Aplicación del Vendaje Neuromuscular en Logopedia

Este método de vendaje consiste en la colocación de un esparadrapo o cinta elástica adhesiva en la zona sobre la que se quiere actuar, favoreciendo así la función muscular y circulatoria, tanto sanguínea, como linfática ofreciendo una estimulación propioceptiva y actuando como analgésico además de actuar sobre la fascia externa con las consecuencia s beneficiosas que esto conlleva . Existen distintas técnicas de aplicación dependiendo de la zona y los efectos que queramos conseguir. Los beneficios que nos aporta el vendaje neuromuscular son muy amplios y pueden ser explicados desde la neurofisiología, la neuromecánica y la fisiología muscular: Efecto circulatorio : gracias a la elasticidad del vendaje y a la forma en que se aplica , con la zona a tratar en posición de estiramiento (por regla general ) pero sin estirar el vendaje. Debido a estas dos circunstancias, cuando la estructura a tratar vuelve a su posición inicial, la elasticidad del vendaje hace que se produzca una elevación de la piel formando pliegues cutáneos superficiales llamados circunvoluciones , que aumentan el espacio celular subcutáneo donde se encuentran capilares sanguíneos y perilinfáticos; de esta forma se consigue un aumento de la circulación de la zona en la que se aplica el kinesiotape Efecto analgésico : el aumento del espacio celular subcutáneo que provoca el vendaje , consigue que disminuya la presión de los mecanorreceptores ubicados en este espacio, y de esta forma se reducen las aferencias nociceptivas. Este aumento del espacio celular subcutáneo también mejora la circulación local, favoreciendo el drenaje de los detritos tisulares y de los mediadores inflamatorios acumulados en la zona lesionada Efecto neuromecánico: la elasticidad del vendaje hace que éste se retraiga hacia el primer punto al que se adhiere a la piel (llamado base del vendaje). Esta tracción sobre la piel y sobre la fascia superficial tensa las fibras de colágeno ubicadas perpendicular y diagonalmente entre esta última y la fascia profunda, desencadenando un reflejo protector para evitar el sobreestiramiento de estos tejidos ubicados en el tejido celular subcutáneo; dicho reflejo consiste en que la fascia profunda se desliza en el mismo sentido que la superficial haciendo que los tejidos comprendidos entre ambas vuelvan a la posición de reposo o silencio neurológico. Acompañando a la fascia profunda, por compartir inervación, irá también el músculo. Por tanto, en las aplicaciones musculares, en función del sentido en el que apliquemos el vendaje neuromuscular (de origen a inserción o de inserción a origen), el músculo tenderá hacia el acortamiento o hacia la elongación , es decir, se tonificará o se relajará Neurofisiológicamente, el kinesiotape aporta información exteroceptiva que es recogida por los mecano receptores ubicados en la piel y las fascias, y es transmitida en sentido aferente hacia el sistema nervioso central influyendo en la regulación del movimiento normal (fuerza, dirección, amplitud, coordinación, etc) . A esto hay que añadirle el soporte externo que supone para la articulación, favoreciendo la biomecánica articular y el funcionamiento muscular En el campo de la Logopedia su uso actualmente, no está muy extendido y sus beneficios no son demasiado conocidos. Sin embargo, usado como complemento, como ayuda en los tratamientos logopédicos, queda cada vez más demostrado En logopedia, son muchas las patologías que pueden beneficiarse de la utilización del vendaje neuromuscular: disfonía, disfagia, deglución atípica, hipotonía o hipertonía muscular, parálisis facial, reeducación respiratoria... También se puede ampliar a tratamientos en aquellos casos en los que es necesario actuar sobre determinados músculos para conseguir una función concreta: Para tonificar la musculatura facial en casos de debilidad muscular. Para conseguir un óptimo cierre labial Para reducir la sialorrea (babeo) Para la relajación de los músculos laríngeos y/ o faciales en casos de hipertonía o exceso de tono Para estabilizar y controlar la mandíbula Para aumentar la capacidad inspiratoria y el diámetro torácico Para conseguir un adecuado posicionamiento del cuello.

