499 resultados para Serna


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Monográfico con el título: 'Blended learning'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

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Monográfico con el título: 'Blended learning'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

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Monográfico con el título: “Transparencia y mejora de la educación”

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Tejiendo Imaginarios es el resultado de la unión de las vivencias en el área de educación artística de 5 docentes que, un día del año 2000, deciden darle nombre a las rutas de la enseñanza utilizadas hasta ese momento. Las profesoras Gloria María Castaño Restrepo, Alba Nelly Londoño Ciro, Flor María Cortes Zuluaga, Nora Estela Giraldo Jiménez y Carlos Arturo Serna Saldarriaga, han proyectado el área de la siguiente manera: escritura y lanzamiento del libro “Tejiendo Imaginarios”. Experiencias en Educación Artística. 2001

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El constructivismo pedagógico revolucionó enormemente el rol del docente, del estudiante, del conocimiento y de la realidad. El constructivismo se relaciona con la teoría de Piaget, que dice que el ser humano construye los conocimientos en base de su realidad. Esta acción de los estudiantes hace que desarrollen su pensamiento de forma lógica y puedan aplicar sus conocimientos en la vida cotidiana de manera efectiva con el propósito de resolver los problemas de la vida cotidiana. Las actividades en las que los estudiantes participan de manera activa son detonantes para la asimilación y acomodación, y como resultado de la relación de estos dos procesos se produce el desarrollo del pensamiento. El docente como facilitador del aprendizaje debe realizar un sin número de actividades que le permitan conocer las realidades de los estudiantes; debe establecer ambientes cooperativos donde los estudiantes interactúen y puedan interrelacionar sus conocimientos previos para reconstruir los nuevos conocimientos. El estudiante como actor principal del proceso de aprendizaje reconstruye los conocimientos mediante procesos interactivos de participación y con la ejercitación de operaciones intelectuales, donde pensar es un elemento determinante para su aprendizaje, esto le permitirá dominar los conocimientos científicos, los procedimientos y las actitudes para aplicarlos en la vida cotidiana. La escuela también juega un papel importante dentro de la trilogía educativa porque es la responsable de desarrollar el pensamiento en los estudiantes para lo cual deberán tomar en cuenta los conocimientos previos que poseen los estudiantes para de allí partir a los nuevos aprendizajes. Así mismo, el currículo es el elemento fundamental que se debe considerar para alcanzar desarrollar el pensamiento de los estudiantes para lo cual se debe relacionar todos los elementos del currículo, es decir, objetivos, contenidos metodologías, secuenciación, recursos y evaluación. El proceso de desarrollo de procesos cognitivos plantea una metodología que impulsa a que el estudiante sea el protagonista, y el docente facilitador. Los principales aspectos que toma en cuenta, es la forma de razonamiento, la coherencia de la información, precisión de la enseñanza, actividades del estudiante, relaciones del docente con el estudiante, conformidad de lo enseñado y el aprendizaje del estudiante. Los métodos de enseñanza son recursos esenciales de la educación; medios de acción ordenada, sistemática y adecuada que permiten alcanzar los objetivos propuestos y organizar experiencias de aprendizaje y por ende el desarrollo del pensamiento lógico. Desarrollar satisfactoriamente el pensamiento lógico en los seres humanos, permite alcanzar procesos productivos y significativos.

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Magnetic properties of acicular (similar to60 and similar to200 nm) iron particles, obtained by reduction of alumina-coated goethite particles, are reported. X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy showed that the particles consist of a alpha-Fe core and a thin surface layer of maghemite. Magnetization data indicated an improvement of similar to28% in the saturation magnetization, coercive field, and squareness for particles with similar to60 nm. This magnetic property enhancement of the present particles, whose size is 40% smaller than those commercially available, could result in a similar decrease of the bit-size for higher density of magnetic media.

