Vain hätapua? : Taloudellinen avustaminen diakoniatyön professionaalisen itseymmärryksen ilmentäjänä

Financial Help Alone? Financial help as an exponent of professional diaconal work One essential form of helping people in the Evangelical Lutheran Church s diaconal work is providing economic aid. It can be seen as work which is in accordance with the spirit of the Church Order (4:3). One of the tasks of diaconal work, determined by the Church Order, is to help those whose distress is the greatest and who have no other source of help. This financial support has become a permanent and essential working method, which has also created tension of various kinds. Financial support has been criticized, especially when the support has been used to fill a gap in the social services provided by the government. It has been argued that diaconal work has been forced to take on responsibility for tasks that belong to the welfare state. The tensions involved in the financial support of diaconal work do not only concern the patching up and supplementing of the deficiencies in the welfare state s services but also the question of diaconal workers self-understanding of financial support and how it relates to their professionalism. In this thesis, I examine the experiences and visions diaconal workers have concerning financial support in their work with clients. The viewpoint of my work is the diaconal workers own experiences and interpretations of the meaning of financial support in customer service. In the articles of my thesis, I examined the meanings that diaconal workers gave to financial support in the aspects of work motivation, empowerment, expertise and tensions. The research material of my articles consists of three different data, which are theme interviews from diaconal workers, a survey from diaconal workers of Espoo and a diaconal barometer of 2009. I have analysed the theme interviews and the survey using qualitative content analysis. The results of my articles showed that diaconal workers motivation in tasks concerning economic aid was sustained by the nature and spiritual aspects of support activities. Work that supported empowerment through financial assistance meant influencing the client s personal life, community and local ties and structural circumstances of the surrounding society. Diaconal workers expertise in financial support work can be characterised as horizontal, which means that the expertise was built on acknowledging the client s dignity, the uniqueness of the client s life situation and listening to the client s own voice. Diaconal workers were also experts in community and area-based work. The tensions in financial support work are linked to its unofficial and undefined role in the field of social welfare and the inability of other aiding parties to respond to their duties. The results of my thesis on the experiences and visions of financial support reveal that it is multilateral and multidimensional. Diaconal workers used financial support to help the clients, taking into account their individual, communal, social and spiritual context. The professionalism of this financial support is reflectively related to the client s need of help and the spontaneity and unexpectedness of the situation. Support work was deeply bound to diaconal workers experiences of spirituality as the basic value in their work, the foundation of their idea of humanity and their method of helping others. In different tasks of financial support diaconal workers balanced between traditional, individual client work based on caritas and working methods which are based on supporting the individual s empowerment and active citizenship, as in postmodern social work. Diaconal workers experiences of financial support illustrated the transition or turning point in the professionalism of diaconal work, which involves finding one s own, stronger and clearer professional identity than earlier with respect to other helpers in society. Creating a unique identity is part of the empowerment process of diaconal work, in which it must define its professional role by itself. In postmodern pluralism and the fragmented context of diaconal activities, the question arose as to whether the spiritual traditions and traditional values of diaconal work support the modifications and adaptations needed in new, unpredictable situations. Diaconal work is said to be fast to react, able to predict changes and adapt to those changes. To preserve its sensitive reactive ability, also in the complex postmodern world, it must retain its own views and orientations. Otherwise, the distinctive values and traditions of diaconal work might sustain static diaconal work, employee-centeredness and a smug attitude when defining beneficiaries and needs, which highlights the paternalism of diaconal work. Such paternalism may complicate the progress of working methods which are based on empowerment and citizenship.

Akateemisten pätkätyöläisten hyvinvointi ja kuntoutus. TUULI-kehittämishankkeen arvioinnin loppuraportti

