Tillit och trygghet - en studie av ungdomars upplevelser av en behandlingsrelation

Syftet med denna studie var att söka ökad kunskap och förståelse för vilken vikt ungdomar lägger på relationen till behandlingspersonal i behandlingsarbetet samt belysa vilken roll en god relation till personalen spelar för ungdomarnas framtidsmöjligheter. För att uppfylla syftet har vi använt följande frågeställningar: Är relationen mellan vårdtagare och vårdgivare viktig för vårdens effekter? Går det att skapa en ny trygg bas i ungdomsåren (om man inte haft det som barn) med hjälp av en engagerad behandlare? Kan man kompensera en förlorad relation med föräldrarna med någon annan? Hur använder sig ungdomarna av sina erfarenheter av vistelsen på Pilevallen i sina liv idag? Pilevallen är ett öppet behandlingshem för både tjejer och killar i tonåren. Studien genomfördes med hjälp utav kvalitativa halvstrukturerade intervjuer utifrån en intervjuguide. Resultaten analyserades med hjälp utav anknytningsteorin och forskning om relationer. Av resultatet framgår att behandlingsrelationen är väldigt viktig för ungdomarna. Ungdomarna ser behandlingspersonalen både som en förälder och en vän som de kan söka förståelse och tröst hos, en trygg person i deras närhet som de tidigare har saknat. Utifrån ungdomarnas berättelser ges en bild av att i samspel med trygga vuxna har de getts möjlighet att utvecklas, bland annat har ungdomarnas självkänsla, förmåga till självreflektion och ansvarstagande ökat.

Att stötta utsatta och ensamma skolkamrater : En tolkande fenomenologisk studie av elevers upplevelser av att vara informellt socialt stöd för andra elever

Syftet med denna studie är att förstå hur ungdomar, som tillfrågats informellt av lärare att utöva socialt stöd till en utsatt skolkamrat, upplever situationen och vilken innebörd socialt stöd har för dem. Genom tolkande fenomenologisk metod har kvalitativa intervjuer med sex ungdomar i åldern 15-18 år genomförts och analyserats. Resultatet visade tre huvudteman i upplevelsen. Dubbla känslor beskriver en kluvenhet inför rollen med såväl positiva som negativa upplevelser. De upplevde förståelse av stödet som en arbetssituation genom att tala om rollen som ett uppdrag, beskriva den utsatte som annorlunda än de själva och markera stödets avgränsning till skoltiden. I informanternas berättelser om stödets utformning framkom deras syn på innebörden av socialt stöd, som att få med den utsatte i gemenskapen. De uttryckte även en önskan att fler elever ska involveras i stödarbetet. Slutsatsen är att rollen kan innebära en utsatt position och att barn och ungdomar, som utövar informellt socialt stöd till en skolkamrat på uppdrag av lärare, behöver uppmärksammas och vikten av stöttning till dem belysas samt beforskas ytterligare. Studien bidrar med ny kunskap om upplevelser av att utöva informellt stöd i skolan.

Samtalsgrupper som ledarutveckling för socialt komplexa organisationer

Artikeln beskriver och problematiserar samtalsgrupper för utveckling av ledarskap. Praktiken med dess komplexitet är utgångspunkten. Möten och interaktioner utanför hierarkin skapar grund för undran och konstruktioner av mening som kan bidra till ett skickligare handlande i den egna praktiken. I studien undersöks samtalsgrupper på Rektorsprogrammet vid Linnéuniversitetet. Utformningen av grupperna, dess processer och deltagarnas upplevelser pekar på att dessa grupper är effektiva för utveckling av skicklighet i ledares handlingar inom ramen för social komplexitet.