Vuorovaikutus ääniterapiassa : Keskustelunanalyyttinen tutkimus harjoittelun rakenteesta, terapeutin antamasta palautteesta ja oppimisesta

This conversation analytical study analyses the interactional practices adopted by speech therapists and their clients during their training in voice therapy. This study also describes how learning takes place during the therapy process. In contrast to traditional voice therapy studies, change is examined here by using qualitative research methodology, namely conversation analysis. This study describes the structures of interaction in voice therapy, shows how the shortcomings in the client s performance are evaluated and corrected and finally, how the voice training sequence and the participation changes during therapy. The database consists of 51 videotaped voice therapy sessions from six clients with voice disorders. The analytic focus is on the practices in one voice training exercise of the trilled /r/. All the sequences of this exercise (in total 36) and all adjacency pairs within (N = 627) were transcribed and analysed in detail. This study shows that voice training consists of successive model imitation adjacency pairs. This adjacency pair works as a resource in voice training. Furthermore, the use of this particular adjacency pair is an institutional practice in all therapies in this study. The structure of interaction in voice training sequences resembles the practices found in aphasia therapy and in speech therapy of children, as well as the practices of educational and counselling interaction and physiotherapy. More than half of the adjacency pairs were expanded to three (or more) part structures as client s responses were typically followed by therapist s feedback. With their feedback turns, therapists: 1) maintain training practice, 2) evaluate the problem of client s performance, 3) deliver information, 4) activate the client to observe the performance and 5) assist her in correcting the performance. This study describes the four different ways that therapists help their clients to improve the performance after encountering a problem. The longitudinal data shows that learning in therapy is manifested in the changing participation. As clients learn to identify their voice features, they can participate in evaluating or correcting their performances by themselves. This study describes the recurrent professional practices of voice therapists and shows how the institutional commitments of voice therapy are managed in and through talk and interaction. The study also provides detailed description of the management of help in voice training. By describing the interaction in training sequences, this study expands the conception of voice rehabilitation and how it can be researched. The results demonstrate that the learning process and therapy outcomes can be assessed by analysing interaction in therapy. Moreover, this analysis lays the foundation for a novel understanding of the practices in speech therapy and for the development of speech therapy theory. By revealing the activities of interaction, it also makes it possible to discuss them explicitly with speech therapy students. Key words: voice therapy, conversation analysis, institutional interaction, learning, change in participation, feedback, evaluation, error correction, self-repair

Language in Acquisition : Early Lexical Development and Associations between Lexicon and Grammar Findings from Full-Term and Very-Low-Birth-Weight Finnish Children

The aim was to analyse the growth and compositional development of the receptive and expressive lexicons between the ages 0,9 and 2;0 in the full-term (FT) and the very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) children who are acquiring Finnish. The associations between the expressive lexicon and grammar at 1;6 and 2;0 in the FT children were also studied. In addition, the language skills of the VLBW children at 2;0 were analysed, as well as the predictive value of early lexicon to the later language performance. Four groups took part in the studies: the longitudinal (N = 35) and cross-sectional (N = 146) samples of the FT children, and the longitudinal (N = 32) and cross-sectional (N = 66) samples of VLBW children. The data was gathered by applying of the structured parental rating method (the Finnish version of the Communicative Development Inventory), through analysis of the children´s spontaneous speech and by administering a a formal test (Reynell Developmental Language Scales). The FT children acquired their receptive lexicons earlier, at a faster rate and with larger individual variation than their expressive lexicons. The acquisition rate of the expressive lexicon increased from slow to faster in most children (91%). Highly parallel developmental paths for lexical semantic categories were detected in the receptive and expressive lexicons of the Finnish children when they were analysed in relation to the growth of the lexicon size, as described in the literature for children acquiring other languages. The emergence of grammar was closely associated with expressive lexical growth. The VLBW children acquired their receptive lexicons at a slower rate and had weaker language skills at 2;0 than the full-term children. The compositional development of both lexicons happened at a slower rate in the VLBW children when compared to the FT controls. However, when the compositional development was analysed in relation to the growth of lexicon size, this development occurred qualitatively in a nearly parallel manner in the VLBW children as in the FT children. Early receptive and expressive lexicon sizes were significantly associated with later language skills in both groups. The effect of the background variables (gender, length of the mother s basic education, birth weight) on the language development in the FT and the VLBW children differed. The results provide new information of early language acquisition by the Finnish FT and VLBW children. The results support the view that the early acquisition of the semantic lexical categories is related to lexicon growth. The current findings also propose that the early grammatical acquisition is closely related to the growth of expressive vocabulary size. The language development of the VLBW children should be followed in clinical work.

