Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) P(3HB-co-3HV) with a broad range of 3HV content at high yields by Burkholderia sacchari IPT 189

The biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) from sucrose and propionic acid by Burkholderia sacchari IPT 189 was studied using a two-stage bioreactor process. In the first stage, this bacterium was cultivated in a balanced culture medium until sucrose exhaustion. In the second stage, a solution containing sucrose and propionic acid as carbon source was fed to the bioreactor at various sucrose/propionic acid (s/p) ratios at a constant specific flow rate. Copolymers with 3HV content ranging from 40 down to 6.5 (mol%) were obtained with 3HV yield from propionic acid (Y-3HV/prop) increasing from 1.10 to 1.34 g g(-1). Copolymer productivity of 1 g l(-1) h(-1) was obtained with polymer biomass content rising up to 60% by increasing a specific flow rate at a constant s/p ratio. Increasing values of 3HV content were obtained by varying the s/p ratios. A simulation of production costs considering Y-3HV/prop obtained in the present work indicated that a reduction of up to 73% can be reached, approximating US$ 1.00 per kg which is closer to the value to produce P3HB from sucrose (US$ 0.75 per kg).

Biosynthesis and characterization of biodegradable Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) from renewable sources

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) was produced in fed-batch cultures of Ralstonia eutropha DSM 428 and Alcaligenes latus ATCC 29712 on a mineral medium with different carbon sources such as sucrose, sodium lactate, lactic acid, soybean oil and fatty acid. The bacteria converted the different carbon sources supplied into P3HB. The best results were obtained when lactate or soybean oil were supplied as the sole carbon source. The range of number average molar mass (Mn) for the polymers, analyzed by Gel Permeation Chromatography was 1.65 to 0.79 x 10(5) g mol(-1). FTIR spectroscopy revealed a characteristic absorbance associated with polyester structures. The crystallinity degree, determinate from X-ray diffractograms, was about 69% in all synthesized polymers. The thermal properties associated to semicrystalline polymers indicated a glass transition at 0.1 degrees C and a melting point at about 175 degrees C and enthalpy of 63-89 J g(-1). The (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR spectra of the polymers were in agreement with the calculated chemical shifts associated with P3HB structures.

Disruption of the 2-methylcitric acid cycle and evaluation of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate biosynthesis suggest alternate catabolic pathways of propionate in Burkholderia sacchari

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the relevance of the 2-methylcitric acid cycle (2MCC) to the catabolism of propionate in Burkholderia sacchari. Two B. sacchari mutants unable to grow on propionate were obtained: one disrupted in acnM, and the other in acnM and prpC deleted. An operative 2MCC significantly reduces the bacterial ability to incorporate 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) into a biodegradable copolyester accumulated from carbohydrates plus propionate. The efficiency of the mutants in converting propionate to 3HV units (Y(3HV/prp)) increased from 0.09 g.g(-1) to 0.81-0.96 g.g(-1), indicating that acnM and prpC are both essential for growth on propionate. None of the mutations resulted in achievement of the maximum theoretical Y(3HV/prp) (1.35 g.g(-1)). When increasing concentrations of propionate were supplied, decreasing values of Y(3HV/prp) were observed. The results obtained corroborate the hypothesis of the presence of other propionate catabolic pathways in B. sacchari. The 2MCC would be the more operative pathway, but a second pathway, which remains to be elucidated, would assume more importance under propionate concentrations of 1 g.L(-1) or higher. The efficiency in converting propionate to 3HV units can be improved by decreasing the propionate concentrations, owing to the role of the 2MCC.