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Uniform metal iron ellipsoidal particles of around 200 nm in length were obtained by reduction and passivation of alumina-coated alpha-Fe2O3 (hematite) particles under different conditions of temperature and hydrogen flow rate. The monodispersed hematite particles were prepared by the controlled hydrolysis of ferric sulfate and further coated with a homogeneous thin layer of Al2O3 by careful selection of the experimental conditions, mainly pH and aluminum salt concentration. The reduction mechanism of alpha-Fe2O3 into alpha-Fe was followed by x-ray and electron diffraction, and also by the measurements of the irreversible magnetic susceptibility. The transformation was found to be topotactic with the [001] direction of hematite particles, which lies along the long axis of the particles, becoming the [111] direction of magnetite and finally the [111] direction of metal iron. Temperature and hydrogen flow rate during the reduction have been found to be important parameters, which determine not only the degree of reduction but also the crystallite size of the final particles. Magnetic characterization of the samples shows that the only parameters affected by the crystallite size are the saturation magnetization and magnetic time-dependence effect, i.e., activation volume. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

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Acicular monodispersed Fe1-xREx (RE= Nd, Sm,Eu,Tb;x=0, 0.05, 0.10) metallic nanoparticles (60 +/- 5 nm in length and axial ratio similar to6) obtained by reduction of alumina-coated goethite nanoparticles-containing rare earth (RE) under hydrogen flow are reported. Alumina and maghemite thin layers on particle surface were used to protect the goethite particles against sintering and oxidation, respectively. Al and RE additions were obtained by successive heterocoagulation reactions. Aluminum sulfate (10 at.% based on Fe) was dissolved in water and the pH adjusted to 12.5 with NaOH solution. Goethite particles were suspended in this solution and CO2 gas was blown into the slurry to neutralize it to a pH 8.5 or less. Particles were purified and dehydrated to effect transformation to alumina-coated hematite nanoparticles, which were re-suspended in aqueous solution in which RE sulfate (0-0.15 at.% based on Fe) has been dissolved, and the pH increased by ammonia aqueous solution addition. Resulted alumina-coated RE-doped hematite nanoparticles were reduced to metal at 450 degreesC/12 h under hydrogen flow and passivated with nitrogen-containing ethanol vapor at room temperature. Acicular monodispersed metallic nanoparticle systems were obtained and the presence of Al and RE were confirmed by induced-coupled plasma spectrometry analysis. X-ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and magnetization data are in agreement with the nanosized alpha-Fe core in a bcc structure, having a spinel structure, gammaFe(2)O(3), with thickness similar to1.5 run on particle surface. Main magnetic parameters showed saturation magnetization decreases and significant increasing in the coercive field with the RE composition increases. Magnetic properties of these particles, similar to40% smaller than those commercially available, suggest a decrease in the bit-size for high-density magnetic or magneto-optics recording media application. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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A new synthetic route for producing monodispersed and single crystal acicular goethite particles with small particle size and a high axial ratio adequate for use as a high density magnetic recording media precursor is reported. It essentially consists of the hydrolysis of alkaline Fe-III suspensions in the presence of carbonate by a three-step procedure, the formation of ferrihydrite primary particles, the ferrihydrite dissolution and nucleation of goethite, and the growth of the goethite nuclei. Changing the temperature of heating during ageing achieved a separation of the two last stages. X-Ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and surface area data have been used to determine the mechanism responsible for the formation of goethite particles with controlled size and shape. The best conditions to prepare monodispersed goethite particles have been established. The results show that uniform goethite particles of (a) 60 nm length with an axial ratio of 6 and (b) 230 nm length with a high axial ratio of 10, can be obtained by using an [OH]/[Fe] molar ratio of 0.35 in the initial suspensions with carbonate or sodium hydroxide, respectively. The [OH]/[Fe] molar ratio determines the particle size and elongation by controlling the hydrolysis reaction rate, while the carbonate ions promote a constant [OH] in the solution, keeping the pH around 10 during the entire synthesis process. This procedure, associated with the appropriate temperature control, leads, under certain conditions, to highly homogeneous goethite particles with sizes smaller than those obtained using sodium hydroxide with the same [OH]/[Fe] ratio.

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The aim of the work was to prepare an overview about the microstructures present in high-speed steel, focused on the crystallography of the carbides. High-speed steels are currently obtained by casting, powder metallurgy and more recently spray forming. High-speed steels have a high hardness resulting from a microstructure, which consists of a steel matrix (martensite and ferrite), in which embedded carbides of different crystal structure, chemical composition, morphology and size, exist. These carbides are commonly named MxC, where M represents one or more metallic atoms. These carbides can be identified by X-ray diffraction considering M as a unique metallic atom. In this work, it is discussed, in basis of the first principles of physics crystallography, the validation of this identification when it is considered that other atoms in the structure are substitutional. Further, it is discussed some requirements for data acquisition that allows the Rietveld refinement to be applied on carbide crystallography and phase amount determination.