Phonological Mean Length of Utterance as an indicator of typical and impaired phonological development in children acquiring Finnish

The aim of this study was to examine the applicability of the Phonological Mean Length of Utterance (pMLU) method to the data of children acquiring Finnish, for both typically developing children and children with a Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Study I examined typically developing children at the end of the one-word stage (N=17, mean age 1;8), and Study II analysed children s (N=5) productions in a follow-up study with four assessment points (ages 2;0, 2;6, 3;0, 3;6). Study III was carried out in the form of a review article that examined recent research on the phonological development of children acquiring Finnish and compared the results with general trends and cross-linguistic findings in phonological development. Study IV included children with SLI (N=4, mean age 4;10) and age-matched peers. The analyses in Studies I, II and IV were made using the quantitative pMLU method. In the pMLU method, pMLU values are counted for both the words that the children targeted (so-called target words) and the words produced by the children. When the child s average pMLU value was divided with the average target word pMLU value, it is possible to examine that child s accuracy in producing the words with the Whole-Word Proximity (PWP) value. In addition, the number of entirely correctly produced words is counted to obtain the Whole-Word Correctness (PWC) value. Qualitative analyses were carried out in order to examine how the children s phoneme inventories and deficiencies in phonotactics would explain the observed pMLU, PWP and PWC values. The results showed that the pMLU values for children acquiring Finnish were relatively high already at the end of the one-word stage (Study I). The values were found to reflect the characteristics of the ambient language. Typological features that lead to cross-linguistic differences in pMLU values were also observed in the review article (Study III), which noted that in the course of phonological acquisition there are a large number of language-specific phenomena and processes. Study II indicated that overall the children s phonological development during the follow-up period was reflected in the pMLU, PWP and PWC values, although the method showed limitations in detecting qualitative differences between the children. Correct vowels were not scored in the pMLU counts, which led to some misleadingly high pMLU and PWP results: vowel errors were only reflected in the PWC values. Typically developing children in Study II reached the highest possible pMLU results already around age 3;6. At the same time, the differences between the children with SLI and age-matched peers in the pMLU values were very prominent (Study IV). The values for the children with SLI were similar to the ones reported for two-year-old children. Qualitative analyses revealed that the phonologies of the children with SLI largely resembled the ones of younger, typically developing children. However, unusual errors were also witnessed (e.g., vowel errors, omissions of word-initial stops, consonants added to the initial position in words beginning with a vowel). This dissertation provides an application of a new tool for quantitative phonological assessment and analysis in children acquiring Finnish. The preliminary results suggest that, with some modifications, the pMLU method can be used to assess children s phonological development and that it has some advantages compared to the earlier, segment-oriented approaches. Qualitative analyses complemented the pMLU s observations on the children s phonologies. More research is needed in order to verify the levels of the pMLU, PWP and PWC values in children acquiring Finnish.

Linguistic and perceptual processing of communicative cues in Asperger Syndrome

Asperger Syndrome (AS) belongs to autism spectrum disorders where both verbal and non-verbal communication difficulties are at the core of the impairment. Social communication requires a complex use of affective, linguistic-cognitive and perceptual processes. In the four studies included in the current thesis, some of the linguistic and perceptual factors that are important for face-to-face communication were studied using behavioural methods. In all four studies the results obtained from individuals with AS were compared with typically developed age, gender and IQ matched controls. First, the language skills of school-aged children were characterized in detail with standardized tests that measured different aspects of receptive and expressive language (Study I). The children with AS were found to be worse than the controls in following complex verbal instructions. Next, the visual perception of facial expressions of emotion with varying degrees of visual detail was examined (Study II). Adults with AS were found to have impaired recognition of facial expressions on the basis of very low spatial frequencies which are important for processing global information. Following that, multisensory perception was investigated by looking at audiovisual speech perception (Studies III and IV). Adults with AS were found to perceive audiovisual speech qualitatively differently from typically developed adults, although both groups were equally accurate in recognizing auditory and visual speech presented alone. Finally, the effect of attention on audiovisual speech perception was studied by registering eye gaze behaviour (Study III) and by studying the voluntary control of visual attention (Study IV). The groups did not differ in eye gaze behaviour or in the voluntary control of visual attention. The results of the study series demonstrate that many factors underpinning face-to-face social communication are atypical in AS. In contrast with previous assumptions about intact language abilities, the current results show that children with AS have difficulties in understanding complex verbal instructions. Furthermore, the study makes clear that deviations in the perception of global features in faces expressing emotions as well as in the multisensory perception of speech are likely to harm face-to-face social communication.

