A quantitative state and transition model for the Mitchell grasslands of central western Queensland

Concerns of reduced productivity and land degradation in the Mitchell grasslands of central western Queensland were addressed through a range monitoring program to interpret condition and trend. Botanical and eclaphic parameters were recorded along piosphere and grazing gradients, and across fenceline impact areas, to maximise changes resulting from grazing. The Degradation Gradient Method was used in conjunction with State and Transition Models to develop models of rangeland dynamics and condition. States were found to be ordered along a degradation gradient, indicator species developed according to rainfall trends and transitions determined from field data and available literature. Astrebla spp. abundance declined with declining range condition and increasing grazing pressure, while annual grasses and forbs increased in dominance under poor range condition. Soil erosion increased and litter decreased with decreasing range condition. An approach to quantitatively define states within a variable rainfall environment based upon a time-series ordination analysis is described. The derived model could provide the interpretive framework necessary to integrate on-ground monitoring, remote sensing and geographic information systems to trace states and transitions at the paddock scale. However, further work is needed to determine the full catalogue of states and transitions and to refine the model for application at the paddock scale.

Ras proteins: Different signals from different locations

Ras signalling has classically been thought to occur exclusively at the inner surface of a relatively uniform plasma membrane. Recent studies have shown that Ras proteins interact dynamically with specific microdomains of the plasma membrane as well as with other internal cell membranes. These different membrane microenvironments modulate Ras signal output and highlight the complex interplay between Ras location and function.

High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi

To evaluate the timing of mutations in BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) during melanocytic neoplasia, we carried out mutation analysis on microdissected melanoma and nevi samples. We observed mutations resulting in the V599E amino-acid substitution in 41 of 60 (68%) melanoma metastases, 4 of 5 (80%) primary melanomas and, unexpectedly, in 63 of 77 (82%) nevi. These data suggest that mutational activation of the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway in nevi is a critical step in the initiation of melanocytic neoplasia but alone is insufficient for melanoma tumorigenesis.

Discovering the Law Again: John Grisham, Ed Stevens and the Postmaterial Lawyer

This paper uses three films adapted from the novels of John Grisham, The Firm, The Rainmaker and A Time To Kill, as well as associated television series like Ed to map a vernacular theory of what I have termed the 'postmaterial' lawyer. Grisham's work has been the focus of much critique by legal scholars who suggests he hates lawyers, is critical of the concept of law, and provides 'outlandishly' happy endings. I will challenge these critiques and, in tracing the history of legal thrillers and trial movies, suggest that Grisham and the related texts' explorations of how a just practitioner can operate in an unjust system constitute a powerful interrogation of what law can be.

Use of confocal scanning laser microscopy to measure the concentrations of aerial and penetrative hyphae during growth of Rhizopus oligosporus on a solid surface

In order to develop a method for use in investigations of spatial biomass distribution in solid-state fermentation systems, confocal scanning laser microscopy was used to determine the concentrations of aerial and penetrative biomass against height and depth above and below the substrate surface, during growth of Rhizopus oligosporus on potato dextrose agar. Penetrative hyphae had penetrated to a depth of 0.445 cm by 64 h and showed rhizoid morphology, in which the maximum biomass concentration, of 4.45 mg dry wt cm(-3), occurred at a depth of 0.075 cm. For aerial biomass the maximum density of 39.54 mg dry wt(-3) occurred at the substrate surface. For both aerial and penetrative biomass, there were two distinct regions in which the biomass concentration decayed exponentially with distance from the surface. For aerial biomass, the first exponential decay region was up to 0.1 cm height. The second region above the height of 0.1 cm corresponded to that in which sporangiophores dominated. This work lays the foundation for deeper studies into what controls the growth of fungal hyphae above and below the surfaces of solid substrates. (C) Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Use of confocal microscopy to follow the development of penetrative hyphae during growth of Rhizopus oligosporus in an artificial solid-state fermentation system

Two methods were compared for determining the concentration of penetrative biomass during growth of Rhizopus oligosporus on an artificial solid substrate consisting of an inert gel and starch as the sole source of carbon and energy. The first method was based on the use of a hand microtome to make sections of approximately 0.2- to 0.4-mm thickness parallel to the substrate surface and the determination of the glucosamine content in each slice. Use of glucosamine measurements to estimate biomass concentrations was shown to be problematic due to the large variations in glucosamine content with mycelial age. The second method was a novel method based on the use of confocal scanning laser microscopy to estimate the fractional volume occupied by the biomass. Although it is not simple to translate fractional volumes into dry weights of hyphae due to the lack of experimentally determined conversion factors, measurement of the fractional volumes in themselves is useful for characterizing fungal penetration into the substrate. Growth of penetrative biomass in the artificial model substrate showed two forms of growth with an indistinct mass in the region close to the substrate surface and a few hyphae penetrating perpendicularly to the surface in regions further away from the substrate surface. The biomass profiles against depth obtained from the confocal microscopy showed two linear regions on log-linear plots, which are possibly related to different oxygen availability at different depths within the substrate. Confocal microscopy has the potential to be a powerful tool in the investigation of fungal growth mechanisms in solid-state fermentation. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Projeto Pensando o Direito

