The magical transformation contest in the ancient storytelling tradition


Autoria(s): Konstantakos, Ioannis M.; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Data(s)

12/05/2016

Resumo

El concurso de transformación mágica, esquema narrativo difundido en la tradición popular, se presenta en dos variantes principales: los hechiceros que compiten pueden metamorfosearse en varios seres o crear esos seres por medios mágicos. En cualquier caso el concursante ganador da a luz criaturas más fuertes que superan las de su oponente. La segunda variante fue preferida en el antiguo Cercano Oriente (Sumeria, Egipto, Israel). La primera se puede encontrar en algunos mitos griegos sobre cambiadores de forma (por ejemplo, Zeus y Némesis). El mismo esquema narrativo puede haber influido en un episodio de la Novela de Alejandro (1.36-38), en el que Darío envía regalos simbólicos a Alejandro y los dos monarcas enemigos ofrecen contrastantes explicaciones de ellos. Esta historia griega racionaliza el concurso de cuento de hadas, transfiriendo las fantásticas hazañas de creaciones milagrosas a un plano secundario pero realista de metáfora lingüística.

The magical transformation contest, a story-pattern widespread in folk tradition, occurs in two main variations: the competing sorcerers may metamorphose themselves into various beings or create these beings by magical means. In either case, the winning contestant brings forth stronger creatures which surpass those of his opponent. The second variant was favoured in the ancient Near East (Sumer, Egypt, Israel); the first one is traceable in Greek myths of shape-shifters (e.g. Zeus and Nemesis). The story-pattern may have influenced an episode of the Alexander Romance (1.36-38), in which Darius sends symbolic gifts to Alexander and the two enemy monarchs offer contrasting explanations of them. This Greek story rationalizes the fairytale contest, transferring the fantastic feats of miraculous creations to a secondary but realistic level of linguistic metaphor.

Formato

application/pdf

Identificador

http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CFCG/article/view/52253

10.5209/rev_CFCG.2016.v26.52253

Publicador

Ediciones Complutense

Relação

http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CFCG/article/view/52253/48166

/*ref*/Alster, Bendt (1973), «An Aspect of “Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta”», Revue d’Assyriologie et d’Archéologie Orientale 67: 101-109.

/*ref*/Alster, Bendt (1995), «Epic Tales from Ancient Sumer: Enmerkar, Lugalbanda, and Other Cunning Heroes», in J. M. Sasson (ed.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York: 2315-2326.

/*ref*/Anderson, Graham (2000), Fairytale in the Ancient World. London-New York.

/*ref*/Anderson, Graham (2012), «The Alexander Romance and the Pattern of Hero-Legend», in R. Stoneman – K. Erickson – I. Netton (eds.), The Alexander Romance in Persia and the East, Groningen: 81-102.

/*ref*/Aufrère, Sydney H. (2000), «Quelques aspects du dernier Nectanébo et les échos de la magie égyptienne dans Le Roman d’Alexandre», in A. Moreau – J.-C. Turpin (eds.), La magie. Actes du colloque international de Montpellier 25-27 Mars 1999, I, Montpellier: 95-118.

/*ref*/Bakola, Emmanuela (2010), Cratinus and the Art of Comedy. Oxford.

/*ref*/Bascom, William (1965), «The Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives», The Journal of American Folklore 78: 3-20.

/*ref*/Bauer, Barbara (1992), «Amplificatio», Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik 1: 445-471.

/*ref*/Berlin, Adele (1979), Enmerkar and Ensuḫkešdanna: A Sumerian Narrative Poem. Philadelphia.

/*ref*/Bernabé, Alberto (1996), Poetarum Epicorum Graecorum Testimonia et Fragmenta, I. Stutgardiae- Lipsiae.

/*ref*/Black, Jeremy (1998), Reading Sumerian Poetry. Ithaca, NY.

/*ref*/Black, Jeremy – Cunningham, Graham – Robson, Eleanor – Zólyomi, Gábor (2004), The Literature of Ancient Sumer. Oxford.