Mugarri: bigarren hizkuntzako ikasleen hizkuntz ezagutza eskuratzeko sistema anitzeko ingurunea

265 p.

The acquisition of Tense and Aspect in Spanish

280 p.

Atenci??n a la diversidad : recursos educativos de educaci??n especial y audici??n y lenguaje

Se presenta experiencia educativa que describe un encuentro entre profesionales de la educaci??n especial para compartir experiencias y elaborar materiales did??cticos para atender al alumnado con necesidades espec??ficas de apoyo educativo. Se realiza en el IES Chauchina en Chauchina, Granada. Los objetivos son: buscar y analizar materiales innovadores para la intervenci??n educativa y atenci??n a la diversidad de alumnado; unificar criterios de actuaci??n en nuestras aulas de educaci??n especial; introducci??n a las nuevas tecnolog??as para la gesti??n del aula y el aprendizaje de nuestro alumnado; elaboraci??n de materiales para nuestras aulas.

Programa SIFO : el desarrollo de la conciencia silábica y fonémica.

Programa informático dirigido a niños con deficiencias auditivas que recoge el trabajo desarrollado a través del programa LAO (Logopedia asistida por ordenador). El contenido del programa SIFO aporta dos propuestas; de un lado una reflexión teórica sobre la adquisición de la lectura en los niños sordos inspirada en un modelo psicolingüista. Por otro lado la exploración de un programa informático, valedero para la adaptación práctica de dichas teorías. SIFO no es un modelo de programa generalizable para todos los niños, sino un programa susceptible de ser adaptado a las características particulares de cada niño. A través del programa se trabaja la conciencia silábica y fonémica por lo que se puede aplicar tanto en el proceso de adquisición de la lectura como en la rehabilitación.

Audición y Lenguaje : orientaciones para la intervención educativa.

Guía para los maestros especialistas en audición y lenguaje que persigue un cambio en el planteamiento de la logopedia escolar y un llamamiento a la reflexión en la escuela sobre el papel de la comunicación y el lenguaje en el proceso de educar. Se abordan cuestiones relacionadas con las funciones del maestro especialista en audición y lenguaje, orientaciones para la intervención educativa, evaluación del lenguaje, el papel de la familia, además de reseñas bibliográficas y recursos de interés.

La igualdad de oportunidades en el mundo digital

La publicaci??n recoge las conferencias plenarias del Congresos Tecnoneet 2008 que reuni?? al V Congresos Nacional de Tecnolog??a Educativa y Atenci??n a la Diversidad y las III Jornadas Nacionales de Logopedia Digital, celebradas en la Universidad Polit??cnica de Cartagena en septiembre de 2008.

Guía de audición y lenguaje : orientaciones para la intervención en el ámbito escolar.

Incluye recursos web de asociaciones, instituciones, profesionales y programas informáticos.

Materiales para la evaluaci??n e intervenci??n en dislalias

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Enséñame a hablar : programa de prevención logopédico.

La adquisición del lenguaje puede dividirse en dos períodos, en el primero de ellos el niño adquiere la capacidad funcional para poder aprender, en el segundo, apoyándose en este desarrollo funcional, aprende la forma del lenguaje. Así, cuando se refieren a la maduración del lenguaje, según los autores, un paso previo para conseguirlo es el trabajo de las funciones fisiológicas previas necesarias. Por ello, lo que en este libro proponen es hacer hincapié en aspectos como: respiración, soplo, motricidad bucolinguofacial que, o bien pueden pasar desapercibidos o bien, a pesar de que se se trabajan en las aulas de educación infantil, pueden precisar de una mayor sistematización o profundización para lograr una verdadera acción preventiva en las dificultades del lenguaje. Se explican los fundamentos, cómo examinar, qué pruebas utilizar para hacer un examen fonopedagógico y qué hay que tener en cuanta: colaboración con los padres, características del medio, modalidad de intervención, el papel del logopeda y posteriormente se desarrollan los objetivos, contenidos y actividades de las distintas prácticas.

Desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa en el aula : ??por qu?? a los alumnos les cuesta tanto participar oralmente en clase?

Resumen basado en la publicaci??n