Business Development Efforts and Performance Improvements in SMEs Case Study of Business Development Projects Implemented in SME

Under the circumstances of the increasing market pressure, enterprises try to improve their competitive position by development efforts, and a business development project is one tool for that. There are not many answers to the question of how the development projects launched to improve the business performance in SMEs have succeeded. Theacademic interest in the business development project success has mainly focused on projects implemented in larger organisations rather than in SMEs. The previous studies on the business success of SMEs have mainly focused on new business ventures rather than on existing SMEs. However, nowadays a large number of business development projects are undertaken in existing SMEs, where they can pose a great challenge. This study focuses on business development success in SMEs thathave already established their business. The objective of the present study is to gain a deep understanding on business development project success in the SME-context and to identify the dimensions and factors affecting the project success. Further, the aim is to clarify how the business development projects implemented in SMEs have affected their performance. The empirical evidence is based on multiple case study. This study builds a framework for a generic theory of business development success in the SME-context, based on literature from the areas ofproject and change management, entrepreneurship and small business management, as well as performance measurement, and on empirical evidence from SMES. The framework consists of five success dimensions: entrepreneurial, project preparation, change management, project management and project success. The framework provides a systematic way for analysing the business development project and its impact on the performance and on the performing company. This case evidence indicates that successful business development projects have a balanced, high performance concerning all the dimensions. Good performance in one dimension is not enoughfor the project success, but it gives a good ground for the other dimensions. The other way round, poor performance in one success dimension affects the others, leading to poor performance of the project. In the SME-context the business development project success seems to be dependent on several interrelated dimensions and factors. Success in one area leads to success in other areas, and so creates an upward success spiral. Failure in one area seems to lead to failure in other areas, creating a downward failure spiral. The study indicates that the internal business development projects have affected the SMEs' performance widely also on areas and functions not initially targeted. The implications cover all thesuccess categories: the project efficiency, the impact on the customer, the business success and the future potentiality. With successful cases, the success tends to spread out to areas and functions not mentioned as the project goals, andwith unsuccessful cases the failure seems to spread out widely to the SMEs' other functions. This study also indicates that the most important key factors for successful business development project implementation are the strength of intention, business ability, knowledge, motivation and participation of the employees, as well as adequate and well-timed training provided to the employees.

Verkostovaikutteisen tuotteen lanseerauksen erityispiirteet business to business-markkinoilla

Tutkielman empiriaosuus kerättiin teemahaastatteluin. Case yrityksenä oli Osuma Finland Oy, jonka kehittämä kanta-asiakasjärjestelmä omasi verkostovaikutuksia. Yrityksen tekemää lanseerausstrategiaa peilataan teoriaan ja näin sekä teorian että empirian kautta löydetään vastaus siihen, kuinka verkostovaikutteisen tuotteen erityispiirteet vaikuttavat tuotteen lanseeraukseen. Johtopäätöksistä tärkeimmät ovat verkostovaikutteisen tuotteen ja tavallisen tuotteen erityispiirteiden erottamisen tärkeys ja niiden huomioon ottaminen lanseerausstrategiaa suunniteltaessa. Verkostovaikutteisen tuotteen lanseerauksessa tärkein tavoite on kasvattaa mahdollisimman nopeasti mahdollisimman suuri käyttäjämäärä. Lanseerausstrategiaa suunniteltaessa on tärkeää ottaa huomioon sekä tuotteen endogeeniset että eksogeeniset arvot. Tutkielman satona löytyneet eksogeeniset arvot, joita voidaan kuvata lanseerausstrategian kulmakiviksi, voidaan kiteyttää neljään tärkeään elementtiin, jotka ovat: hinnoittelu, sitominen eli kytkykauppa, segmentointi ja ennakkomarkkinointi. Verkostovaikutteisen tuotteen omaksuminen markkinoilla ei välttämättä perustu tuotteen tekniseen paremmuuteen, vaan oleellisinta on ymmärtää, ettätällaisen tuotteen arvo kasvaa, mitä suuremmaksi sen käyttäjien muodostama verkosto kasvaa. Lanseerausstrategiaa suunniteltaessa on tärkeää tunnistaa ja huomioida nämä erityispiirteet.