War and Revolution in St. Petersburg : Modernist Links in the Poetry of Edith Södergran and Anna Andreevna Akhmatova

Important modernists in their own countries, Anna Akhmatova and Edith Södergran are compared in this dissertation as poets whose poetry reflects the climactic events of the early twentieth century in Finland and Russia. A comparatist, biographical and historical approach is used to uncover the circumstances surrounding these events. First the poets’ early works are reviewed and their contemporaries are mentioned to provide a poetic context. Then a brief review of Finnish and Russian history situates them historically. Next, the rich literary diversity of St. Petersburg’s Silver Age is presented and the work of the poets is viewed in context before their poetry is compared, as the First World War, October Revolution and subsequent Finnish Civil War impact their writing. While biography is not the primary focus, it becomes important as inevitably the writers’ lives are changed by cataclysmic events and the textual analysis of the poems in Swedish, Russian and English shows the impact of war on their poetry. These two poets have not been compared before in a critical review in English and this work contributes to needed work in English. They share certain common modernist traits: attention to the word, an intimate, unconventional voice, and a concern with audience. In addition, they both reject formal traditions while they adopt new forms and use modern, outside influences such as art, architecture and philosophy as subject matter and a lens through which to focus their poetry. While it may seem that Anna Akhmatova was the most socially aware poet, because of the censorship she endured under Stalin, my research has revealed that actually Edith Södergran showed the most social consciousness. Thus, a contrast of the poets’ themes reveals these differences in their approaches. Both poets articulated a vibrant response to war and revolution becoming modernists in the process. In their final works created in the years before their deaths, they reveal the solace they found in nature as well as final mentions of the violent events of their youth. Keywords: St. Petersburg, Modernism, Symbolism, Acmeism, Silver Age, Finland-Swedish literature

Kognitiva system i namngivningen av finländska handelsfartyg 1838-1938

This dissertation is an onomastic study of Finland s stock of ship names (nautonomasticon) recorded over the period 1838 1938. The primary material investigated consists of 2 066 examples of ship names from the fleets of coastal towns, distributed over five sample years. The material is supplemented with two bodies of comparative data; one that consists of 2 535 examples of boat names from the archipelago area at the corresponding time, and another that comprises 482 examples of eighteenth century Finnish ship names. This study clarifies the categories of names that appear the frequency of the names, formation, morphology, linguistic origin, functions, and semantic qualities. By comparing the material with boat names from previous centuries, and from other countries, the characteristics of Finnish vessel names are further highlighted. Additional clarification is brought to the chronological, regional, and social variations, and to the emergence of various forms of systematic naming. This dissertation builds on older research from other countries, and uses traditional onomastic methods alongside a more modern methodology. The approach is interdisciplinary, meaning that the names are explored using facts not only from nautical history, but also from a range of other historical disciplines such as economics, culture, art, and literature. In addition, the approach is socio-onomastic, i.e. that the variations in names are studied in a societal context. Using a synchronised perspective, cognitive linguistic theories have provided the tools for this exploration into the metaphorical and the prototypical meaning of the names, and the semantic domains that the names create. The quantitative analysis has revealed the overall picture of Finnish boat names. Personal names, names from mythology, and place names, emerge as significant categories, alongside nonproprial names in Swedish and Finnish. The interdisciplinary perspective has made it possible to explain certain trends in the stock of boat names, for example, the predisposition towards names from classical mythology, the breakthrough of names taken from the national epos Kalevala, names in the Finnish language from around the middle of the nineteenth century, and the continuing rise of place names during the latter part of the period 1838 1938. The socio-onomastic perspective has also identified clear differences between those ship names used in towns, and those ship names used in the archipelago, and it has clarified how naming conventions tend to spread from town centres to peripheral areas. The cognitive linguistic methods have revealed that the greater part of the vessel names can be interpreted as metaphors, in particular personifications, and that many names are related in their content and also form semantic networks and cognitive systems. The results indicate that there is a mental nautonomasticon that consists of a standard set of traditional ship names, but they also reveal the existence of conscious or unconscious cognitive systems (rules and conventions) that guide the naming of boats.

