El perfil del ingeniero desde la perspectiva de la teoría crítica de la tecnología

Resumen: En la actualidad, coexisten diferentes formas de entender la tecnología y el proceso tecnológico. En tanto que la tecnología ocupa un lugar de relevancia en las sociedades actuales, las apreciaciones que se derivan de una u otra posición pueden diferir ampliamente en las formas y mecanismos de abordaje y, por ende, en sus consecuencias. Desde la Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología, Andrew Feenberg propone que el desarrollo tecnológico debería ser un proceso democrático, que permita la participación de los diversos actores involucrados. Considera incorporar a aquellos grupos que en muchos de los procesos de desarrollo que se llevan a cabo en el presente no participan en la etapa de diseño y que sufren sus impactos. Para que este proceso de democratización sea posible, los diferentes actores sociales deben estar preparados. El presente trabajo profundizará sobre el perfil del ingeniero emergente de la Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología y su contraste con el modelo propuesto en las carreras de ingeniería. Intentaré determinar de qué modo el perfil de ingeniero vigente puede contribuir a la implementación de procesos de democratización en el diseño tecnológico.

¿Cómo influye la ingeniería industrial en la sociedad? : la orientación prioritaria

Resumen: El objetivo del presente ensayo es compartir una breve reflexión sobre cómo influye la ingeniería industrial (IIN) en la sociedad. Los aportes parten de considerar el objeto tradicional de la IIN y cinco premisas más relacionadas con tal disciplina. Con apoyo en la lógica y el pensamiento sistémico se fija una posición personal, enmarcada en algo expuesto como la orientación prioritaria. Se busca motivar el análisis y la discusión sobre el tema, desde la integralidad a la que llama la moderna ingeniería industrial.

Consideraciones en torno a la relación Tecnología-Sociedad en la formación de ingenieros

Introducción: Este trabajo introduce la reflexión acerca de los aportes de la sociología de la tecnología para la formación de tecnólogos en la Universidad, particularmente en la carrera de Ingeniería en el ámbito de la Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (en adelante, UTN). La introducción de nuevos saberes impuestos por los avances del conocimiento y los cambios económicos, técnicos y sociales es un hecho que no podemos negar. A partir de esta nueva realidad, sobrevino una reestructuración de las divisiones del saber y se han redefinido las condiciones de su transmisión...

Análisis del perfil formativo en tecnologías de la información y comunicación del alumnado universitario y su adecuación a las necesidades empresariales en el ámbito de la CAPV

III, 438 p.

Manicomialidade hoje no ensino e na pesquisa em Psicologia no Rio de Janeiro: reflexões sobre o cuidado

Esta dissertação é produto de meu percurso no Mestrado em Psicologia Social e apresenta as diferentes modulações do trajeto desenvolvido durante dois anos. Descreve de que modo um projeto que buscava conhecer a experiência dos usuários de Saúde Mental se modificou, passando a questionar as relações entre a Universidade, a Reforma Psiquiátrica e o cuidado na pesquisa com pessoas. A partir da metodologia da História Oral, foram realizadas entrevistas com diversos atores pesquisadores, professores, militantes, estudantes, residentes e coordenadores de residências que se somaram, na qualidade de trabalho de campo, à participação em eventos promovidos por grupos de usuários e ao estágio docente na disciplina Políticas e Planejamento em Saúde Mental, do curso de graduação em Psicologia. Também se recorreu à pesquisa bibliográfica e à utilização do diário de campo. A partir desta última ferramenta, primordialmente, foi possível realizar a análise de implicações que permeia todo o trabalho, na perspectiva da Análise Institucional. Esta dissertação descreve e reflete, em especial, sobre os dilemas com os quais me defrontei, desde o início da pesquisa, quando quis entrevistar participantes dos coletivos de usuários de saúde mental. Meu interesse era conhecer como tinha sido a experiência desses usuários dentro da chamada Reforma Psiquiátrica; porém, em face da insistência, por parte dos coordenadores dos grupos, de que solicitasse a autorização do Comitê de Ética e obtivesse o respectivo consentimento informado, comecei a me interessar pela origem dessa demanda e sua atual função. Tomei como analisador o dispositivo Consentimento Informado ou Esclarecido tal como é requisitado hoje, ou seja, algo cada dia mais exigido no campo da pesquisa com seres humanos, em ciências sociais. Apresentando-se como um discurso de proteção de direitos, ele permite colocar em discussão a questão do cuidado e da ética na pesquisa: certos aspectos priorizados pelos Comitês de Ética, tais como riscos, benefícios e desfecho primário, supõem a antecipação dos resultados de um processo que, ao contrário, está em construção. Extrapolam-se modelos do campo biomédico, obstaculizando pesquisas que contemplem as subjetividades dos participantes (pesquisadores e pesquisados). Nesse sentido, a presente dissertação questiona a que cuidado (e ao cuidado de quem) tais dispositivos efetivamente respondem. Também se coloca um outro analisador em pauta, o dispositivo apresentação de doentes, a fim de refletir sobre a manicomialidade presente, ainda hoje, no ensino universitário de psicologia. Tanto pela experiência no campo como mediante a bibliografia consultada, percebe-se uma cisão entre Universidade e Reforma. Certos espaços acadêmicos e disciplinas ligadas à prática clínica permanecem intactos frente ao processo da Reforma, mesmo depois de uma recente mudança no currículo. Novos espaços e disciplinas emergem sem conseguir dialogar com os antigos, que transmitem ao jovem psi uma prática atemporal, científica, objetiva, fundada nos manuais psiquiátricos (DSM, CID) e em discursos psicanalíticos descontextualizados. Percebe-se, assim, que temas fundamentais, como as condições de cuidado em saúde mental, são escassamente, discutidos no curso psicologia hoje.