Optical VOCs detection using poly(3-alkylthiophenes) with different side-chain lengths

The use of conjugated polymers in the gas and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detections represents an advance in the development of the electronic noses. Polythiophenes show good thermal and environmental stability, are easily synthesized and they have been studied as gas and VOCs sensors using different principles or transduction techniques. Among these techniques, optical sensing has been attracted attention, mainly due to its versatility. However, conjugated polymer-based optical sensors are still less studied. This paper describes the use of two poly(3-alkylthiophenes) for VOCs optical detection. The sensing measurements were carried out using visible spectroscopy. Both polymers showed good sensitivity to the VOCs, showing fast and reversible responses with some hysteresis, and were unable to detect hydroxylated samples. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the thickness of polymer films influences the intensity of the optical response. Although there is similarity in the superficial composition of the polymers films, demonstrated by their surface energies, they showed significant differences in their optical properties upon exposure to the VOCs. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

FT-Raman investigation of biodegradable polymers: Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)

This work presents a FT-Raman study (lambda(0) = 1064 nm) of naturally occurring polyester poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB) and its copolymer poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate] (PHBV) with 5,8 and 12 mol % of HV (hydroxyvalerate). The FT-Raman spectra of films indicate that full width at half height of the band centered at 1725 cm(-1) and relative intensity of bands at 1443 and 1458 cm(-1) can be use to estimate the crystalline degree in film samples. The similarity between Raman spectra of molten PHB and PHBV and theirs CDCl(3) solutions suggested that molten polymers present similar conformation than polymers in solution. Raman data of these samples showed that bands at 1220, 1402, 1725, 2998 and 3009 cm(-1) are due to crystalline helical structure and the bands at 1453, 1740, 2881, 2938 and 2990 cm(-1) are originated from disordered domains. It is shown that composition of PHBV samples can be estimated by analyzing the ratio of the intensity of the bands at 2938 cm(-1) (nu C-H) and 1740 cm(-1) (nu C=O) in the spectra of solutions and of bands at 1354 (wCH(2)) and 1740 cm(-1) (nu C=O) in spectra of molten polymers. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis of biodegradable polyhydroxyalcanoate copolymer from a renewable source by alternate feeding

Polyhydroxyalcanoates copolymers with 3-hydroxybutirate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) co-monomers, P3(HB-co-x%HV), were produced in fed-batch culture by Ralstonia eutropha DSM428 using fructose as a single carbon source in the first step and adding propionic acid in the second step by alternating feeding. Polymer yield was 0.18 g/L with a content of 24 mol% of the 3HV fraction determined by H-1 NMR. NMR measurements indicated that the polymer obtained is isotactic. The copolymer attained 35% of crystallinity according to X-ray diffraction measurements, and two (020) planes were observed. Thermal behavior presented melting temperature at 154 degrees C and the crystallization temperature was 65 degrees C. A glass transition temperature was observed at -10 degrees C. Average molecular weight measured by GPC was 4.9 x 10(5) Dalton. Isothermal radial growth rates of spherulites of P3(HB-co-24%HV) were studied. All experimental facts and the analysis of the sequence distribution of diads and triads of 3HB and 3HV units led to the conclusion that it is not a completely statistical random copolymer once it contains different types of segments. POLYM.

Screening of bacteria to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates from xylose

Although xylose is a major constituent of lignocellulosic feedstock and the second most abundant sugar in nature, only 22% of 3,152 screened bacterial isolates showed significant growth in xylose in 24 h. Of those 684, only 24% accumulated polyhydroxyalkanoates after 72 h. A mangrove isolate, identified as Bacillus sp. MA3.3, yielded the best results in literature thus far for Gram-positive strains in experiments with glucose and xylose as the sole carbon source. When glucose or xylose were supplied, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) contents of cell dry weight were, respectively, 62 and 64%, PHB yield 0.25 and 0.24 g g(-1) and PHB productivity (P(PHB)) 0.10 and 0.06 g l(-1) h(-1). This 40% P(PHB) difference may be related to the theoretical ATP production per 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) monomer calculated as 3 mol mol(-1) for xylose, less than half of the ATP/3HB produced from glucose (7 mol mol(-1)). In PHB production using sugar mixtures, all parameters were strongly reduced due to carbon catabolite repression. PHB production using Gram-positive strains is particularly interesting for medical applications because these bacteria do not produce lipopolysaccharide endotoxins which can induce immunogenic reactions. Moreover, the combination of inexpensive substrates and products of more value may lead to the economical sustainability of industrial PHB production.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates production by actinobacteria isolated from soil