O projeto Pensando o Direito tem por objetivo qualificar o trabalho jur??dico da Secretaria de Assuntos Legislativos do Minist??rio da Justi??a, abrindo espa??o para a absor????o da produ????o acad??mica de ponta e fortalecendo seu trabalho de elabora????o normativa. O projeto ?? realizado pela Secretaria de Assuntos Legislativos do Minist??rio da Justi??a (SAL/MJ), por meio de acordo de coopera????o t??cnica com o Programa das Na????es Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD) ??? acordo BRA/07/004: Democratiza????o de Informa????es no Processo de Elabora????o Normativa - e implementado por meio de cartas-acordo com institui????es de ensino e pesquisa de todo o pa??s. Foram firmadas parcerias, por meio de seis sele????es p??blicas, com institui????es acad??micas de ensino e pesquisa em 42 ??reas tem??ticas previamente definidas pela SAL/MJ. O objetivo ?? o fomento ?? pesquisa de car??ter emp??rico e multidisciplinar de assuntos jur??dicos pouco debatidos na academia, mas em discuss??o na sociedade. De 2007 a 2010, foram apresentadas 265 propostas de projetos de pesquisa por 152 institui????es e, dessas, 43 foram aprovadas

Texto para discuss??o 5: reforma administrativa e direito adquirido ao regime da fun????o p??blica

O direito adquirido tem sido argumento freq??entemente invocado pelos opositores da reforma constitucional do aparelho administrativo do Estado. Nesse debate, entretanto, este argumento ?? completamente destitu??do de validade t??cnica. Dizer que a reforma constitucional n??o pode alterar o regime jur??dico dos servidores p??blicos (o estatuto jur??dico da estabilidade, disponibilidade, remunera????o etc.) ?? incorrer em completo equ??voco. As raz??es dessa incompreens??o decorrem do desconhecimento de no m??nimo dois t??picos relevantes encartados no tema, a saber: a) a natureza do regime jur??dico que vincula o servidor p??blico civil ?? administra????o; e b) a distin????o entre efic??cia imediata e efic??cia retroativa das normas constitucionais

Texto para discuss??o 23: reforma administrativa e direito adquirido

A Constitui????o n??o se interpreta mediante a lei ordin??ria; a lei ?? que tem a sua interpreta????o condicionada pela Constitui????o. A garantia constitucional inscrita no art. 5o, XXXVI, por expressa determina????o constitucional, tem aplica????o imediata (art. 5o, ??1o, CF), independendo de preceito legal regulador. Se o conceito de direito adquirido constitu??sse mat??ria de car??ter ordin??rio, a garantia constitucional do direito adquirido estaria de modo indireto ?? disposi????o do legislador, subordinada aos seus humores, esvaziada enquanto norma de prote????o individual. Al??m disso, ter??amos de admitir o paradoxo de um limite ao legislador depender da atua????o do pr??prio legislador

Democracia, direito e gest??o p??blica: textos para discuss??o

O quinto volume da s??rie Inova????o na Gest??o P??blica apresenta uma colet??nea de oito textos produzidos no contexto do Projeto Ciclos de Debates Direito e Gest??o P??blica, lan??ado em 2009, por meio da ent??o Secretaria de Gest??o e da Consultoria Jur??dica do Minist??rio do Planejamento, Or??amento e Gest??o, em parceria com a Associa????o Nacional dos Procuradores da Rep??blica, apoiada pelo Minist??rio P??blico Federal. O projeto promove o debate entre profissionais das diversas ??reas do conhecimento e experi??ncia, do setor p??blico e da sociedade, dando oportunidade ao confronto de conceitos e entendimento acerca da democracia, do direito e da gest??o p??blica. Os oito textos que constam na publica????o abordam variados temas. O primeiro desenvolve uma tese geral sobre a fun????o das atividades de consultoria jur??dica desempenhadas pela Advocacia de Estado no ??mbito da administra????o p??blica, com destaque para os contextos brasileiro e italiano. O segundo demonstra o processo de apropria????o da Constitui????o operado pela comunidade jur??dica e, sobretudo, pelos ??rg??os da Justi??a. Enquanto o terceiro texto aborda a a????o executiva do Estado na ??rea social, por meio do estabelecimento de v??nculos de coopera????o entre a Administra????o P??blica Direta e Indireta e entidades civis sem fins lucrativos. O quarto texto, por sua vez, apresenta o controle da legalidade dos atos do Poder Executivo e a realiza????o dos servi??os p??blicos, com destaque para o papel da advocacia p??blica em face da judicializa????o das decis??es administrativas. O quinto consiste na apresenta????o das tend??ncias recentes e quest??es em aberto sobre a ocupa????o no setor p??blico brasileiro, J?? o sexto trata da coopera????o internacional no contexto da inova????o e melhoria da gest??o p??blica. O s??timo apresenta a atual estrat??gia brasileira de inova????o dos modelos e instrumentos de gest??o p??blica. E o ??ltimo texto, o oitavo, encerra com o retrato hist??rico da previd??ncia social do servidor p??blico, desde a promulga????o da Constitui????o Federal de 1988 at?? a cria????o da Funda????o de Previd??ncia Complementar do Servidor P??blico Federal ??? Funpresp

Disciplina 3.3: fundamentos de direito p??blico

A disciplina teve como principais conte??dos: Estado Social e Democr??tico de Direito: vis??o panor??mica e instrumental do texto constitucional (direitos fundamentais, separa????o dos Poderes, regime da administra????o p??blica, servi??os p??blicos e atividades econ??micas, ordem econ??mica e ordem social). Fundamentos constitucionais da Administra????o P??blica brasileira. Os princ??pios da administra????o p??blica na jurisprud??ncia do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Atividades de administra????o p??blica: presta????o de servi??os, ordena????o, fomento e controle. Contrata????es p??blicas. Organiza????o administrativa e novas tend??ncias. Processos administrativos e suas leis gerais. Controle da administra????o p??blica