Monipuolinen tietotyö tilitoimistossa - kiinnostava vaihtoehto valmistuvalle?

Tutkimuksen tarkoitus on tuottaa ajantasaista tietoutta siitä, millainen käsitys laskenta-alan tradenomi- ja maisteriopiskelijoilla on tämän päivän tilitoimistotyöstä ja koetaanko tilitoimisto kiinnostavana työpaikkana. Asiaa tarkasteltiin tietotyön monipuolisuuden ja motivaation näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osuus toteutettiin nettikyselynä, joka kohdistettiin viimeisen vuoden taloushallinnon tai laskentatoimen pääainetta Suomessa opiskeleville tradenomi- ja maisteriopiskelijoille. Vastauksia saatiin 182, joista 162 oli tradenomi- ja 20 kauppatieteiden maisteriopiskelijoilta. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvantitatiivisena. Vastaajista 55 prosenttia pititilitoimistoa kiinnostavana ja 25 prosenttia melko kiinnostavana työpaikkana. Tulokset osoittavat, että tilitoimistotyö on kiinnostava vaihtoehto henkilöille, jotka kokevat työn itseään sisäisesti motivoivaksi. Sisäistä motivaatiota voidaan parantaa ulkoiseen motivaatioon vaikuttavia, kuten rahallisia ja sosiaalisia palkkioita, lisäämällä. Myös asiakaslähtöiset työtehtävät ja verkostomainen toimintatapa vaikuttavat sisäiseen motivaatioon. Työntekijän vaikutusmahdollisuudet omaan työhönsä lisäävät puolestaan ulkoista motivaatiota. Tieto- ja viestintätekniikan monipuolinen hyödyntäminen selittää ulkoisesta motivaatiosta pienen osan. Tietotyön ulottuvuuksista ainoastaan koulutus- ja kehittämismahdollisuudet eivätvaikuta motivaatioon eivätkä tilitoimiston kiinnostavuuteen työpaikkana. Tulokset osoittavat tilitoimistotyön olevan tulevien tietotyöntekijöiden näkemyksen mukaan monipuolista tietotyötä. Tilitoimistotyössä hyödynnetääntieto- ja viestintätekniikkaa monipuolisesti, ja se sisältää omaa suunnittelua vaativia työtehtäviä. Työ vaatii tekijältään korkeaa ja laaja-alaista osaamista sekä jatkuvaa itsensä kehittämistä. Tilitoimistot toimivat sekä sisäisissä että ulkoisissa verkostoissa, joten työntekijät tarvitsevat myös sosiaalisia taitoja.Tilitoimistot tarjoavat työntekijöille melko hyvät vaikutusmahdollisuudet omaantyöhönsä. Tilitoimistotyön arvioitiin tarjoavan muuta tietotyötä paremmat koulutus- ja itsensä kehittämismahdollisuudet. Huolimatta monipuolisuudesta tietotyönnäkökulmasta, tilitoimistotyötä pidettiin yleensä liian säännöllisenä rutiinityönä.

Value added logistical support service. Part 1 : Trends and new concept model

The aim of `Valssi' study was to find out the service requirements in `business-to-business' (B2B) markets and to present a new logistics service concept, where the traditional logistics service is expanded with significant manufacturing and value addedfacilities. The traditional third-party logistics service providers are not necessarily able to offer services, which cover widely the needs of potential customers. The study has been outlined to spare part markets in metal industry. In the second phase of the Valssi-project the aim is to examine the economical conditions and potentiality of the new logistics business concept. This research report (Part 1) concentrates on examining current trends in global and domestic logistics markets. Based on detailed survey among the participating companies, the study presents basis for a new logistics business concept model. The developed concept consists of 12 different service modules, which are split into deeper details of processes. The integration of worldwide supplier and service provider network together with customer companies systems is a challenge. The report focuses on evaluating the requirements for the new business concept from the customer-companies point of view. The study paints an overall picture of distribution and service provider network including an abstract about the software and system integration possibilities. As a result of the survey, it can be concluded that thereis need for the new business concept among the participating companies, and a modular service concept meets the requirements of them, because the new sophisticated concept considers the specialities involved in spare part logistics in metal industry.