Määräaikaisiin työsuhteisiin liittyvä epävarmuus on useiden tutkimusten mukaan yhteydessä stressiin ja vähentää psyykkistä hyvinvointia. Suomessa määräaikaiset työsuhteet ovat hieman yleisempiä kuin EU:ssa keskimäärin. Erityistä Suomen tilanteelle on se, että suomalaiset määräaikaiset palkansaajat ovat varsin koulutettuja eurooppalaisiin vertaisiinsa verrattuna. Yliopistoissa poikkeuksellisen suuri osa tekee työtä määräaikaisessa työsuhteessa. TUULI-kehittämishanke (2008–2011) toteutettiin Kuntoutussäätiön Malminkartanon kuntoutuskeskuksessa (syksystä 2010 Avire-Kuntoutus Oy), ja se oli tarkoitettu Helsingin yliopistossa määräaikaisissa palvelussuhteissa tai apurahalla työskenteleville henkilöille. Hankkeen rahoittivat Kela ja Työsuojelurahasto. Hankkeen arviointi toteutettiin Kuntoutussäätiön tutkimus- ja kehittämisyksikössä, ja arvioinnin rahoitti Kela. Hanke liittyi laajempaan Kelan toteuttamaan työhönkuntoutuksen kehittämishankkeeseen. Kuntoutusmalli TUULIn kohderyhmänä olivat Helsingin yliopiston akateemisesti koulutetut henkilöt, jotka ovat määräaikaisissa ja usein projektiluonteisissa työtehtävissä. Tämän kohderyhmän kuntoutustarvetta ei arvioida systemaattisesti työterveyshuollossa eikä työvoimatoimistossa. Osa kohderyhmään kuuluvista henkilöistä ei ole oikeutettu käyttämään työterveyshuollon palveluja, ja määräaikaisten työsuhteiden vuoksi he eivät myöskään valikoidu varhaiskuntoutukseen. Kuntoutusmalli TUULIn tavoitteena oli löytää kohderyhmälle soveltuvia kuntoutustarpeen arviointikeinoja (hyvinvointianalyysi). Tavoitteena oli myös kehittää kohderyhmälle soveltuva varhaiskuntoutusmuoto, johon määräaikaisissa työsuhteissa olevien on käytännössä mahdollista osallistua. Arvioinnissa keskeistä oli kehittävä arviointi, toisin sanoen tavoitteena oli myös tukea hankkeen toimintaa sen tavoitteiden toteuttamisessa ja kuntoutusmallin kehittämisessä. Arviointitutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuottaa kokonaisarviointi TUULI-kuntoutusmallista. Hankkeen aluksi koottiin perustiedot sekä varsinaiseen interventioon osallistuvilta että ainoastaan hyvinvointianalyysiin osallistuneilta asiakkailta. Myös hankkeen päättyessä koottiin seurantatiedot molemmilta ryhmiltä. Jokainen kuntoutusryhmä on lisäksi haastateltu viimeisen seitsemän vuorokauden intensiivijaksoon kuuluvan päivän aikana. Arvioinnin aikana tehtiin osallistavaa yhteistyötä erityisesti hankkeen toteuttajien, ohjausryhmän ja rahoittajatahojen kanssa. Hyvinvointianalyysiin ja kuntoutusinterventioon saatiin rekrytoitua tavoiteltu määrä osallistujia. He kokivat määräaikaisuuteen liittyvän epätietoisuuden haittaavan työssä jaksamista. Hieman vajaa kolmasosa koki tämän haittaavan paljon. Selvä enemmistö raportoi työn henkisen kuormituksen ongelmista. Hyvinvointianalyysin ohjelma koostui sydämen sykevariaatioanalyysistä, psykologisista testeistä, lääkärin tutkimuksesta ja palautekeskustelusta. Hyvinvointianalyysi koettiin osallistujien keskuudessa varsin hyödylliseksi toimenpiteeksi. Koettu hyöty näyttäisi olevan samalla tasolla myös yhdeksän kuukautta hyvinvointianalyysin päättymisestä. Hyvinvointianalyysi toimi kuntoutustarpeen arviointivälineenä ja itsenäisenä mini-interventiona. Kuntoutusinterventiossa keskeisiä osa-alueita olivat stressin hallinnan ja rentoutumisen opetteleminen, oman työn kuormitustekijöiden tunnistaminen sekä psyykkisen hyvinvoinnin ja omien voimavarojen vahvistaminen. Myös kuntoutusintervention jälkeen osallistujien kokemukset olivat enimmäkseen positiivisia: he kokivat intervention kohentavan kykyään huolehtia omasta hyvinvoinnistaan sekä vahvistavan psyykkisiä ja sosiaalisia voimavarojaan ja stressin hallintaa. Myös työkyvyn koettiin kohentuneen. Sen sijaan osallistujat eivät kokeneet toiminnan ja työn tehokkuuden taitojen kohenneen. Toteuttajat arvioivat hankkeen saavuttaneen keskeisimmät tavoitteensa. Pätkätyöläisen ammatillisen identiteetin hahmottaminen ja työstäminen koettiin ongelmalliseksi; kehittämishankkeen aikana ei löydetty varteenotettavaa lähestymistapaa aiheeseen. Kuntoutusjärjestelmää tulee kehittää huomioiden työn ja työelämän muutokset. TUULI-hanke oli hyvä avaus tällä saralla, mutta hanke oli suunnattu vain pienelle osalle epätyypillistä työtä tekevien joukkoa. Koska määräaikainen työ on vakiintunut osaksi työmarkkinoita ja pätkistä koostuvaan työuraan liittyy työttömyysjaksoja, tulisi myös työttömyyskaudella olevat saada kuntoutusjärjestelmän piiriin. Arvioinnin kehittämissuositukset huomioiva TUULI-kuntoutusmalli tulisi toteuttaa ainakin kertaalleen Suomen yliopistoissa.

Laki yksityisistä turvallisuuspalveluista - Lain valmistelu ja yleisen edun käsite