Journalistic genres in teaching of journalism in Spain. A historical review

This article shows the influence that journalistic genres had on the first organisation of communication studies in Spain as well as the role they remain to play in the teaching of journalism. A review is done starting from the origins of the didactics of genres, continuing with the role of genres in the beginning of regulated studies of journalism, and finalising with an analysis of their place in present education programmes which reveals that practical and theoretical knowledge of the genres are still a main objective in the training of future journalists in Spain.

The training in social and solidarity economy. Analysis of the university offer in Spain

This research analyses the importance of the training for the promotion of the social economy in two ways: 1) focusing on the characteristics of the educational offer of Social Economy and 2) analyzing its differences regarding to those studies from the Management, entrepreneurship, and innovations areas. To this aim, it is carried out as a first step a literature review of the contributions that study the relationships that can exist between the education and Economy. Then, being based on this previous analysis, we already center our research on the Social Economy sector and its relations with the education system. To get this objective, it has been developed a database that includes all the postgraduate titles related to the Economics area. Likewise, a questionnaire has been designed with the aim of characterize the training in social Economy. As a conclusion, it is obtained that the training in social economy in postgraduate studies in the Spanish Universities is very poor. On the other hand, there are significant differences between Social Economy degrees and Business Management, entrepreneurship and innovation degrees with regard to different aspects such as: values to transmit, competencies, skills, the way of understanding the Economy, etc. Based on these conclusions, different recommendations are proposed in order to promote and boost this other way of doing Economy through the training and education in postgraduate studies.

University students with disabilities in Universities. A study of their inclusion

Access to higher education has increased among students with disabilities, and universities are adopting different alternatives which must be assessed. The purpose of this study was to identify the situation of a sample of students with disabilities (n=91) who attend a university in Spain, through the design and validation of the “CUNIDIS-d” scale, with satisfactory psychometric properties. The results show the importance of making reasoned curriculum adaptations, adapting teacher training, improving accessibility and involving all the university community. Different proposals were provided which support the social dimension of the EHEA.

Analysis of the admissions tests for teacher training in Spain and Finland: knowledge or competences

One of the most decisive factors in the quality of education and academic performance of students is quality, preparation and dedication of the teachers. The exquisite system of selecting candidates for teacher training programs is one of the fundamentals of success of the Finnish Education System. The responsibility of choosing the best students to convert them into teachers is a challenge that involves a significant reform of university admission. Achieving this goal involves the choice of strategies and educational tools in accordance to the complexity of the demands presented by the teaching profession in the digital age. This study describes, analyzes and compares the admission tests in the University of Spain (PAU) and Finland (VAKAVA), for those who wish to become professional educators, in order to understand the possible influence of these tests to select the most suitable candidates to develop into future teaching professionals. The results showed that in Spain, the entrance test to universities is developed in a general way for all the students that aspire to any field of knowledge, while in Finland, the test is specific and particular for students aspiring to the field of education. The results of this study can guide and encourage the necessary changes that have to be done in the admission tests to Spanish university in general and to teacher education faculties in particular.