Market Potential of Service Providers for Niche Vendor

Diplomityössä tarkastellaan palveluoperaattoreiden asemaa Länsi-Euroopan matkapuhelinpalvelumarkkinoilla. Tavoitteena on selvittää, ovatko palveluoperaattorit potentiaalisia asiakkaita tietylle matkapuhelinlisäpalvelujärjestelmien toimittajalle. Lisäksi tavoitteena on rakentaa liiketoimintalaskelmatyökalu, jolla tällaisen järjestelmäinvestoinnin kannattavuus voidaan osoittaa paitsi palveluoperaattorille, myös tämän loppuasiakkaille. Työ aloitetaan matkapuhelinpalvelumarkkinoilla toimivien osapuolten esittelyllä. Eri osapuolten asemaa ja merkitystä matkapuhelinpalvelumarkkinoilla käsitellään. Matkapuhelinpalvelumarkkinoiden kehitystä tarkastellaan uuden teknologian ja erityisesti tulevien palvelujen näkökulmasta. Tarkastelua jatketaan analysoimalla regulaation vaikutusta matkapuhelinpalvelumarkkinoihin. Erityisesti kiinnitetään huomiota regulaation motiiveihin sekä käytännön toteutukseen tietyissä Länsi-Euroopan maissa. Tutkimuksen toteuttamisessa merkittävässä osassa ovat asiantuntijahaastattelut sekä markkina-analyysiraportit.Markkina-analyysissa saatuja tuloksia hyödynnetään liiketoimintalaskelmatyökalun toteutuksessa. Työn tuloksena päädytään myös ratkaisuun palveluoperaattoreiden kiinnostavuudesta asiakassegmenttinä. Tämän lisäksi havaitaan muita potentiaalisia asiakassegmenttejä, joiden tämäntyyppiseen liiketoimintaan soveltuvuutta tutkitaan edelleen.

Saako historiasta selvää? Monikulttuuriset yläkoululaiset historian lähteillä historian taidot motiivien, seurauksien, historian tulkintojen ja lähteiden luotettavuuden arvioinneissa

