Validations and descriptions of European syntaxa of vegetation dominated by lichens, bryophytes and algae

Fourty-two high-rank syntaxa and seven associations of the thallophyte system of syntaxa are either described as new or validated in this paper. Among those, there are the following nine classes: Aspicilietea candidae, Caulerpetea racemosae, Desmococcetea olivacei, Entophysalidetea deustae, Gloeocapsetea sanguineae, Mesotaenietea berggrenii, Naviculetea gregariae, Porpidietea zeoroidis, Roccelletea phycopsis. Eleven orders and ten alliances as well as three associations are described or validated: the Aspicilietalia verruculosae (incl. Aspicilion mashiginensis and Teloschistion contortuplicati), the Caulerpetalia racemosae (incl. Caulerpion racemosae), the Desmococcetalia olivacei (incl. Desmococcion olivacei), the Dirinetalia massiliensis, the Fucetalia vesiculosi (incl. Ascophyllion nodosi), the Gloeocapsetalia sanguineae, the Lecideetalia confluescentis (incl. Lecideion confluescentis), the Mesotaenietalia berggrenii (incl. Mesotaenion berggrenii, Mesotaenietum berggrenii and Chloromonadetum nivalis), the Naviculetalia gregariae (incl. Oscillatorion limosae and Oscillatorietum limosae), the Porpidietalia zeoroidis (incl. Porpidion zeoroidis), and the Roccelletalia fuciformis (incl. Paralecanographion grumulosae). Further, five orders, seven alliances and four associations, classified in known classes, were described as well. These include: the Bacidinetalia phacodis, the Agonimion octosporae and the Dendrographetalia decolorantis (all in the Arthonio radiatae-Lecidelletea elaeochromae), the Staurothelion solventis (in the Aspicilietea lacustris), the Pediastro duplicis-Scenedesmion quadricaudae and the Pediastro duplicis-Scenedesmetum quadricaudae (both in the Asterionelletea formosae), the Peccanion coralloidis and the Peltuletalia euplocae (both in the Collematetea cristati), the Laminarion hyperboreae, the Saccorhizo polyschidi-Laminarietum and the Alario esculenti-Himanthalietum elongatae (all in the Cystoseiretea crinitae), the Delesserietalia sanguinei, the Delesserion sanguinei and the Delesserietum sanguineae (all in the Lithophylletea soluti), as well as the the Rinodino confragosae-Rusavskietalia elegantis and the Rhizocarpo geographici-Rusavskion elegantis (both in the Rhizocarpetea geographici).

Cultural policy models and cultural facilities models: from national to local models. Analysis of Barcelona���s case

The development of cultural policy analysis by social science has been produced a theorization about cultural policy models from sociology and political science. This analysis shows the influence of the national model of cultural policy on the forms of governance and management of cultural facilities. However, in this paper we will defend that currently the local model of cultural policy decisively influences the model of cultural institutions. This is explained by the growing importance of culture in local development strategies. In order to demonstrate this we will analyze the case of the Barcelona Model of local development and cultural policy, that is characterized for the level of local government leadership, multilevel governance, the use of culture in urban planning processes and a tendency to use public-private partnership in public management. This Model influences the genesis and development of the cultural facilities and it produces a singular and relatively successful model.

Cultural assets and sustainable development: the economic significance of Cultural Heritage

This article assesses the condition of the Cultural Heritage as a form of capital that gives rise to a significant flow of economic returns widely outweighing the effort it takes to preserve it. More specifically, the data related to Spain is provided from the perspective of aggregate demand drawing up an estimation of both the direct and indirect economic impacts arising from the Cultural Heritage valuation. The results highlight again the relevance of cultural tourism in the delivery of��these economic returns and as a catalyst of activities leading to the sustainable socioeconomic devel-opment of multiple territories.

El periodismo de proximidad local: los peri��dicos burgaleses del siglo XIX en la defensa del Patrimonio Hist��rico Art��stico

Los periodistas de Burgos del siglo XIX desempe��aron un importante protagonismo en la defensa del patrimonio hist��rico art��stico. En un momento en el que la protecci��n de los monumentos no estaba garantizada ni regulada, estos profesionales demostraron con su pluma tener una mentalidad adelantada a la de su tiempo y defendieron la necesidad de mantener, proteger y rehabilitar los grandes y peque��os monumentos. Su intervenci��n y sus denuncias constituyen una demostraci��n de la importancia del periodismo, y en especial del periodismo local.