/*ref*/Bolte, Johannes – Polívka, Georg (1913-1932), Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- und Hausmärchen der Brüder Grimm, I-V. Leipzig.

/*ref*/Bosley, Keith (1999), The Kalevala: An Epic Poem after Oral Tradition by Elias Lönnrot. Oxford.

/*ref*/Bounoure, Gilles – Serret, Blandine (1992), Pseudo-Callisthène: Le Roman d’Alexandre. La vie et les hauts faits d’Alexandre de Macédoine. Paris.

/*ref*/Braun, Martin (1938), History and Romance in Graeco-Oriental Literature. Oxford.

/*ref*/Bresciani, Edda (1975), «Chaemwese-Erzählungen», Lexikon der Ägyptologie 1: 899-901.

/*ref*/Bresciani, Edda ( (20074), Letteratura e poesia dell’antico Egitto. Cultura e società attraverso i testi. Torino.

/*ref*/Brunner-Traut, Emma (19652), Altägyptische Märchen. Düsseldorf-Köln.

/*ref*/Buxton, Richard (2009), Forms of Astonishment: Greek Myths of Metamorphosis. Oxford- New York.

/*ref*/Callu, Jean-Pierre (2010), Julius Valère: Roman d’Alexandre. Turnhout.

/*ref*/Campbell, John Francis (1860), Popular Tales of the West Highlands Orally Collected with a Translation, II. Edinburgh.

/*ref*/Cavallo, Guglielmo – Maehler, Herwig (2008), Hellenistic Bookhands. Berlin-New York.

/*ref*/Celentano, Maria S. (1992), «Accumulatio» and «Antiklimax», Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik 1: 36-39, 700-701.

/*ref*/Chauvin, Victor (1892-1922), Bibliographie des ouvrages arabes ou relatifs aux Arabes publiés dans l’Europe chrétienne de 1810 à 1885, I-XII. Liège-Leipzig.

/*ref*/Child, Francis James (1904), English and Scottish Popular Ballads. Boston-New York.

/*ref*/Clouston, William A. (20022), Popular Tales and Fictions: Their Migrations and Transformations, ed. C. Goldberg. Santa Barbara-Denver-Oxford.

/*ref*/Cohen, Sol (1973), Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.

/*ref*/Cook, Arthur Bernard (1914), Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, I. Cambridge.

/*ref*/Cosquin, Emmanuel (1922), Études folkloriques. Recherches sur les migrations des contes populaires et leur point de départ. Paris.

/*ref*/Davies, Malcolm (1988), Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta. Göttingen.

/*ref*/Dean Anderson, Jr., Roger (2000), Glossary of Greek Rhetorical Terms Connected to Methods of Argumentation, Figures and Tropes from Anaximenes to Quintilian. Leuven.

/*ref*/De Blécourt, Willem (2013), «Zauberer und Schüler», Enzyklopädie des Märchens 14: 1165- 1168.

/*ref*/Eckard, Gilles (1997), «Habenam et pilam loculosque cum aureis. Les présents envoyés par Darius dans le Roman d’Alexandre et les vestiges d’une formule trifonctionnelle en ancien français», in D. Knoepfler (ed.), Nomen latinum. Mélanges de langue, de littérature et de civilisation latines offerts au professeur André Schneider à l’occasion de son départ à la retraite, Neuchâtel-Genève: 247-257.

/*ref*/Forbes Irving, Paul M. C. (1990), Metamorphosis in Greek Myths. Oxford.

/*ref*/Ford, Patrick K. (1977), The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales. Berkeley-Los Angeles- London.

/*ref*/Franco, Carlo (1999), «Il romanzo di Alessandro», QS 49: 45-102.

/*ref*/Fraser, Peter Marshall (1972), Ptolemaic Alexandria, I-II. Oxford.

/*ref*/Fraser, Peter Marshall (1996), Cities of Alexander the Great. Oxford.

/*ref*/Frazer, James George (1921), Apollodorus: The Library, I-II. Cambridge, MA-London.