The research assesses the skills of upper comprehensive school pupils in history. The focus is on locating personal motives, assessing wider reasons hidden in historical sources and evaluating source reliability. The research also questions how a wide use of multiple sources affects pupils’ holistic understanding of historical phenomena. The participants were a multicultural group of pupils. The origins of their cultures can be traced to the Balkan, the Middle East, Asia and Europe. The number of native Finnish speakers and pupils speaking Finnish as their second language was almost equal. The multicultural composition provides opportunities to assess how culturally responsive learning history from sources is. The intercultural approach to learning in a multicultural setting emphasizes equality as a precondition for learning. In order to set assignments at least to some extent match with all participants only those answers were taken into account which were produced by pupils who had studied history for a similar period of time in the Finnish comprehensive school system. Due to the small number of participants (41), the study avoids wide generalizations. Nevertheless, possible cultural blueprints in pupils’ way of thinking are noted. The first test examined the skills of pupils to find motives for emigration. The results showed that for 7th graders finding reasons is not a problematic task. However, the number of reasons noticed and justifications varied. In addition, the way the pupils explained their choices was a distinguishing factor. Some pupils interpreted source material making use of previous knowledge on the issue, while other pupils based their analysis solely on the text handed and did not try to add their own knowledge. Answers were divided into three categories: historical, explanatory and stating. Historical answers combined smoothly previously learned historical knowledge to one’s own source analysis; explanatory answers often ignored a wider frame, although they were effective when explaining e.g. historical concepts. The stating answers only noticed motives from the sources and made no attempts to explain them historically. Was the first test culturally responsive? All pupils representing different cultures tackled the first source exam successfully, but there were some signs of how historical concepts are understood in a slightly different way if the pupil’s personal history has no linkage to the concepts under scrutiny. The second test focused on the history of Native Americans. The test first required pupils to recognize whether short source extracts (5) were written by Indians or Caucasians. Based on what they had already learned from North American history, the pupils did not find it hard to distinguish between the sources. The analysis of multiphase causes and consequences of the disputes between Native Americans and white Americans caused dispersion among pupils. Using two historical sources and combining historical knowledge from both of them simultaneously was cumbersome for many. The explanations of consequences can be divided into two groups: the ones emphasizing short term consequences and those placing emphasis on long term consequences. The short term approach was mainly followed by boys in every group. The girls mainly paid attention to long term consequences. The result suggests that historical knowledge in sources is at least to some extent read through role and gender lenses. The third test required pupils to explain in their own words how the three sources given differed in their account of living conditions in Nazi Germany, which turned out to be demanding for many pupils. The pupils’ stronghold was rather the assessment of source reliability and accounts why the sources approached the same events differently. All participants wrote critical and justified comments on reliability and aspects that might have affected the content of the sources. The pupils felt that the main reasons that affected source reliability were the authors’ ethnic background, nationality and profession. The assessment showed that pupils were well aware that position in a historical situation has an impact on historical accounts, but in certain cases the victim’s account was seen as a historical truth. The account of events by a historian was chosen most often as the most reliable source, but it was often justified leniently with an indication to professionalism rather than with clear ideas of how historians conduct accounts based on sources. In brief, the last source test demonstrates that pupils have a strong idea that the ethnicity or nationalism determines how people explained events of the past. It is also an implication that pupils understand how historical knowledge is interpretative. The results also imply that history can be analyzed from a neutral perspective. One’s own membership in an ethnical or religious group does not automatically mean that a person’s cultural identity excludes historical explanations if something in them contradicts with his or her identity. The second method of extracting knowledge of pupils’ historical thinking was an essay analysis. The analysis shows that an analytical account of complicated political issues, which often include a great number of complicated political concepts, leads more likely to an inconsistent structure in the written work of pupils. The material also demonstrates that pupils have a strong tendency to take a critical stance when assessing history. Historical empathy in particular is shown if history somehow has a linkage to young people, children or minorities. Some topics can also awake strong feelings, especially among pupils with emigrant background, if there is a linkage between one’s own personal history and that of the school; and occasionally a student’s historical experience or thoughts replaced school history. Using sources during history lessons at school seems to have many advantages. It enhances the reasoning skills of pupils and their skills to assess the nature of historical knowledge. Thus one of the main aims and a great benefit of source work is to encourage pupils to express their own ideas and opinions. To conclude, when assessing the skills of adolescents in history - their work with sources, comments on history, historical knowledge and finally their historical thinking - one should be cautious and avoid cut off score evaluations. One purpose of pursuing history with sources is to encourage pupils to think independently, which is a useful tool for further identity construction. The idea that pupils have the right to conduct their own interpretations of history can be partially understood as part of a wider learning process, justification to study history comes from extrinsic reasons. The intrinsic reason is history itself; in order to understand history one should have a basic understanding of history as a specific domain of knowledge. Using sources does not mean that knowing history is of secondary importance. Only a balance between knowing the contextual history, understanding basic key concepts and working with sources is a solid base to improve pupils’ historical understanding.

Sensory and Non-sensory Factors Behind the Liking and Choice of Healthy Food Products