Travel, back and forth, to the myth. Cinema��s contribution to the formation of the tourist iconography of Mallorca

Mallorca, the largest of the Balearic Islands, is a well-known summer holidays destination; an ideal place to relax and enjoy the sun and the sea. That tourist gaze reflected on postcards results from advertising campaigns, where cinema played an important role with documentaries and fiction films. The origins of that iconography started in the decades of the 1920���s and 1930���s, reflecting the so-called myth of the ���island of calm���. On the other hand, the films of the 1950���s and 1960���s created new stereotypes related to the mass tourism boom. Busy beaches and the white bodies of tourists replaced white sandy beaches, mountains and landscapes shown up in the movies of the early decades of the 20th century. Besides, hotels and nightclubs also replaced monuments, rural landscapes and folk exhibitions. These tourist images mirror the social and spatial transformations of Mallorca, under standardization processes like other seaside mass tourist destinations. The identity was rebuilt on the foundations of "modernity". Although "balearization" has not ceased, nowadays filmmaking about Mallorca is advertising again a stereotype close to that one of the 1920s and 1930s, glorifying the myth of the "island of calm". This singular identity makes the island more profitable for capital that searches socio-spatial differentiation in post-fordist times.

40 20th Century Spanish Sculptresses

This article presents a compilation of female artists who carried out their sculptural work during the twentieth century. With a brief presentation of each of them I want to implement visibility and the importance of incorporating their works to the collective imagery in order to be added to Spanish contemporary arts history. Some of them have public monuments of great popular recognition but their names have not been mentioned yet. Some others have ���minor��� works but they were relevant teachers to other artists. A few of them have extensive monographs about their life and their works. While others have almost gone unnoticed, but the proof of their professional career���s existence seems fundamental to us and they must be incorporated to history either through text books, university research works, ideally achieving a supported research project, to provide them the visibility their works and their vital trajectories deserve.

These things are alive: relationships between material culture, communities, and archaeological legislation

This paper deals with the relationship between different sets of archaeological legislation, material culture and communities. First it presents a historical sketch of the heritage legislation in the West and its contemporary uses. Secondly, it shows how alternative archaeological agencies, such as community archaeology, deal with these problems. The discussion is especially relevant in Brazil, where contract archaeology is presently overwhelming, and the issue is raised in the last part of the paper.

Negative Archaeology. The Archaeological Borders of the Present

Nowadays, archaeology is trying to redefine its relation with objects. This change is taking place at the same time as the West is breaking once and for all with the generation who did the rural exodus in the mid of the twentieth century. The present paper proposes a revision of the conditions that allow us to both define this rupture and at the same time determine our affinity with materiality. This is done through a reconsideration of the relation between the past and the present and the dynamics marking this difference. We are situated in a moment when the experience of time is shifting and thus so is the integrity of archaeological objects. Under the name of Negative Archaeology, the border between past and present is explored. This border determines the creation of the past in a present which intends to homogenise changes. Archaeology is a unique discipline which could prevent this process, or at least bear witness to the dynamics to which objects seem to be subjected. Obscolescence is introduced as a concept in an attempt to name the aforementioned problem.

Visibilidad y percepci��n en la construcci��n de un paisaje Prehist��rico. El caso de Calvi�� (Mallorca, Islas Baleares)

El presente trabajo se centra en el estudio del papel que juega el control visual del espacio en las pr��cticas sociales de las comunidades prehist��ricas. Este trabajo se articula a partir de un estudio de caso, el t��rmino municipal de Calvi��, situado en el sureste de la isla de Mallorca, para analizar las diferentes formas de monumentalidad arquitect��nica y c��mo estas se constituyen c��mo un punto de referencia social dentro del paisaje. Partiendo de una amplia horquilla temporal, que abarcar��a el Bronce Naviforme (1550-850 AC), el per��odo Talay��tico (850-550 AC) y el Postalay��tico (550-123 AC), se propone analizar los cambios y pervivencias en la construcci��n del paisaje, a trav��s de estrategias de visibilidad, percepci��n y movimiento alrededor de los monumentos arquitect��nicos. A trav��s de la perspectiva de la Arqueolog��a del Paisaje y mediante el uso de Sistemas de Informaci��n Geogr��fica (SIG) se propone un an��lisis de tendencias a largo plazo en la configuraci��n social de un paisaje.