Lokakuussa 2002 voimaan astunut laki yksityisistä turvallisuuspalveluista ja eräiksi siihen liittyviksi laeiksi uudisti yksityistä turvallisuusalaa määrittävän lainsäädännön Suomessa. Tämän työn tarkoitus on avata kyseisen lakiuudistuksen valmistelua ja taustaa. Tarkastelun painopiste on ‘yleisen edun’ käsitteen käytössä. Tutkimuskysymyksiä ovat muun muassa kuka yleisen edun käsitettä käytti, mitä sillä perusteltiin ja mitä merkityksiä sille annettiin. Alkuperäislähteinä on käytetty lain valmistelun yhteydessä syntyneitä muistioita, mietintöjä, pöytäkirjoja ja lausuntoja. Tärkeimmän lähdeaineiston muodostavat lakia valmistelleelle hallintovaliokunnalle jätetyt niin kutsutut ‘asiantuntijalausunnot’. Näissä lausunnoissa kattava joukko turvallisuusalaan vaikuttavia organisaatioita työmarkkinajärjestöistä viranomaisiin esitti näkemyksensä lakiesitykseen. Asiantuntijalausuntojen ryhmittelyssä on käytetty apuna Jorma Hakalan kansainväliseen vertailuun perustuvaa, yksityisen turvallisuusalan säätelyn perustelujen jaottelua. Aineiston esittelyn, ryhmittelyn, tarkastelun ja havaintojen pohtimisen tuloksena työn keskeisimmät väitteet ovat seuraavat: 1) Lain valmistelu oli kaikkiaan kymmenen vuotta kestänyt prosessi, ja suhtautuminen yksityisen turvallisuusalan säätelyn kiristämiseen jakoi alan yrityksiä. Pienet yritykset ja maaseudulla toimivat yritykset vastustivat lakiehdotusta. Suurimmat toimijat ajoivat mahdollisimman tiukkaa säätelyä. Säätelyn kiristämisellä on merkittävä vaikutus alan kilpailutilanteeseen. 2) Asiantuntijalausuntojen antajat perustelevat mitä erinäisimpiä, jopa keskenään ristiriitaisia näkemyksiä yleisellä edulla. Lausuntoja voikin tarkastella kilpailutilanteena, jossa eri yleisen edun määritelmät kamppailevat käsitteen sisällöstä. 3) Yleinen etu - yksityinen etu vastakkainasettelu purkautuu lain voimaan astuessa lisääntyvänä julkisen ja yksityisen turvallisuussektorin yhteistyönä. 4) Laki on eräänlainen vedenjakaja, joka ilmentää turvallisuuden tuottamisen muutosta Suomessa. Lain myötä yksityinen turvallisuusala siirtyi osin asetuspohjaisesta säätelystä lakiperusteisen, systemaattisemman viranomaisvalvonnan alle. Laki havainnollistaa yksityisen turvallisuusalan kasvanutta yhteiskunnallista merkitystä ja Suomessa tapahtuvaa kehitystä kohti moninapaista turvallisuuden tuottamista, jossa yksityinen sektori on poliisin kumppani, ei nuorempi apulainen. Yksityinen turvallisuusala on huomattavan vanha palveluliiketoiminnan muoto. Yksityistä turvallisuusalaa määrittävän lainsäädännön kehittymiseen Suomessa on vaikuttanut muun muassa turvallisuusalan nopea kasvu ja palveluiden siirtyminen yksityisistä tiloista julkisiin tiloihin. Kehitys kohti moninapaista turvallisuuden tuottamista pakottaa määrittämään yksityisen turvallisuusalan aseman suhteessa julkiseen valtaan ja kansalaisten perusoikeuksiin.

Kehittämistutkimus: Tieto- ja viestintätekniikkaa kemian opetukseen

The main aim of the present study was to develop information and communication technology (ICT) based chemistry education. The goals for the study were to support meaningful chemistry learning, research-based teaching and diffusion of ICT innovations. These goals were used as guidelines that form the theoretical framework for this study. This Doctoral Dissertation is based on eight-stage research project that included three design researches. These three design researches were scrutinized as separate case studies in which the different cases were formed according to different design teams: i) one researcher was in charge of the design and teachers were involved in the research process, ii) a research group was in charge of the design and students were involved in the research process, and iii) the design was done by student teams, the research was done collaboratively, and the design process was coordinated by a researcher. The research projects were conducted using mixed method approach, which enabled a comprehensive view on education design. In addition, the three central areas of design research: problem analysis, design solution and design process were included in the research, which was guided by the main research questions formed according to these central areas: 1) design solution: what kind of elements are included in ICT-based learning environments that support meaningful chemistry learning and diffusion of innovation, 2) problem analysis: what kind of new possibilities the designed learning environments offer for the support of meaningful chemistry learning, and 3) design process: what kind of opportunities and challenges does collaboration bring to the design of ICT-based learning environments? The main research questions were answered according to the analysis of the survey and observation data, six designed learning environments and ten design narratives from the three case studies. Altogether 139 chemistry teachers and teacher students were involved in the design processes. The data was mainly analysed by methods of qualitative content analysis. The first main result from the study give new information on the meaningful chemistry learning and the elements of ICT-based learning environment that support the diffusion of innovation, which can help in the development of future ICT-education design. When the designed learning environment was examined in the context of chemistry education, it was evident that an ICT-based chemistry learning environment supporting the meaningful learning of chemistry motivates the students and makes the teacher s work easier. In addition, it should enable the simultaneous fulfilment of several pedagogical goals and activate higher-level cognitive processes. The learning environment supporting the diffusion of ICT innovation is suitable for Finnish school environment, based on open source code, and easy to use with quality chemistry content. According to the second main result, new information was acquired about the possibilities of ICT-based learning environments in supporting meaningful chemistry learning. This will help in setting the goals for future ICT education. After the analysis of design solutions and their evaluations, it can be said that ICT enables the recognition of all elements that define learning environments (i.e. didactic, physical, technological and social elements). The research particularly demonstrates the significance of ICT in supporting students motivation and higher-level cognitive processes as well as versatile visualization resources for chemistry that ICT makes possible. In addition, research-based teaching method supports well the diffusion of studied innovation on individual level. The third main result brought out new information on the significance of collaboration in design research, which guides the design of ICT education development. According to the analysis of design narratives, it can be said that collaboration is important in the execution of scientifically reliable design research. It enables comprehensive requirement analysis and multifaceted development, which improves the reliability and validity of the research. At the same time, it sets reliability challenges by complicating documenting and coordination, for example. In addition, a new method for design research was developed. Its aim is to support the execution of complicated collaborative design projects. To increase the reliability and validity of the research, a model theory was used. It enables time-pound documenting and visualization of design decisions that clarify the process. This improves the reliability of the research. The validity of the research is improved by requirement definition through models. This way learning environments that meet the design goals can be constructed. The designed method can be used in education development from comprehensive to higher level. It can be used to recognize the needs of different interest groups and individuals with regard to processes, technology and substance knowledge as well as interfaces and relations between them. The developed method has also commercial potential. It is used to design learning environments for national and international market.