A healthy and balanced diet can reduce health problems, such as overweight and metabolic syndrome. In general, people have a considerably good knowledge of what constitutes a healthy diet and how they could achieve it with their food choices. Besides, people argue that health is among their top five food choice motives. Nevertheless, the prevalence of overweight is increasing and other food choice motives, such as taste, seem to conflict with the health. Liking for food does not necessarily determine acceptance alone, thus several non-sensory factors, such as brand, country of origin and nutrition claim, can also influence. Moreover, consumers are individuals in how they prioritize sensory and nonsensory factors of foods, but e.g. increasing age, female gender and health concern have been connected to a more health-oriented dietary behaviour. To sum up, identifying different factors that can increase the liking and consumption of healthy food is essential in order to develop more attractive healthful food products. Adding vitamins, minerals, fibre or other ingredients to a food product can be used to enrich the nutritional quality of the products. However, this may be difficult in practice as regards the sensory quality and pleasantness of the foods. Generally, consumers are not willing to compromise on taste in food. On the other hand, consumers are very heterogeneous in their likings, and their personal values and attitudes may interact with preferences for specific sensory characteristics. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of intrinsic product characteristics on sensory properties and hedonic responses; to determine the impact of few non-sensory factors; and to examine the interaction between sensory and non-sensory factors with consumers’ demographics, values and attitudes in liking of healthy model foods. The results showed that product composition influenced sensory quality and had an effect on hedonic responses. Adding flaxseed to bakery products showed a significant improvement in the nutritional quality without negative effects on sensory properties. On the other hand, the fortification of wellness beverages with vitamins and minerals may impart off-flavours. In general, sweetness of yoghurts, freshness of wellness beverages and low intensity of rye bread flavour appealed to consumers. Information about the domestic origin of yoghurts and claiming a specific function for wellness beverages enhanced liking. However, consumers who were more concerned about their health and considered natural content as an important food choice motive, rated sourer and less sweet yoghurts and wellness beverages as more pleasant. In addition, interest in health increased the consumption of rye breads and other whole grain breads among adolescents. The results showed that the optimal product quality in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic factors differs between individual consumers, and personal values and food choice motives can be connected to preferences for specific sensory characteristics of foods. This indicates that each food product needs to be considered in relation to its specific market niche, and to which segment of consumer will respond most positively to its characteristics.

Kuka suunnittelee mainokset? Tutkimus mainosalan kulisseista,yhteistyökäytännöistä ja ristiriidoista. Mainonnan suunnittelijan näkökulma

