. The intent of this Thesis is to contribute in a reflective way on the issues presented in order to achieve a bigger technical and legal awareness regarding the collection of digital proof, looking for a much lighter approach to its suitability in terms of evidentiary value.