Pengarna eller livet? : En kvalitativ och longitudinell studie om långtidsarbetslösa unga i ett aktörsperspektiv

Your money or your life? A qualitative follow-up study of the young unemployed from an actor perspective is a qualitative and longitudinal study following 36 unemployed young people in Helsinki over a span of ten years. The purpose of the study is to shed light on how a few young people view employment/unemployment and their lives and future, how they as unemployed perceive their encounters with society, and how society supports them. Four so-called key informants were followed at a finer level of empirical detail. They were chosen for the thematic interviews because of their different personalities, starting points and preferences. Although some differences were expected, what the results show is quite striking. The individual stories raise a number of questions about differences between young people, about society s view of the young unemployed, and about the principles behind the so-called activation policy and how society s support is distributed. The key informants descriptions underline that the group young unemployed does not consist of individuals who are alike but that life is complex, that paid work and unemployment can be perceived very differently, and that background and unofficial support can have consequences for self-perception and for ways of looking at the future, vocational choices, paid work and activation policy. Margaret S. Archer s theory of Morphogenesis and Barbara Cruikshank s theory of constructing democracies compose the study s theoretical framework. The key informants stories give a picture of a formal support system that, even though it puts part of the responsibility for unemployment on the individuals themselves, in the name of fairness and equality, treats them in an impersonal way, not giving their personal situation and wishes much weight. As a consequence, those who share the dominant values of society do well, while others who do not are faced with difficulties. The bigger the gap between society s and the individual s values, the bigger the risk to be met by little understanding and by penalties. And vice versa: Those who initially have the right values and know how to deal with authorities get heard and their opinions get accepted. The informants ask for a more personal encounter, which could improve both the atmosphere and the clients experiences of being heard. Still the risk of having a more individualistic system should be addressed, as a new system might generate new winners, but just as well give new losers. Finally, we have to ask if the so-called activation policy is looking for answers primarily to a macro-level problem on the micro-level. If it does not produce more jobs, its support for the unemployed will be insignificant. It is not enough to think about what to do at the grassroots level to make the system more functional and support job-seeking. If the current rate of unemployment endures, the quality of life of the unemployed should be addressed. A first step could be taken by placing less guilt on the unemployed. Instead of talking about activating the unemployed, discussion should be targeted at removing structural impediments to employment. If we want to have less polarisation between the those with paid work and those without, who often struggle with low incomes, we need to include the macro-level in the discussion. What does high unemployment mean in a work-based society, where the individual s self-perception and important social forms of support are linked to labour income? And what can be done at the macro-level to change this undesirable condition at the micro-level? Keywords: Unemployment, Youth, Public interventions, Activation policy, Individual actors, Qualitative, Longitudinal, Holistic, Helsinki, Finland

Good Lives, Hidden Miseries : An Ethnography of Uncertainty in a Finnish Village

This is an ethnographic study, in the field of medical anthropology, of village life among farmers in southwest Finland. It is based on 12 months of field work conducted 2002-2003 in a coastal village. The study discusses how social and cultural change affects the life of farmers, how they experience it and how they act in order to deal with the it. Using social suffering as a methodological approach the study seeks to investigate how change is related to lived experiences, idioms of distress, and narratives. Its aim has been to draw a locally specific picture of what matters are at stake in the local moral world that these farmers inhabit, and how they emerge as creative actors within it. A central assumption made about change is that it is two-fold; both a constructive force which gives birth to something new, and also a process that brings about uncertainty regarding the future. Uncertainty is understood as an existential condition of human life that demands a response, both causing suffering and transforming it. The possibility for positive outcomes in the future enables one to understand this small suffering of everyday life both as a consequence of social change, which fragments and destroys, and as an answer to it - as something that is positively meaningful. Suffering is seen to engage individuals to ensure continuity, in spite of the odds, and to sustain hope regarding the future. When the fieldwork was initiated Finland had been a member of the European Union for seven years and farmers felt it had substantially impacted on their working conditions. They complained about the restrictions placed on their autonomy and that their knowledge was neither recognised, nor respected by the bureaucrats of the EU system. New regulations require them to work in a manner that is morally unacceptable to them and financial insecurity has become more prominent. All these changes indicate the potential loss of the home and of the ability to ensure continuity of the family farm. Although the study initially focused on getting a general picture of working conditions and the nature of farming life, during the course of the fieldwork there was repeated mention of a perceived high prevalence of cancer in the area. This cancer talk is replete with metaphors that reveal cultural meanings tied to the farming life and the core values of autonomy, endurance and permanence. It also forms the basis of a shared identity and a means of delivering a moral message about the fragmentation of the good life; the loss of control; and the invasion of the foreign. This thesis formed part of the research project Expressions of Suffering. Ethnographies of Illness Experiences in Contemporary Finnish Contexts funded by the Academy of Finland. It opens up a vital perspective on the multiplicity and variety of the experience of suffering and that it is particularly through the use of the ethnographic method that these experiences can be brought to light. Keywords: suffering, uncertainty, phenomenology, habitus, agency, cancer, farming