Unraveling the helix of change : An activity-theoretical study of health care change efforts and their consequences

M.A. (Educ.) Anu Kajamaa from the University of Helsinki, Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning (CRADLE), examines change efforts and their consequences in health care in the public sector. The aim of her academic dissertation is, by providing a new conceptual framework, to widen our understanding of organizational change efforts and their consequences and managerial challenges. Despite the multiple change efforts, the results of health care development projects have not been very promising, and many developmental needs and managerial challenges exist. The study challenges the predominant, well-framed health care change paradigm and calls for an expanded view to explore the underlying issues and multiplicities of change efforts and their consequences. The study asks what kind of expanded conceptual framework is needed to better understand organizational change as transcending currently dominant oppositions in management thinking, specifically in the field of health care. The study includes five explorative case studies of health care change efforts and their consequences in Finland. Theory and practice are tightly interconnected in the study. The methodology of the study integrates the ethnography of organizational change, a narrative approach and cultural-historical activity theory. From the stance of activity theory, historicity, contradictions, locality and employee participation play significant roles in developing health care. The empirical data of the study has mainly been collected in two projects, funded by the Finnish Work Environment Fund. The data was collected in public sector health care organizations during the years 2004-2010. By exploring the oppositions between distinct views on organizational change and the multi-site, multi-level and multi-logic of organizational change, the study develops an expanded, multidimensional activity-theoretical framework on organizational change and management thinking. The findings of the study contribute to activity theory and organization studies, and provide information for health care management and practitioners. The study illuminates that continuous development efforts bridged to one another and anchored to collectively created new activity models can lead to significant improvements and organizational learning in health care. The study presents such expansive learning processes. The ways of conducting change efforts in organizations play a critical role in the creation of collective new practices and tools and in establishing ownership over them. Some of the studied change efforts were discontinuous or encapsulated, not benefiting the larger whole. The study shows that the stagnation and unexpected consequences of change efforts relate to the unconnectedness of the different organizational sites, levels and logics. If not dealt with, the unintended consequences such as obstacles, breaks and conflicts may stem promising change and learning processes.

DNA damage recognition in the normal epithelium of human prostate and seminal vesicles

Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancer types in men. The development of prostate tumors is known to require androgen exposure, and several pathways governing cell growth are deregulated in prostate tumorigenesis. Recent genetic studies have revealed that complex gene fusions and copy - number alterations are frequent in prostate cancer, a unique feature among solid tumors. These chromosomal aberrations are though to arise as a consequence of faulty repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSB). Most repair mechanisms have been studied in detail in cancer cell lines, but how DNA damage is detected and repaired in normal differentiated human cells has not been widely addressed. The events leading to the gene fusions in prostate cancer are under rigorous studies, as they not only shed light on the basic pathobiologic mechanisms but may also produce molecular targets for prostate cancer treatment and prevention. Prostate and seminal vesicles are part of the male reproductive system. They share similar structure and function but differ dramatically in their cancer incidence. Approximately fifty primary seminal vesicle carcinomas have been reported worldwide. Surprisingly, only little is known on why seminal vesicles are resistant to neoplastic changes. As both tissues are androgen dependent, it is a mystery that androgen signaling would only lead to tumors in prostate tissue. In this work, we set up novel ex vivo human tissue culture models of prostate and seminal vesicles, and used them to study how DNA damage is recognized in normal epithelium. One of the major DNA - damage inducible pathways, mediated by the ATM kinase, was robustly activated in all main cell types of both tissues. Interestingly, we discovered that secretory epithelial cells had less histone variant H2A.X and after DNA damage lower levels of H2AX were phosphorylated on serine 139 (γH2AX) than in basal or stromal cells. γH2AX has been considered essential for efficient DSB repair, but as there were no significant differences in the γH2AX levels between the two tissues, it seems more likely that the role of γH2AX is less important in postmitotic cells. We also gained insight into the regulation of p53, an important transcription factor that protects genomic integrity via multiple mechanisms, in human tissues. DSBs did not lead to a pronounced activation of p53, but treatments causing transcriptional stress, on the other hand, were able to launch a notable p53 response in both tissue types. In general, ex vivo culturing of human tissues provided unique means to study differentiated cells in their relevant tissue context, and is suited for testing novel therapeutic drugs before clinical trials. In order to study how prostate and seminal vesicle epithelial cells are able to activate DNA damage induced cell cycle checkpoints, we used primary cultures of prostate and seminal vesicle epithelial cells. To our knowledge, we are the first to report isolation of human primary seminal vesicle cells. Surprisingly, human prostate epithelial cells did not activate cell cycle checkpoints after DSBs in part due to low levels of Wee1A, a kinase regulating CDK activity, while primary seminal vesicle epithelial cells possessed proficient cell cycle checkpoints and expressed high levels of Wee1A. Similarly, seminal vesicle cells showed a distinct activation of the p53 - pathway after DSBs that did not occur in prostate epithelial cells. This indicates that p53 protein function is under different control mechanisms in the two cell types, which together with proficient cell cycle checkpoints may be crucial in protecting seminal vesicles from endogenous and exogenous DNA damaging factors and, as a consequence, from carcinogenesis. These data indicate that two very similar organs of male reproductive system do not respond to DNA damage similarly. The differentiated, non - replicating cells of both tissues were able to recognize DSBs, but under proliferation human prostate epithelial cells had deficient activation of the DNA damage response. This suggests that prostate epithelium is most vulnerable to accumulating genomic aberrations under conditions where it needs to proliferate, for example after inflammatory cellular damage.