/*ref*/Frobenius, Leo (1938), «Das Archiv für Folkloristik», Paideuma 1: 1-19.

/*ref*/Gantz, Timothy (1993), Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources. Baltimore- London.

/*ref*/Giuliano, Laura (2010), «PSI XII 1285 e le lettere del ciclo di Alessandro», in G. Bastianini – A. Casanova (eds.), I papiri del romanzo antico. Atti del convegno internazionale di studi (Firenze, 11-12 giugno 2009), Firenze: 207-222.

/*ref*/Griffith, Francis Llewellyn (1900), Stories of the High Priests of Memphis: The Sethon of Herodotus and the Demotic Tales of Khamuas. Oxford.

/*ref*/Grimal, Nicolas (1994), «Le roi et la sorcière», in C. Berger – G. Clerc – N. Grimal (eds.), Hommages à Jean Leclant, IV, Le Caire: 97-108.

/*ref*/Gual, Carlos García (1977), Pseudo Calístenes: Vida y hazañas de Alejandro de Macedonia. Madrid.

/*ref*/Gunkel, Hermann (1987), The Folktale in the Old Testament, transl. M. D. Rutter. Sheffield.

/*ref*/Hallo, William W. (1963), «On the Antiquity of Sumerian Literature», JAOS 83:167-176.

/*ref*/Hansen, William (2000), «Foam-Born Aphrodite and the Mythology of Transformation», AJPh 121: 1-19.

/*ref*/Hansen, William (2002), Ariadne’s Thread: A Guide to International Tales Found in Classical Literature. Ithaca-London.

/*ref*/Hansen, William (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans. Oxford-New York.

/*ref*/Henderson, Jeffrey (2012), «Pursuing Nemesis: Cratinus and Mythological Comedy», in C. W. Marshall – G. Kovacs (eds.), No Laughing Matter: Studies in Athenian Comedy, London: 1-12.

/*ref*/Herter, Hans (1935), «Nemesis», RE 16.2: 2338-2380.

/*ref*/Hoffmann, Friedhelm (2000), Ägypten: Kultur und Lebenswelt in griechisch-römischer Zeit. Eine Darstellung nach den demotischen Quellen. Berlin.

/*ref*/Holzberg, Niklas (1994), «Der griechische Briefroman: Versuch einer Gattungstypologie», in N. Holzberg – S. Merkle (eds.), Der griechische Briefroman: Gattungstypologie und Textanalyse, Tübingen: 1-52.

/*ref*/Jacobsen, Thorkild (1987), The Harps that once … Sumerian Poetry in Translation. New Haven- London

/*ref*/Jasnow, Richard (1997), «The Greek Alexander Romance and Demotic Egyptian Literature», JNES 56: 95-103.

/*ref*/Jouan, François (1966), Euripide et les légendes des Chants Cypriens. Paris.

/*ref*/Jouanno, Corinne (2002), Naissance et métamorphoses du Roman d’Alexandre. Domaine grec. Paris.

/*ref*/Jouanno, Corinne (2009), «Novelistic Lives and Historical Biographies: The Life of Aesop and the Alexander Romance as Fringe Novels», in G. A. Karla (ed.), Fiction on the Fringe: Novelistic Writing in the Post-Classical Age, Leiden-Boston: 33-48.

/*ref*/Jouanno, Corinne (2012), «The Persians in Late Byzantine Alexander Romances: A Portrayal under Turkish Influences», in R. Stoneman – K. Erickson – I. Netton (eds.), The Alexander Romance in Persia and the East, Groningen: 105-115.

/*ref*/Kerényi, Karl (1939), «Die Geburt der Helena. Eine mythologische Studie dis manibus Leonis Frobenii», Mnemosyne 3rd ser. 7: 161-179.

/*ref*/Kirby, John T. – Poster, Carol (1998), «Klimax», Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik 4: 1106-1115.

/*ref*/Klein, Jacob (1995), «Shulgi of Ur: King of a Neo-Sumerian Empire», in J. M. Sasson (ed.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York: 843-857.