Trust and Collectives

"Trust and Collectives" is a compilation of articles: (I) "On Rational Trust" (in Meggle, G. (ed.) Social Facts & Collective Intentionality, Dr. Hänsel-Hohenhausen AG (currently Ontos), 2002), (II) "Simulating Rational Social Normative Trust, Predictive Trust, and Predictive Reliance Between Agents" (M.Tuomela and S. Hofmann, Ethics and Information Technology 5, 2003), (III) "A Collective's Trust in a Collective's action" (Protosociology, 18-19, 2003), and (IV) "Cooperation and Trust in Group Contexts" (R. Tuomela and M.Tuomela, Mind and Society 4/1, 2005 ). The articles are tied together by an introduction that dwells deeply on the topic of trust. (I) presents a somewhat general version of (RSNTR) and some basic arguments. (II) offers an application of (RSNTR) for a computer simulation of trust.(III) applies (RSNTR) to Raimo Tuomela's "we-mode"collectives (i.e. The Philosophy of Social Practices, Cambridge University Press, 2002). (IV) analyzes cooperation and trust in the context of acting as a member of a collective. Thus, (IV) elaborates on the topic of collective agency in (III) and puts the trust account (RSNTR) to work in a framework of cooperation. The central aim of this work is to construct a well-argued conceptual and theoretical account of rational trust, viz. a person's subjectively rational trust in another person vis-à-vis his performance of an action, seen from a first-person point of view. The main method is conceptual and theoretical analysis understood along the lines of reflective equilibrium. The account of rational social normative trust (RSNTR), which is argued and defended against other views, is the result of the quest. The introduction stands on its own legs as an argued presentation of an analysis of the concept of rational trust and an analysis of trust itself (RSNTR). It is claimed that (RSNTR) is "genuine" trust and embedded in a relationship of mutual respect for the rights of the other party. This relationship is the growing site for trust, a causal and conceptual ground, but it is not taken as a reason for trusting (viz. predictive "trust"). Relevant themes such as risk, decision, rationality, control, and cooperation are discussed and the topics of the articles are briefly presented. In this work it is argued that genuine trust is to be kept apart from predictive "trust." When we trust a person vis-à-vis his future action that concerns ourselves on the basis of his personal traits and/or features of the specific situation we have a prediction-like attitude. Genuine trust develops in a relationship of mutual respect for the mutual rights of the other party. Such a relationship is formed through interaction where the parties gradually find harmony concerning "the rules of the game." The trust account stands as a contribution to philosophical research on central social notions and it could be used as a theoretical model in social psychology, economical and political science where interaction between persons and groups are in focus. The analysis could also serve as a model for a trust component in computer simulation of human action. In the context of everyday life the account clarifies the difference between predictive "trust" and genuine trust. There are no fast shortcuts to trust. Experiences of mutual respect for mutual rights cannot be had unless there is respect.

Deutschland, Deutschland über alles : Tysk föreningsverksamhet i Finland och Sverige 1910-1950