Constructing a Community : Myths and Realities of the Open Development Model

The open development model of software production has been characterized as the future model of knowledge production and distributed work. Open development model refers to publicly available source code ensured by an open source license, and the extensive and varied distributed participation of volunteers enabled by the Internet. Contemporary spokesmen of open source communities and academics view open source development as a new form of volunteer work activity characterized by hacker ethic and bazaar governance . The development of the Linux operating system is perhaps the best know example of such an open source project. It started as an effort by a user-developer and grew quickly into a large project with hundreds of user-developer as contributors. However, in hybrids , in which firms participate in open source projects oriented towards end-users, it seems that most users do not write code. The OpenOffice.org project, initiated by Sun Microsystems, in this study represents such a project. In addition, the Finnish public sector ICT decision-making concerning open source use is studied. The purpose is to explore the assumptions, theories and myths related to the open development model by analysing the discursive construction of the OpenOffice.org community: its developers, users and management. The qualitative study aims at shedding light on the dynamics and challenges of community construction and maintenance, and related power relations in hybrid open source, by asking two main research questions: How is the structure and membership constellation of the community, specifically the relation between developers and users linguistically constructed in hybrid open development? What characterizes Internet-mediated virtual communities and how can they be defined? How do they differ from hierarchical forms of knowledge production on one hand and from traditional volunteer communities on the other? The study utilizes sociological, psychological and anthropological concepts of community for understanding the connection between the real and the imaginary in so-called virtual open source communities. Intermediary methodological and analytical concepts are borrowed from discourse and rhetorical theories. A discursive-rhetorical approach is offered as a methodological toolkit for studying texts and writing in Internet communities. The empirical chapters approach the problem of community and its membership from four complementary points of views. The data comprises mailing list discussion, personal interviews, web page writings, email exchanges, field notes and other historical documents. The four viewpoints are: 1) the community as conceived by volunteers 2) the individual contributor s attachment to the project 3) public sector organizations as users of open source 4) the community as articulated by the community manager. I arrive at four conclusions concerning my empirical studies (1-4) and two general conclusions (5-6). 1) Sun Microsystems and OpenOffice.org Groupware volunteers failed in developing necessary and sufficient open code and open dialogue to ensure collaboration thus splitting the Groupware community into volunteers we and the firm them . 2) Instead of separating intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, I find that volunteers unique patterns of motivations are tied to changing objects and personal histories prior and during participation in the OpenOffice.org Lingucomponent project. Rather than seeing volunteers as a unified community, they can be better understood as independent entrepreneurs in search of a collaborative community . The boundaries between work and hobby are blurred and shifting, thus questioning the usefulness of the concept of volunteer . 3) The public sector ICT discourse portrays a dilemma and tension between the freedom to choose, use and develop one s desktop in the spirit of open source on one hand and the striving for better desktop control and maintenance by IT staff and user advocates, on the other. The link between the global OpenOffice.org community and the local end-user practices are weak and mediated by the problematic IT staff-(end)user relationship. 4) Authoring community can be seen as a new hybrid open source community-type of managerial practice. The ambiguous concept of community is a powerful strategic tool for orienting towards multiple real and imaginary audiences as evidenced in the global membership rhetoric. 5) The changing and contradictory discourses of this study show a change in the conceptual system and developer-user relationship of the open development model. This change is characterized as a movement from hacker ethic and bazaar governance to more professionally and strategically regulated community. 6) Community is simultaneously real and imagined, and can be characterized as a runaway community . Discursive-action can be seen as a specific type of online open source engagement. Hierarchies and structures are created through discursive acts. Key words: Open Source Software, open development model, community, motivation, discourse, rhetoric, developer, user, end-user

ESPOOLAISTEN KOETTU TERVEYS - Pienalue-estimoinnin soveltaminen aluetasoisen tiedon tuottamiseen