Adesp. fr. 700 K.-Sn. y "Andr��meda" de Eur��pides

adesp. fr. 700 Kn.-Sn. podr��a proceder de Andr��meda de Eur��pides y no de una N��obe. Los siguientes elementos de los frs. (a) y (b) pueden responder a lo que se conoce de la tragedia de Eur��pides: (a) la semejanza con una estatua; (b) la novia de Hades; (c) el silencio del personaje; (d) la colaboraci��n con las Moiras; (e) el contraste entre la fortuna regia y la desgracia y el sufrimiento de los padres. No es, por tanto, necesario modificar el texto recibido para eliminar ������������ ���������� y la referencia a las trampas m��gicas en el v. 5, que cuadra bien con Medusa y Perseo.

The magical transformation contest in the ancient storytelling tradition

El concurso de transformaci��n m��gica, esquema narrativo difundido en la tradici��n popular, se presenta en dos variantes principales: los hechiceros que compiten pueden metamorfosearse en varios seres o crear esos seres por medios m��gicos. En cualquier caso el concursante ganador da a luz criaturas m��s fuertes que superan las de su oponente. La segunda variante fue preferida en el antiguo Cercano Oriente (Sumeria, Egipto, Israel). La primera se puede encontrar en algunos mitos griegos sobre cambiadores de forma (por ejemplo, Zeus y N��mesis). El mismo esquema narrativo puede haber influido en un episodio de la Novela de Alejandro (1.36-38), en el que Dar��o env��a regalos simb��licos a Alejandro y los dos monarcas enemigos ofrecen contrastantes explicaciones de ellos. Esta historia griega racionaliza el concurso de cuento de hadas, transfiriendo las fant��sticas haza��as de creaciones milagrosas a un plano secundario pero realista de met��fora ling����stica.

Antiguas comunidades jud��as en Macedonia, Tracia y ��piro Superior

Evidencias de car��cter literario, epigr��fico y arqueol��gico-arquitect��nicas, atestiguan la existencia de comunidades jud��as en Macedonia, Tracia y ��piro Superior (hoy Albania) durante los per��odos romano y bizantino temprano. Los Hechos de los Apostoles mencionan la presencia de comunidades jud��as, y sus sinagogas, en Filipos, Tesal��nica y Verroia, en Macedonia. El descubrimiento de inscripciones griegas en Bizya (Tracia), en Tesal��nica y Di��n, y en la antigua sinagoga de Stobia, sugieren que dichas comunidades preservaron su independencia religiosa y gozaron de un seguro estatus social, econ��mico y cultural. Una antigua tumba jud��a encontrada en Tesal��nica, decorada con una menorah, la sinagoga de Claudius Tiberius Polycharmos en Stobia y la de Saranda (��piro Superior), a��aden pruebas arqueol��gico- arquitect��nicas a las fuentes literarias. A pesar de que las fuentes literarias, los datos epigr��ficos y los hallazgos arqueol��gicos son relativamente escasos, parece que en estas regiones, y en otras de la Pen��nsula Balc��nica, existieron tambi��n otras comunidades jud��as.

De Irlanda a Iberia: notas para a traduci��n de Eil��an N�� Chuillean��in do ingl��s ao galego

La cuesti��n del g��nero fue trabajada dentro de los estudios de traducci��n de diversas formas, incluyendo la asignaci��n de g��nero en la lengua meta, la traducci��n de lenguaje marcado de g��nero y la traducci��n feminista. En este trabajo se estudia el uso o ausencia de marcas de g��nero y de la praeterio a la hora de afrontar una traducci��n al gallego de la autora irlandesa Eil��an N�� Chuillan��in, feminista y nacionalista. Ambas situaciones se reflejan conscientemente en sus poemas de manera significativa. A trav��s de ejemplos pr��cticos seleccionados, se reflexiona sobre la necesidad de tener en cuenta que la traslaci��n de sus textos a una lengua que obligatoriamente establece elecciones ling����sticas entre el femenino y el masculino, debe hacerse respetando el sentido de la autora. Esto supone, para quien traduzca, compartir la perspectiva feminista y nacional de la autora familiariz��ndose con el marco y condicionantes de su obra po��tica.

The intertextual pilgrimage to Compostela in the Spanish nineteenth-century travel narratives written in French

Pilgrimage to Compostela was decreasing in the nineteenth century. This situation was still worse in France, where the number of pilgrims dwindled dramatically. In fact, there are not many travel narratives in this period, as no relevant French author showed any interest in this religious event. An analysis of these works reveals that the worship to Santiago was somehow considered by these authors a mere historical remnant with an aura of prestige. They allow almost no space for factual descriptions, and therefore used documentary sources to discuss the topic in their own texts. As a consequence, their knowledge of this universe became indirect and intertextual.