The influence of experience on the research competencies of university professors

Implementation of EHEA, among others, motivates a transforming process in universities and promotes changes in the professor’s tasks. This events, promote changes to which the university professor has to adapt, meaning this to acquire and to develop new competencies to respond correctly to new professional tasks that are demanded. To design training plans in accordance to the new training needs, and to establish referents in accreditation, selection and promotion protocols appear to be necessary to define the new competences profile professors have to face in order to develop their teaching, research and management tasks suitably, and according to their professional settings and professional development stage. A qualitative research was developed to define the emerging competence profile. Quantitative and qualitative methods were mixed as well as different tools (questionnaires, interviews and focus groups) and sources (faculty, experts and students). This article only shows the results obtained from professors (expert and novice) in the 4 research competencies analyzed (design, development and assessment of projects; organization and management of scientific events; development of scientific material; communication and dissemination of scientific knowledges) and the most significant dates of the 30 competency units that compose them. Results show significant differences of self-perception of current competency domain level between novice faculty and expert faculty. These results help us to establish the priority training areas to the faculty according to their professional development stage.

Otras vías de aprendizaje: el reconocimiento de la experiencia profesional en la universidad. El caso de la UNED

Nadie cuestiona que una fuente de aprendizaje es el propio ámbito de trabajo, en el que todo profesional resuelve las funciones y tareas a las que se enfrenta diariamente a partir de su formación y de su experiencia. Reconocer esta experiencia en las titulaciones de Grado es un tema aún no resuelto. Pero este reconocimiento exige un proceso de evaluación, apoyado en metodologías y herramientas fiables y válidas, a partir del cual se valide que una persona ha adquirido un determinado nivel de logro en unas competencias en el marco de una cualificación profesional determinada. A raíz de los resultados obtenidos en 2 convocatorias dirigidas al reconocimiento de la experiencia profesional en el Grado en Educación Social impartido por la UNED, este articulo lleva a cabo un análisis de carácter descriptivo y en perspectiva comparada, entre ambas ediciones (2011-12 y 2012-13), con el fin de valorar la pertinencia de este proceso y la calidad de los resultados obtenidos. Con una muestra de 421 estudiantes hemos inferido la validez del procedimiento propuesto. Además, esta realidad nos muestra cuáles son las áreas de intervención más demandadas, los puntos fuertes y débiles de estos profesionales, las competencias más y menos consolidadas de acuerdo a la titulación que se imparte, etc. Disponer de estos datos, además de favorecer el desarrollo profesional de nuestros estudiantes, aporta una información clave para perfilar mejor las competencias específicas del título, trabajar de forma coordinada y colaborativa entre el mundo académico y el profesional, a la vez que responder a un derecho de nuestros estudiantes. 

El Prácticum de Maestro en las voces de sus tutores. Balance del plan 2010 en la UAM

Se aborda un análisis del desarrollo del Prácticum de Maestro derivado del plan 2010, particularmente dirigido a valorar los cambios acaecidos en relación con el plan 2000, desde el punto de vista de sus tutores profesionales. La metodología es de tipo cualitativo, con entrevistas a 6 tutores profesionales innovadores de la red de centros de una universidad pública y a los 3 responsables de la materia analizada en ambos planes. Entre los resultados se observa que la percepción sobre las transformaciones operadas en el desarrollo en los centros de esta materia son poco apreciables, así como que la tutela del Prácticum se construye mediante una fuerte relación interpersonal de tutelado y tutor y que está vinculada al tipo de enseñanza que practica. Ello tiene consecuencias en la redefinición futura del Prácticum.

Reflexive learning in pre-service training of primary school teachers: from experience to assimilation of contents

This article presents an educational experiment carried out in the Primary School Teaching Degree at the University of Barcelona. Specifically, the article analyses the application of the “Work Corners” approach in a core subject. In a three-year action research process, trainers put into practice an innovation which enabled them to boost cooperative work and reflexive learning among trainees. Firstly, the theoretical model underpinning the project and guiding many of the actions carried out by the training team is presented. After providing detailed information on the practical development of the experiment, the data-gathering process and its results are shown. Various information-gathering strategies were used in assessing the project, such as a questionnaire, participant observation, and teachers’ diaries. The results demonstrate, amongst other things, that “work corners” offer viable and appropriate educational conditions for the articulation of theoretical and practical knowledge, for building professional knowledge, and therefore, the beginnings of a reflexive teaching practice.

The use of ICT in the course “Photography” in university education. First results of a teaching innovation project at the University of Murcia

The new pedagogical framework arisen since the Bologna Declaration,the Prague Communiquéand the introduction of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), encourages, significantly, the use of new Communication and Information Technology to evolve teaching methodologies. The different ways teachers relate to learners have undergone a staggering change from which educational initiatives have emerged. Many of them are based on contents’ democratization through the use of ICT. The current article is intended to show the results obtained until the 2012/2013 academic course, since the implementation of the teaching innovation project entitled “The use of ICT for the students’ autonomous learning in the university education of the course Photography. Elaboration of a virtual classroom and results’ analysis related to the acquisition of skills and competencies” that has been developed in the course called Draw with light: Photography, belonging to the Fine Arts Degree at the University of Murcia.