Tutkimus kuvaa tapahtumia mainonnan suunnittelun kulissien takana ja niiden vaikutusta suunnittelutyöhön mainonnan suunnittelijan näkökulmasta. Lähestymistapa on systeemiteoreettinen: tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan sekä mainostoimiston suunnittelijoiden, projektijohtajien ja muiden mainonnan suunnitteluun osallistuvien keskinäistä vuorovaikutusta että mainostoimiston ja mainoksia tilaavan asiakkaan vuorovaikutuksen asettamia rajoja ja mahdollisuuksia. Keskeinen työväline on Kurt Lewinin kentän käsite. Tutkimuksessa se konkretisoituu esitystavaksi mainonnan suunnittelun olennaisista piirteistä, jotka ovat toisistaan riippuvaisia. Tutkimusta pohjustaa ajatus mainonnan suunnittelun perusrakenteesta, joka on riippumaton taloudellisista, yhteiskunnallisista tai mainostoimialan liiketoimintaympäristön muutoksista. Mainostoimistossa työtä tehdään usein ryhmässä. Ydinryhmä muodostuu kirjoittavan ja visuaalisen suunnittelijan työparista, mutta projektijohtaja on avainasemassa hoitaessaan yhteydenpitoa mainostoimiston asiakkaaseen. Tutkimustyötä viitoittivat kysymykset mainonnan suunnittelijoiden tehtävästä ja asemasta, työssä koetuista haasteista sekä osuudesta ja vastuusta lopullisissa töissä. Keskiössä ovat suunnittelutyötä raamittavat haasteet, jotka ohjaavat suunnittelijoiden kykyjä ja haluja toteuttaa luovuuttaan. Tutkimus ammentaa teoreettisia aineksia työnjaon ja tiimityön käsitteiden ohella vallan tilanteisuudesta ja suhteista sekä sosiaalisen pääoman ja luottamuksen moniaineksisuudesta. Tutkimuksen aineisto kerättiin syksyllä 2008 ja alkuvuodesta 2009 haastattelemalla suomalaisten mainostoimistojen suunnittelijoita. Haastatteluaineisto koostuu kymmenestä ryhmähaastattelusta, johon kuhunkin osallistui 3–4 suunnittelijaa. Muu aineisto sisältää toimialan tilastoja ja julkaisuja sekä yksityisiä sähköpostikirjeenvaihtoja ja keskusteluja mainosammattilaisten kanssa. Haastatteluaineisto analysoitiin Milesin ja Hubermannin aineistolähtöisen sisällönanalyysin avulla ja sitä täydennettiin retorisella diskurssianalyysilla. Analyysin alkuvaiheessa koemetodina sovellettiin Straussin ja Corbinin aineistolähtöisen teorian (grounded theory) kolmivaiheista koodausta. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on malli mainonnan suunnittelun kentän jännitteistä, jotka johtavat toimimaan tietyllä tavalla. Mainonnan suunnittelijan tehtävinä näyttäytyvät vaikuttaminen, asiakkaan tarpeiden tunnistaminen ja tyydyttäminen sekä omakohtainen menestyminen. Suunnittelijan asema näyttää työssä koettujen haasteiden kautta häilyvän asiantuntijuuden ja alihankkijuuden välimaastossa. Työn henkilökohtaisina haasteina piirtyvät tarmokkuuden ja jatkuvan oivaltamisen vaateet. Ulkoisina tekijöinä talouden, teknologian ja sen myötä median murros sekä haastaa että kehittää: alituiseen kiireeseen näytetään verhoavan pulmia, joiden todellinen alkuperä paikantuu muualle. Keskeiset ristiriidat ja toiminnan edellytykset ilmenevät juuri yhteistyössä: mainostoimiston sisäinen yhteistyö ja asiakkaan antama palaute ovat merkittäviä tekijöitä luottamuksen taustalla. Siten avoin ja vastavuoroinen kommunikaatio piirtyy olennaiseksi asetettujen tavoitteiden saavuttamisessa ja asiakkaan menestymisessä. Mainonnan suunnittelussa tärkeäksi kysymykseksi nousevat portinvartijoiden roolit. Mainostoimiston sisäisessä työskentelyssä projektijohtajat hallinnoivat suunnitteluresursseja, välittävät tietoa asiak kaalta suunnittelijalle ja päinvastoin sekä tekevät tärkeimmät päätökset. Asiakkaan puolella mainoksia tilaava asiakashenkilö hallinnoi valjastamiaan resursseja, mutta varsinainen päätöksenteko tapahtuu tämän esimiehen toimesta. Tulosten valossa on perusteltua uskoa, että mainonnan suunnittelijat kokevat oman työnsä arvon alentuneen ja päätösvaltansa vähentyneen. Mainostoimialan murroksen kannalta tutkimus tuo esiin uudenlaisen tiimityön ymmärtämisen ja korostaa yksilöiden vahvuuksien tunnistamisen merkitystä. Kiristyvässä taloudessa se suuntaa huomion sekä mainostoimistojen että niiden asiakasyritysten sisäisten ja ulkoisten resurssien tehokkaaseen ja tuottavaan hyödyntämiseen ja organisoimiseen. Sosiologisesti tutkimus tarjoaa yhdenlaisen näkökulman ryhmätyön ulottuvuuksiin ja työelämän yhteistyöhaasteiden pohtimiseen. Siten tutkimuksen tuloksilla voi nähdä arvoa myös muiden kuin mainosalan yhteistyökäytäntöjentarkasteluun.