Koettu terveys on subjektiivinen mittari, jota voidaan käyttää objektiivisten mittareiden ohella kunnan sosiaali- ja terveyspolitiikan onnistumisen arviointiin sekä ohjaamaan palveluiden järjestämistä. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin mahdollisuuksia tuottaa pienalue-estimointimenetelmillä tietoa Espoon eri alueiden 20–64 -vuotiaan väestön kokemasta terveydestä. Erityisesti työ keskittyi selvittämään; kuinka pienille Espoon alueille voidaan tuottaa luotettavaa tietoa käytettävissä olevasta otosaineistosta ja miten käytetty mallitaso sekä otoskoon kasvattaminen muiden pääkaupunkiseudun asukkaiden vastauksilla vaikuttaa estimointitulokseen? Tutkimusaineistona käytettiin vuoden 2008 aikana Helsingin sosiaalialan osaamiskeskuksen keräämän Pääkaupunkiseudun hyvinvointitutkimus -aineiston lisäksi Aluesarjat-tilastotietokannasta sekä Tilastokeskuksen Väestötilastopalvelusta saatavaa tietoa. Pienalue-estimointimenetelminä käytettiin malliavusteista GREG-estimointia sekä malliperusteista EBLUP-estimointia. Sekä Espoon että koko pääkaupunkiseudun otosaineistosta muodostettujen yksikkö- ja aluetason mallien parametrien ja Espoon eri alueiden 20–64 -vuotiaaseen väestöön liittyvän tiedon avulla tuotettiin alue-estimaatteja Espoon pien-, tilasto- ja suuralueille. Koetun terveyden aluekeskiarvon estimointi onnistui kaikilla aluetasoilla kyseisen aluetason malliin perustuvalla EBLUP-estimaattorilla. GREG-estimaattori onnistui vain suuraluetason estimoinnissa, muilla aluetasoilla alueiden pienet otoskoot huononsivat GREG-estimaatin tarkkuutta. Yksikkötason sekamallin huono selitysvoima ja mallista puuttuva selittäjä huononsivat siihen perustuvan EBLUP-estimaattorin tarkkuutta. Estimoinnin kannalta mallitasoa tärkeämmäksi osoittautui mallin hyvyyden toteutuminen. Voiman lainaaminen kohdejoukon ulkopuoliselta otokselta heikensi satunnaisvaikutuksen merkitsevyyttä ja alue-estimaattien välistä vaihtelua sekä lisäsi estimaattien tarkkuutta. Pienaluetiedon tuottaminen onnistuu EBLUP-estimaattoreilla jopa 85 pienalueelle noin 800 havainnon otosaineistosta, mikäli käytössä on luotettavaa lisäinformaatiota ja hyvä malli. GREG-estimaattori sallii huonomman mallin käytön, mutta edellyttää suurempia pienalueittaisia otoskokoja kuin EBLUP-estimaattorit. EBLUP-estimaattoreiden etuna on alueittaisen otoskoon lisäksi mahdollisuus perustaa estimointi sekä yksikkötasoiseen että aluetasoiseen malliin. Pienalueestimointimenetelmät lisäävät otosaineistojen hyödyntämismahdollisuuksia. Onnistumisen takaa menetelmiin sisältyvien, aineistoon ja malliin kohdistuvien vaatimusten huomiointi tiedonkeruun suunnitteluvaiheessa mm. kysymysten asettelussa. Pienalue-estimointimenetelmien käyttö edellyttää tilastollista osaamista, kriittisyyttä saatuja tuloksia kohtaan ja vastuullisuutta tuloksia julkaistaessa. Laatuvaatimukset täyttävät pienalue-estimaatit soveltuvat hyvin päätöksenteon tueksi, kun halutaan vertailla alueita ja kohdentaa resursseja tarvelähtöisesti.

Opettajien roolit alakoulun samanaikaisopetuksessa

Teachers work is changing from independent work towards a collegial cooperation, and one form of cooperation can be co-teaching. Co-teaching is also discussed in the three level model of supporting in Special education strategy (Ministry of Education 2007). Efforts have been made to increase co-teaching in Helsinki with the help of a merit pay system. The purpose of this study is to describe teachers' roles in planning, implementing and evaluating co-teaching and to resolve how teachers have ended up with these roles, what advantages and disadvantages there are in different roles and what kind of roles are experienced meaningful. This study is made from a class teacher or a special class teacher point of view. The research material was collected using a qualitative web-inquiry in Autumn 2010. The questionnaire was answered by 35 teachers. The material was studied using content analysis methods. Three different co-teaching roles were formed on the basis of the research material. These roles differ in the way of dividing responsibility of planning and implementing co-teaching. Responsibility Sharers divided the responsibility evenly, Primary Responsible had one teacher with main responsibility and Single Responsible had only one teacher having all the responsibility of planning and teaching. The more responsibility the class teacher had, the more the special education teacher was limited to answer for students with special needs. Distribution of work with Responsibility Sharers was mostly based on good cooperation, while Primary Responsible and Single Responsible had work distribution mostly affected by absence of common planning time. The most satisfied with their co-teaching roles were the Responsibility Sharers, while the Single Responsible were the most unhappy group. However, it seems that individuals' persona affects to what kind of co-teaching was experienced meaningful.