The voluntary associations dealt with in this dissertation were ethnic clubs and societies promoting the interests of German immigrants in Finland and Sweden. The associations were founded at the end of the 19th century as well as at the beginning of the 20th century during a time in which migration was high, the civil society grew rapidly and nationalism flourished. The work includes over 70 different associations in Finland and Sweden with a number of members ranging from ten to at most 2, 500. The largest and most important associations were situated in Helsinki and Stockholm where also most of the German immigrants lived. The main aim of this work is to explore to what extent and how the changes in government in Germany during 1910 to 1950 were reflected in the structures and participants, financial resources and meeting places, networks and activities of the German associations in Finland and Sweden. The study also deals with how a collective German national identity was created within the German associations. The period between 1910 and 1950 has been described by Hobsbawm as the apogee of nationalism. Nationalism and transnationalism are therefore key elements in the work. Additionally the research deals with theories about associations, networking and identity. The analysis is mostly based on minutes of meetings, descriptions of festivities, annual reports and historical outlines about the associations. Archival sources from the German legations, the German Foreign Office, and Finnish and Swedish officials such as the police and the Foreign Offices are also used. The study shows that the collective national identity in the associations during the Weimar Republic mostly went back to the time of the Wilhelmine Empire. It is argued that this fact, the cultural propaganda and the aims of the Weimar Republic to strengthen the contacts between Germany and the German associations abroad, and the role of the German legations and envoys finally helped the small groups of NSDAP to infiltrate, systematically coordinate and finally centralize the German associational life in Finland and Sweden. The Gleichschaltung did not go as smoothly as the party wanted, though. There was a small but consistent opposition that continued to exist in Finland until 1941 and in Sweden until 1945. The collective national identity was displayed much more in Sweden than in Finland, where the associations kept a lower profile. The reasons for the profile differences can be found in the smaller number of German immigrants in Finland and the greater German propaganda in Sweden, but also in the Finnish association act from 1919 and the changes in it during the 1920s and 1930s. Finally, the research shows how the loss of two world wars influenced the associations. It argues that 1918 made the German associations more vulnerable to influence from Germany, whereas 1945 brought the associational life back to where it once started as welfare, recreational and school associations.

Mobbning bland barn : en kunskapsöversikt

I föreliggande arbete redovisas en studie gjord för att försöka se hur olika forskare ser på ett intoleransproblem, ett socialt fenomen som mobbning. Hur definieras begreppet och skall problemet lösas på individ- grupp- eller samhällsnivå? Hur kan den praktiskt verksamme pedagogen använda sig av de arbetssätt som idag finns?Angreppsättet i studien bygger uteslutande på dokument. Det är alltså text som utgör mitt empiriska material. Forskningslitteraturen representeras av väl erkända författare. Deras syn på problemet skiljer sig åt på några väsentliga punkter; skall orsaken till problemet analyseras eller skall pedagogen inrikta sig på akuta lösningar här och nu? Hur skall föräldrainformationen hanteras vid upptäckta mobbningsfall?Mina frågor till materialet ger enligt min tolkning svaren att alla nivåer bör synliggöras för att finna den bästa lösningen. De olika arbetssätten och synsätten kompletterar varandra och bör därför användas var för sig och tillsammans.De olika åsikterna om vilken sorts föräldrainformation som skall ges bör enligt min erfarenhet noggrannt diskuteras för att inte förvärra ett redan svårt problem.

Fem högljudda myror hörs mer än fyra tysta elefanthjordar : En fallstudie kring kön och dess generaliserbarhet i forskning