Defects in Persistent Luminescence Materials

Persistent luminescence materials can store energy from solar radiation or artificial lighting and release it over a period of several hours without a continuous excitation source. These materials are widely used to improve human safety in emergency and traffic signalization. They can also be utilized in novel applications including solar cells, medical diagnostics, radiation detectors and structural damage sensors. The development of these materials is currently based on methods based on trial and error. The tailoring of new materials is also hindered by the lack of knowledge on the role of their intrinsic and extrinsic lattice defects in the appropriate mechanisms. The goal of this work was to clarify the persistent luminescence mechanisms by combining ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations with selected experimental methods. The DFT approach enables a full control of both the nature of the defects and their locations in the host lattice. The materials studied in the present work, the distrontium magnesium disilicate (Sr₂MgSi₂O₇) and strontium aluminate (SrAl₂O₄) are among the most efficient persistent luminescence hosts when doped with divalent europium Eu²⁺ and co-doped with trivalent rare earth ions R³⁺ (R: Y, La-Nd, Sm, Gd-Lu). The polycrystalline materials were prepared with the solid state method and their structural and phase purity was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction. Their local crystal structure was studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The crystal and electronic structure of the nondoped as well as Eu²⁺, R^2+/3+ and other defect containing materials were studied using DFT calculations. The experimental trap depths were obtained using thermoluminescence (TL) spectroscopy. The emission and excitation of Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²+,Dy³⁺ were also studied. Significant modifications in the local crystal structure due to the Eu²⁺ ion and lattice defects were found by the experimental and DFT methods. The charge compensation effects induced by the R³⁺ co-doping further increased the number of defects and distortions in the host lattice. As for the electronic structure of Sr₂MgSi₂O₇ and SrAl₂O₄, the experimental band gap energy of the host materials was well reproduced by the calculations. The DFT calculated Eu²⁺ and R^2+/3+ 4fn as well as 4f^n-15d¹ ground states in the Sr₂MgSi₂O₇ band structure provide an independent verification for an empirical model which is constructed using rather sparse experimental data for the R³⁺ and especially the R²⁺ ions. The intrinsic and defect induced electron traps were found to act together as energy storage sites contributing to the materials’ efficient persistent luminescence. The calculated trap energy range agreed with the trap structure of Sr₂MgSi₂O₇ obtained using TL measurements. More experimental studies should be carried out for SrAl₂O₄ to compare with the DFT calculations. The calculated and experimental results show that the electron traps created by both the rare earth ions and vacancies are modified due to the defect aggregation and charge compensation effects. The relationships between this modification and the energy storage properties of the solid state materials are discussed.

Luminescence-based assay methods in drug discovery

The drug discovery process is facing new challenges in the evaluation process of the lead compounds as the number of new compounds synthesized is increasing. The potentiality of test compounds is most frequently assayed through the binding of the test compound to the target molecule or receptor, or measuring functional secondary effects caused by the test compound in the target model cells, tissues or organism. Modern homogeneous high-throughput-screening (HTS) assays for purified estrogen receptors (ER) utilize various luminescence based detection methods. Fluorescence polarization (FP) is a standard method for ER ligand binding assay. It was used to demonstrate the performance of two-photon excitation of fluorescence (TPFE) vs. the conventional one-photon excitation method. As result, the TPFE method showed improved dynamics and was found to be comparable with the conventional method. It also held potential for efficient miniaturization. Other luminescence based ER assays utilize energy transfer from a long-lifetime luminescent label e.g. lanthanide chelates (Eu, Tb) to a prompt luminescent label, the signal being read in a time-resolved mode. As an alternative to this method, a new single-label (Eu) time-resolved detection method was developed, based on the quenching of the label by a soluble quencher molecule when displaced from the receptor to the solution phase by an unlabeled competing ligand. The new method was paralleled with the standard FP method. It was shown to yield comparable results with the FP method and found to hold a significantly higher signal-tobackground ratio than FP. Cell-based functional assays for determining the extent of cell surface adhesion molecule (CAM) expression combined with microscopy analysis of the target molecules would provide improved information content, compared to an expression level assay alone. In this work, immune response was simulated by exposing endothelial cells to cytokine stimulation and the resulting increase in the level of adhesion molecule expression was analyzed on fixed cells by means of immunocytochemistry utilizing specific long-lifetime luminophore labeled antibodies against chosen adhesion molecules. Results showed that the method was capable of use in amulti-parametric assay for protein expression levels of several CAMs simultaneously, combined with analysis of the cellular localization of the chosen adhesion molecules through time-resolved luminescence microscopy inspection.

Effects of Country of Origin on Consumer Product Evaluations: Finnish clothing products in the minds of Russian tourists

Companies operating in today’s highly internationalized markets consider product differentiation the key priority in pursue to attain a constant competitive advantage in challenging global environment (Baker and Ballington 2002, 158). The main driver affecting companies’ differentiation actions was described as early as 1912 by one of the marketing pioneers A. W. Shaw (1912, 710) as meeting human wants more accurate than the competition, and thus increasing customers’ perceived value and satisfaction. Dickson and Ginter (1987, 2) point out in their study based on earlier research by Chamberlin (1965) and Porter (1976) that differentiation can be based on either tangible characteristics of a product such as design or intangible characteristics such as a brand name and country of origin (hereafter referred to as COO). The concept of COO and its impact on consumers’ evaluation of a product as an extrinsic product cue has been one of the most noteworthy topics in international marketing, having been voluminously examined by over 780 authors in more than 750 academic publications in the past 40 years (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2002, 294). Many of these studies accentuate the significant effect the COO has on consumers’ product attribute evaluations. People routinely associate country images with products and services in order to judge and categorize them based on perceived quality and risk levels; thereby COO can influence the likelihood of a purchase (Peterson and Jolibert 1995, 883-884; Verlegh and Steenkamp 1999, 523). Based on the vast research related to COO in the field of international business, it is widely recognized that the country associated with a product can act in a similar way as the name of a brand and even become a part of product’s total image. Thereby depending on customer’s values and perceptions, the product-country image can either increase or decrease perceived value.