EU:n nimisuojajärjestelmän hyödyntäminen Suomessa

Tämä Pro Gradu tutkimus on osa Helsingin yliopiston Ruralia-instituutin toteuttamaa hanketta, jossa selvitetään EU:n nimisuojan käyttöä Suomessa. Tutkimusmenetelmänä on kvalitatiivinen ja työssä on käytetty teemahaastattelua. Tutkimuksessa on haastateltu suomalaisten nimisuojatuotteiden taustatahot ja haastatteluaineistosta tutkimusteemoiksi nousivat: hakuprosessi, yhteistyö toimijoiden kesken, nimisuoja kilpailuetuna sekä nimisuojan hyödyntäminen yleisesti nyt ja tulevaisuudessa. Tutkimustulostenperusteella EU:n nimisuojajärjestelmän tuomaa lisäarvoa elintarvikkeille ei ole Suomessa hyödynnetty toistaiseksi kovin paljon. Tällä hetkellä varsin harvat tuottajat Suomessa käyttävät nimisuojaa, vaikka se olisi mahdollista. Tietoisuus järjestelmästä on puutteellista eivätkä tuottajat ole saaneet nimisuojatuotteistaan korkeampaa hintaa. Tämä voi olla osasyy tuottajien kiinnostuksen vähäisyyteen, minkä lisäksi muita laatua osoittavia pakkausmerkintöjä on paljon. Vaikka nimisuojaa käyttäville suomalaisille tuottajille ei ole ollut taloudellista hyötyä merkin käytöstä, nähdään nimisuojat kuitenkin laatumerkkinä sekä mahdollisuutena erottautua kilpailijoista. Nimisuojan käyttäminen on vähentänyt tuotenimen väärinkäyttöä, mutta tehokkaampaa ja organisoidumpaa valvontajärjestelmää toivotaan kilpailuedun vahvistamiseksi. Tuottajilla ei ole resursseja markkinoida nimisuojaa, jonka edistämiseksi kaivataan enemmän kansallista panostusta niin markkinointiin kuin suomalaisen ruokakulttuurin ja ruoan arvostuksen kohottamiseen. Tuottajien puolelta toivotaan myös sujuvampaa hakuprosessia, sillä prosessi on kestänyt kaikilla hakijoilla vähintään neljä vuotta. Tulevaisuudessa nimisuojan nähdään osaltaan rakentavan alueen symbolista arvoa ja potentiaalisia suomalaisia nimisuojatuotteita uskotaan löytyvän esimerkiksi kala- ja leipätuoteryhmistä.

Emerging bioenergy business at Finnish independent industrial sawmills

Finnish forest industry is in the middle of a radical change. Deepening recession and the falling demand of woodworking industry´s traditional products have forced also sawmilling industry to find new and more fertile solutions to improve their operational preconditions. In recent years, the role of bioenergy production has often been highlighted as a part of sawmills´ business repertoire. Sawmilling produces naturally a lot of by-products (e.g. bark, sawdust, chips) which could be exploited more effectively in energy production, and this would bring more incomes or maybe even create new business opportunities for sawmills. Production of bioenergy is also supported by government´s climate and energy policies favouring renewable energy sources, public financial subsidies, and soaring prices of fossil fuels. Also the decreasing production of domestic pulp and paper industry releases a fair amount of sawmills´ by-products for other uses. However, bioenergy production as a part of sawmills´ by-product utilization has been so far researched very little from a managerial point of view. The purpose of this study was to explore the relative significance of the main bioenergy-related processes, resources and factors at Finnish independent industrial sawmills including partnerships, cooperation, customers relationships and investments, and also the future perspectives of bioenergy business at these sawmills with the help of two resource-based approaches (resource-based view, natural-resource-based view). Data of the study comprised of secondary data (e.g. literature), and primary data which was attracted from interviews directed to sawmill managers (or equivalent persons in charge of decisions regarding bioenergy production at sawmill). While a literature review and the Delphi method with two questionnaires were utilized as the methods of the study. According to the results of the study, the most significant processes related to the value chain of bioenergy business are connected to raw material availability and procurement, and customer relationships management. In addition to raw material and services, the most significant resources included factory and machinery, personnel, collaboration, and geographic location. Long-term cooperation deals were clearly valued as the most significant form of collaboration, and especially in processes connected to raw material procurement. Study results also revealed that factors related to demand, subsidies and prices had highest importance in connection with sawmills´ future bioenergy business. However, majority of the respondents required that certain preconditions connected to the above-mentioned factors should be fulfilled before they will continue their bioenergy-related investments. Generally, the answers showed a wide divergence of opinions among the respondents which may refer to sawmills´ different emphases and expectations concerning bioenergy. In other words, bioenergy is still perceived as a quite novel and risky area of business at Finnish independent industrial sawmills. These results indicate that the massive expansion of bioenergy business at private sawmills in Finland is not a self-evident truth. The blocking barriers seem to be connected mainly to demand of bioenergy and money. Respondents´ answers disseminated a growing dissatisfaction towards the policies of authorities, which don´t treat equally sawmill-based bioenergy compared to other forms of bioenergy. This proposition was boiled down in a sawmill manager´s comment: “There is a lot of bioenergy available, if they just want to make use of it.” It seems that the positive effects of government´s policies favouring the renewables are not taking effect at private sawmills. However, as there anyway seems to be a lot of potential connected to emerging bioenergy business at Finnish independent industrial sawmills, there is also a clear need for more profound future studies over this topic.