Pojkar och flickor ses ofta som två homogena och två var för sig ensamt verkande grupper. Det är uppsatsförfattarnas främsta mål att illustrera problemen vilka uppstår av ett oproblematiserat könskategoriserande och istället sätta individen i fokus. Syftet med denna uppsats är att, utifrån en fallstudie, problematisera kategorisering av människor inom forskning och låta könskategorisering agera exempel på en allmän problematik. Intresset hos uppsatsförfattarna ligger på att komma bort från en mekanisk förståelse av kön där målet med uppsatsen är insikt snarare än statisk analys.Frågorna vilka ställts för att konkretisera syftet är följande:-Hur agerar och reagerar läraren på olika störningsmoment i klassrummet?-I vilken utsträckning är pojkars och flickors aktivitet, enligt fallstudien, störningsmoment i klassrummet? -Är det i de undersökta klassrumssituationerna ett fåtal elever vilka tillkännager sig ofta eller är det många elever vilka tillkännager sig sällan?En fallstudie beslutades vara den mest lämpade metoden vid genomförandet av undersökningen och som metod inom fallstudien har uppsatsförfattarna använt sig av observationer. Observationerna vilka gjordes var så kallade strukturerade observationer. I vårt fall avses strukturerade observationer som observationer vilka utgår från i förväg utarbetade kategorier. Observationerna genomfördes i en nionde klass och en årskurs tre-klass på gymnasiet.Resultaten visade att flickorna som samlad kategori gav sig tillkänna i mycket högre utsträckning än pojkarna, men samtidigt gick det utläsa att det var några flickor vilka avsevärt höjde medelvärdet för könsgruppen. Samma förhållande förelåg hos pojkarna, där det var ett fåtal vilka tillkännagav sig i mycket högre utsträckning än resterande. Detta innebar att de elever vilka aldrig eller sällan gav sig tillkänna med rätt icke torde kategoriseras in under en grupp för vilken resultatet av granskningen för dem inte är karakteristiskt. I de undersökta och observerade klasserna visade det sig att 10 % av eleverna stod för 60 % av den totala mängd störande tillkännagivanden i klassrumssituationerna. Detta innebär att övriga elever icke bör beskyllas för att ha bidragit till en eventuell störning i klassrummet. Det är sålunda rimligt att sluta sig till att det finns faror med kategorisering av människor, då elever i negativ mening kan påverkas både socialt och pedagogiskt. Dessa slutsatser går även att applicera på och dra slutsatser kring kategorisering av människor i allmänhet.

Copingstrategier hos föräldrar och syskon till barn med cancer : en litteraturstudie

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva de copingstrategier som föräldrar och syskon till barn med cancer använde för att hantera problem under vårdtiden, samt att beskriva vilka faktorer som påverkade dessa copingstrategier. Litteratursökningen utfördes via databasen Elin@Dalarna och sökorden som användes var childhood cancer, paediatric cancer, cancer, parents, siblings, coping, och coping strategies. Inklusions-kriterierna var att artiklarna skulle vara publicerade 1999 eller senare, skrivna på engelska och finnas i fulltext på databasen. Sökningen resulterade i 20 artiklar som ansågs vara relevanta för arbetets syfte. En granskning av artiklarna gjordes och betygen G, VG, MVG och IG delades ut. Resultatet visade att föräldrar och syskon använde sig av en mängd olika copingstrategier för att hantera de psykologiska och praktiska problem som uppstod under vårdtiden. Optimism, informationssökning, sökande av socialt stöd, aktivt problemlösande, undvikande beteenden, självkritiserande samt önsketänkande var några exempel på olika copingstrategier. Faktorer som påverkade copingstrategierna var bland annat det sjuka barnets diagnos och ålder, syskonens ålder, familjestorlek, hemstadens storlek, ekonomisk börda, religion och brist på kommunikation.

Copingstrategier hos föräldrar och syskon till barn med cancer : -en systematisk litteraturstudie

Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie var att undersöka vilka copingstrategier föräldrar och syskon till cancersjuka barn använde sig av. Underlag till studien söktes i Högskolan Dalarnas databas ELIN och i databasen Cinahl. Sökningarna resulterade i 30 artiklar som granskades och värderades med hjälp av granskningsmallar. Av de granskade artiklarna bedömdes 22 motsvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar och användes i studiens resultat. Resultatet visade att föräldrar till cancersjuka barn inte valde en eller flera copingstrategier utan att det var en process under en längre tid. Ju längre tiden gick desto färre copingstrategier behövde de använda sig av för att hantera sin situation. Det visade sig också att mödrarna oftast använde sig av problemfokuserade copingstrategier såsom att söka socialt stöd och att söka information, men även till viss del av känslofokuserade copingstrategier som att tänka positivt och att hålla samman familjen. Fäderna däremot använde sig till största delen av känslofokuserade copingstrategier som bland annat innebar att de distanserade sig från problemet genom att spendera mer tid på arbetet. Syskon till barn med cancer använde sig oftare av en blandning av problemfokuserade och känslofokuserade copingstrategier än vad föräldrarna gjorde. De strategier som syskonen beskrev vara till störst hjälp var att söka socialt stöd, att söka information samt att umgås med kamrater och sysselsätta sig med annat.