Palkan ulkopuoliset palkitsemiskeinot ja niiden vaikutus henkilöstön sitoutumiseen ja motivaatioon

This paper examines the rewarding models (excluding salary) used by Finnish companies, and their affect on the personnel's motivation and commitment. Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are examined. Both employers and employees have been interviewed. The results show that by using intangible rewarding methods, the employers can affect the employees' intrinsic motivation, and the employees find this kind of rewarding preferable.

Entrepreneurial orientation in small and medium-sized enterprises during economic crisis

The economic importance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and entrepreneurship has increased significantly in recent decades and entrepreneurial activity and SMEs are deemed vital to economic progress. Therefore, it is justifiable to study how small firms and entrepreneurs can enhance their performance and emergence in the turbulent economic environment. The concept of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has recently attracted considerable attention in the field of entrepreneurship research. EO generally refers to a firm’s propensity to be innovative, to be proactive and to take risks. A majority of EO studies so far have found that adopting EO associated entrepreneurial behaviors will help firms to create or sustain a high level of performance. This dissertation explores the main drivers and performance implications of EO for SMEs in time of economic crisis. Hence the first objective of this dissertation is to examine the performance implications of EO and to test the role of EO on how firms are treated by the crisis at operative level. The second objective is to expand the prevailing understanding of determinants of EO by exploring the relationship between owner's work related values, attitudes, demographic characteristics, firm’s financial resources and EO. EO was found to be a significant and positive factor behind a firm’s long run growth. Hence it can be said that EO has positive implications for firm performance. But on the other hand, during a time of economic crisis the different dimensions of EO had both positive and negative effects on performance of SMEs. The performance implications varied across different stages of the crisis and were also dependent on what measure was used for measuring the performance. The main drivers of EO in SMEs were the personal work related values of the entrepreneur and his/her prior experience as an entrepreneur. The intrinsic work values related to interest, responsibility, challenge, self-development or intellectual stimulation and values related to status, power, achievement and recognition had a positive effect on the level of EO. On the other hand, extrinsic values related to high income, material possessions, benefits such as generous holidays, job security, and comfort through good working conditions decreased the level of EO

"Vain toimitusjohtaja voi ymmärtää toimitusjohtajaa" - käytäntöyhteisö uuden tiedon luomisessa

Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää miten käytäntöyhteisö edistää tiedon jakamista ja uuden tiedon luomista. Tutkimus on laadullinen tapaustutkimus toimitusjohtajien keskinäisestä käytäntöyhteisöstä. Tutkimusaineisto on kerätty puolistrukturoiduilla haastatteluilla, lisäksi on hyödynnetty havainnointia ja kirjallista materiaalia. Aineisto on analysoitu abduktiivisesti sisällönanalyysimenetelmällä. Tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan käytäntöyhteisössä tietoprosessien edellytyksinä on sekä sosiaalisia ja vuorovaikutukseen liittyviä että tiedolliseen monimuotoisuuteen ja yhtenevään tietoperustaan liittyviä tekijöitä. Tulokset tuovat esiin mekanismeja tiedon jakamisen ja uuden tiedon luomisen edistämiseksi käytäntöyhteisöissä. Käytäntöyhteisöön osallistumista ohjaavat pääasiassa sisäiset motiivit, joista korostuivat vertaistuki, verkostoituminen ja informaation vaihto. Osa sisäisistä hyödyistä johtaa toisiin sisäisiin hyötyihin ja osa myös ulkoisiin hyötyihin.