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable and renewable polymers produced by a wide range of bacterial groups. New microbial bioprospection approaches have become an important way to find new PHA producers and new synthesized polymers. Over the past years, bacteria belonging to actinomycetes group have become known as PHA producers, such as Nocardia and Rhodococcus species, Kineosphaera limosa Liu et a]. 2002, and, more recently, Streptomyces species. In this paper, we disclose that there are more actinobacteria PHA producers in addition to the genera cited. Some unusual genera, such as Streptoalloteichus, and some genera frequently present in soil, such as Streptacidiphilus, have been found. Thirty-four isolates were able to accumulate poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and a number of these have traces of poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) when cultivated on glucose or glucose and casein as carbon source. Furthermore, some strains showed traces of medium chain length PHA. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the PHA accumulation occurs in hyphae and spores.

Influence from the sulfonate group (RSO(3)(-)) on the conversion process and emission efficiency of poly(p-phenylene vinylene)

The discovery of an alternative route to convert poly(xylyliden tetrahydrothiophenium chloride) (PTHT) into poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) using dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) has allowed the formation of ultrathin films with unprecedented control of architecture and emission properties. In this work, we show that this route may be performed with several sufonated compounds where RSO(3)(-) replaces the counter-ion (Cl(-)) of PTHT, some of which are even more efficient than DBS. Spin-coating films were produced from PTHT and azo-dye molecules, an azo-polymer and organic salts as counter-ions of PTHT. The effects of the thermal annealing step of PTHT/RSO(3)(-) films at 110 and 230 degrees C were monitored by measuring the absorption and emission spectra. The results indicate that the exchange of the counterion Cl(-) of PTHT by a linear long chain with RSO(3)(-) group is a general procedure to obtain PPV polymer at lower conversion temperature (ca. 110 degrees C) with significant increase in the emission efficiency, regardless of the chemical position and the number of sulfonate groups. With the enhanced emission caused by Congo Red and Tinopal as counter-ions, it is demonstrated that the new synthetic route is entirely generic, which may allow accurate control of conversion and emission properties. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Raman spectra of polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether, lithium perchlorate, and the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate

Raman spectra of polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGdME) with LiClO(4), PEGdME/LiClO(4), and the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, PEGdME/[bmim]PF(6), are compared. Raman spectroscopy suggests stronger interactions in PEGdME/LiClO(4) than PEGdmE/[bmim]PF(6), thus corroborating previous results obtained by molecular dynamics simulations. Quantum Chemistry methods have been used to calculate vibrational frequencies and the equilibrium structure of segments of the polymer chain around the cation. A consistent picture has been obtained from Raman spectroscopy, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics simulations for these polymer electrolytes. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of in vitro resistance of titanium and resorbable (poly-L-DL-lactic acid) fixation systems on the mandibular angle fracture

The purpose of this study was to compare, by mechanical in vitro testing, a 2.0-mm system made with poly-L-DL-lactide acid with an analogue titanium-based system. Mandible replicas were used as a substrate and uniformly sectioned on the left mandibular angle. The 4-hole plates were adapted and stabilized passively in the same site in both groups using four screws, 6.0 mm long. During the resistance-to-load test, the force was applied perpendicular to the occlusal plane at three different points: first molar at the plated side; first molar at the contralateral side; and between the central incisors. At 1 mm of displacement, no statistically significant difference was found. At 2 mm displacement, a statistically significant difference was observed when an unfavourable fracture was simulated and the load was applied in the contralateral first molar and when a favourable fracture was simulated and the load was applied between the central incisors. At the failure displacement, a statistically significant difference was observed only when the favourable fracture was simulated and the load was applied on the first molar at the plated side. In conclusion, despite more failure, the poly-L-DL-lactic acid-based system was effective.