The Commercial Structure of Pedestrian Streets and Shopping Districts - Three Cases from Finland

Kävelykadut ovat tunnustettu tapa elävöittää keskusta-alueiden kauppaa. Aluksi moni kauppias epäilee kävelykadun tuomia muutoksia, mutta kokemus osoittaa, että kävelykadut ovat olleet menestyksekkäitä ja nostavat siellä olevien yritysten myyntiä. Jotkut yritykset eivät kuitenkin hyödy kävelykaduista, kun taas toiset hyötyvät paljon kun katu muuttuu kävelykaduksi. Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma tutkii kävelykatujen kaupallista rakennetta, jotta saataisiin selville minkätyyppiset yritykset löytyvät kävelykadulta. Tuloksia verrataan sen kaupallisen keskusvyöhykkeen kaupalliseen rakenteeseen missä kävelykatu sijaitsee. Näin saadaan selville erot kaupallisessa rakenteessa. Pro gradu tutkii myös miten tavallisia ketjuyritykset ovat kävelykaduilla ja kaupallisissa keskusvyöhykkeissä. Tutkimusaineisto koottiin kaupallisen inventoinnin avulla, joka suoritettiin kolmessa suomalaisessa kaupungissa: Tammisaaressa, Keravalla ja Porissa. Saatu aineisto luokiteltiin ja tulokset piirrettiin kartalle. Perustilastollisia menetelmiä käytettiin tulosten analysoimisessa. Tulokset eriteltiin kävelykadun, kauppakeskusten ja muiden paikkojen osalta ja luokiteltiin yleisluokkiin vähittäiskauppa, ravintola ja muu palvelu. Tulokset näyttävät, että on olemassa selkeitä eroja kun vertaa kävelykatuja ja kaupallisia keskusvyöhykkeitä. Kävelykaduilla on paljon enemmän vähittäiskauppoja, etenkin muotikauppoja, kuin muilla kaduilla. Kauppakeskuksilla on samantapainen kaupallinen rakenne kuin kävelykaduilla kun taas muilla kaduilla esiintyy vähemmän vähittäiskauppoja ja enemmän palveluyrityksiä. Ravintolat ovat melkein yhtä tavallisia koko kaupallisessa keskusvyöhykkeessä. Ketjuyritysten osalta tulokset ovat epäselviä. On olemassa osviittaa siitä, että ne ovat tavallisempia kävelykaduilla, etenkin suurissa kaupungeissa. Saatua tulosta ei ole kuitenkin tarpeeksi, jotta varmaa tietoa olisi saatu. Viimeisten 10–15 vuoden ajan Suomen kävelykadut ovat muuttuneet enemmän ravintolavaltaisiksi muiden palveluiden kustannuksella. Vähittäiskauppojen määrä on pysynyt vakaana. Suomalaiset kävelykadut eroavat kaupalliselta rakenteeltaan pohjoismaisista kävelykaduista, joilla on enemmän vähittäiskauppoja ja vähemmän palveluyrityksiä. Tapauskohtaisissa tuloksissa esiintyy paljon eroavaisuuksia. Paikalliset tekijät ovat usein voimakkaampia kuin yleiset teoriat kauppojen sijainnista kävelykaduilla. Yleisesti ottaen tulokset tukevat teoreettista viitekehystä. Tulokset antavat tarkempaa tietoa kävelykatujen ja kaupallisten keskusvyöhykkeiden kaupallisesta rakenteesta ja siitä, mitkä tekijät tähän vaikuttaa.

Koti keskellä kaupunkia : Keskusta lapsiperheen asuinalueena, esimerkkeinä Tukholma ja Helsinki

Families with children have traditionally moved to suburbs. In the last 20 years a modest counter process has however been recognized. Families with an urban lifestyle stay in the city centres. This study looks at the phenomenon through two cases, Stockholm and Helsinki. In the first case it has already been observed that the city centre has grown in popularity among families with children. Therefore it serves as a basis for the study and as well as a point of comparison. Stockholm’s city centre is expanding as new neighbourhoods have been built and are being planned. In the city centre of Helsinki the building of two large neighbourhoods for 30 000 inhabitants will start in a few years. The first aim of the study is to look closer at what has really happened in the city centre of Stockholm, why families choose to live there with their children and how the City of Stockholm has reacted to the change. The main sources of information are secondary sources, statistics and interviews with planners, politicians and experts in the field. The main object is to look at the situation in the city centre of Helsinki. Can a preference for urban residential environments be observed in Helsinki? What are the reasons for a family to choose the city centre as a living place? How does the everyday life of a family in the city centre appear? How are these families taken into account in the planning of the city? The main sources of information here are statistics, interviews with dwellers in the neighbourhood Kruununhaka and interviews with planners. In Stockholm the birth rate has grown constantly during the 2000s and is highest in the city centre. Some of the families still move elsewhere, but many of them do not. One of the most important reasons for living in the city centre is short working distances which give working parents more time with their children. Another reason is a preference of an urban, active lifestyle. Families prefer to live close to everything, childcare, schools, shops and entertainments. The popularity of the city centre among families with children has taken politicians and planners by surprise. Helsinki has not experienced a baby boom like Stockholm. However the negative changes in the birth rate have been more modest in the central areas than in the suburbs. Statistics show, that many families move away from the city centre as the children grow. Families who stay in the city centre especially appreciate closeness to public and private services and good public transportation which means that they are not dependent on using the car. Further they find that the city centre has a tolerant climate and is a safe and beautiful place to live in. The families enjoy the social life of the neighbourhood and feel that it makes a good climate to raise children in. However they are concerned with traffic safety and the lack of stimulus in the playgrounds of the neighbourhood parks. Two large neighbourhoods with homes for about 30 000 inhabitants are now planned in the former Port Districts in the city centre of Helsinki. The other one, Jätkäsaari has been planned to become an attractive alternative for families with children. Traffic safety has been one of the main objects for the planning. The other, Kalasatama, has been planned to attract all groups in society.