Structural and phylogenetic relationship of ORF 31 from the Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP)

ORF 31 is a unique baculovirus gene in the genome of Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate 2D (AgMNPV-2D). It encodes a putative polypeptide of 369 aa homologous to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) found in the genomes of several organisms. Moreover, we found a phylogenetic association with Group I PARP proteins and a 3D homology model of its conserved PARP C-terminal catalytic domain indicating that had almost an exact spatial superimposition of < 1 angstrom with other PARP available structures. The 5` end of ORF 31 mRNA was located at the first nucleotide of a CATT motif at position -27. Using real-time PCR we detected transcripts at 3 h post-infection (p.i.) increasing until 24 h p.i., which coincides with the onset of DNA replication, suggestive of a possible role in DNA metabolism.

Effects of Synthesis Conditions on the Nanostructure of Hybrid Sols Produced by the Hydrolytic Condensation of (3-Methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane

Polysilsesquioxanes containing methacrylate pendant groups were prepared by the sol-gel process through hydrolysis and condensation of (3-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTS) dissolved in a methanol/methyl methacrylate (MMA) mixture. The effects of different water, MMA, and methanol contents, as well as of pH, on the nanoscopic and local structures of the system, at advanced stages of the condensation reaction, were studied by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and (29)Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, respectively. SAXS results indicate that the nanoscopic features of the hybrid sol could be described by a hierarchical model composed of two levels, namely (i) silsesquioxane (SSQO) nanoparticles Surrounded by the methacrylate pendant groups and the methanol/MMA mixture. and (ii) aggregation zones or islands containing correlated SSQO nanoparticles, embedded in the liquid medium. The (29)Si NMR results Show that the inner Structures of SSQO nanoparticles produced at pH 1 and 3 were built Up of polyhedral structures. mainly cagelike octamers and small linear oligomers, respectively. Irrespective of MMA and methanol contents, for a [H(2)O]/[MPTS] ratio higher than or equal to 1, the SSQO nailoparticles produced at pH I exhibit an average condensation degree (CD approximate to 69-87%) and average radius of gyration (R(g) approximate to 2.5 angstrom) larger than those produced at pH 3 (CD approximate to 48-67% and R(g) approximate to 1.5 angstrom). Methanol appears to act as a redispersion agent, by decreasing the number of particles inside the aggregation zones, while the addition of MMA induces a swelling of the aggregation zones.

Energy Transfer in Nanostructured Films Containing Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and Acceptor Species

The combination of luminescent polymers and suitable energy-accepting materials may lead to a molecular-level control of luminescence in nanostructured films. In this study, the properties of layer-by-layer (LbL) films of polyp-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) were investigated with steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopies, where fluorescence quenching was controlled by interposing inert polyelectrolyte layers between the PPV donor and acceptor layers made with either Congo Red (CR) or nickel tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine (NiTsPc). The dynamics of the excited state of PPV was affected by the energy-accepting layers, thus confirming the presence of resonant energy transfer mechanisms. Owing to the layered structured of both energy donor and acceptor units, energy transfer varied with the distance between layers, r, according to 1/r(n) with n = 2 or 3, rather than with 1/r(6) predicted by the Forster theory for interacting point dipoles.

Thickness and Annealing Temperature Effects on the Optical Properties and Surface Morphology of Layer-by-Layer Poly(p-phenyline vinylene) plus Dodecylbenzenesulfonate Films

The fabrication of controlled molecular architectures is essential for organic devices, as is the case of emission of polarized light for the information industry. In this study, we show that optimized conditions can be established to allow layer-by-layer (LbL) films of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV)+dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) to be obtained with anisotropic properties. Films with five layers and converted at 110 degrees C had a dichroic ratio delta = 2.3 and order parameter r = 34%, as indicated in optical spectroscopy and emission ellipsometry data. This anisotropy was decreased with the number of layers deposited, with delta = 1.0 for a 75-layer LbL PPV + DBS film. The analysis with atomic force microscopy showed the formation of polymer clusters in a random growth process with the normalized height distribution being represented by a Gaussian function. In spite of this randomness in film growth, the self-covariance function pointed to a correlation between clusters, especially for thick films. In summary, the LbL method may be exploited to obtain both anisotropic films with polarized emission and regular, nanostructured surfaces. (c) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 206-213, 2011