/*ref*/Klinkert, Thomas (1996), «Gesetz der wachsenden Glieder», Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik 3: 926-929.

/*ref*/Köhler, Reinhold (1898), Kleinere Schriften, I. Zur Märchenforschung. Weimar.

/*ref*/Konstan, David (1998), «The Alexander Romance: The Cunning of the Open Text», Lexis 16: 123-138. Konstantakos, Ioannis M. (2008), Ἀκίχαρος: Ἡ Διήγηση τοῦ Ἀχικὰρ στὴν ἀρχαία Ἑλλάδα, I. Γένεση καὶ ἀφηγηματικὸ ὑλικό. Athens.

/*ref*/Konstantakos, Ioannis M. (2009), «Nektanebo in the Vita Aesopi and in Other Narratives», C&M 60: 99-144.

/*ref*/Konstantakos, Ioannis M. (2010), «Η αβάσταχτη ελαφρότητα των στίχων: Παιχνίδια γρίφων στον ποιητικό αγώνα των Βατράχων του Αριστοφάνη», in S. Tsitsiridis (ed.), Παραχορήγημα: Μελετήματα για το αρχαίο θέατρο προς τιμήν του καθηγητή Γρηγόρη Μ. Σηφάκη, Herakleion: 317-341.

/*ref*/Konstantakos, Ioannis M. (2013), «Zeus», Enzyklopädie des Märchens 14: 1327-1332.

/*ref*/Konstantakos, Ioannis M. (2015), «Alexander and Darius in a Contest of Wit (“Alexander Romance” 1.36-38): Sources, Formation, and Storytelling Traditions», Acme 68: 129-156.

/*ref*/Kramer, Samuel Noah – Jacobsen, Thorkild (1954), «Enmerkar and Ensukušsiranna», Orientalia 23: 232-234.

/*ref*/Kroll, Guilelmus (1926), Historia Alexandri Magni (Pseudo-Callisthenes), I. Recensio vetusta. Berlin.

/*ref*/Lanham, Richard A. (19912), A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London.

/*ref*/Lausberg, Heinrich (1998), Handbook of Literary Rhetoric. A Foundation for Literary Study, transl. M. T. Bliss – A. Jansen – D. E. Orton. Leiden-Boston-Köln.

/*ref*/Lesky, Albin (1947), Thalatta: Der Weg der Griechen zum Meer. Wien.

/*ref*/Lichtheim, Miriam (1980), Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings, III. The Late Period. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London.

/*ref*/Luppe, Wolfgang (1974), «Zeus und Nemesis in den Kyprien — Die Verwandlungssage nach Pseudo-Apollodor und Philodem», Philologus 118: 193-202.

/*ref*/Luppe, Wolfgang ( (1975), «Nochmals zur Nemesis bei Philodem», Philologus 119: 143-144. Marzolph, Ulrich – van Leeuwen, Richard (2004), The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara-Denver-Oxford.

/*ref*/Maspero, Gaston (20022), Popular Stories of Ancient Egypt, ed. H. El-Shamy. Santa Barbara- Denver-Oxford.

/*ref*/Matthey, Philippe (2011), «Récits grecs et égyptiens à propos de Nectanébo II: Une réflexion sur l’historiographie égyptienne», in N. Belayche – J.-D. Dubois (eds.), L’oiseau et le poisson. Cohabitations religieuses dans les mondes grec et romain, Paris: 303-328.

/*ref*/Matuschek, Stefan (1992), «Anadiplose», Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik 1: 471-472.

/*ref*/Merkelbach, Reinhold (1977 2 ), Die Quellen des griechischen Alexanderromans. München.

/*ref*/Michalowski, Piotr (1995), «Sumerian Literature: An Overview», in J. M. Sasson (ed.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York: 2279-2291.

/*ref*/Ninck, Martin (1921), Die Bedeutung des Wassers im Kult und Leben der Alten. Eine symbolgeschichtliche Untersuchung. Leipzig.

/*ref*/Olivieri, Alexander (1897), Pseudo-Eratosthenis Catasterismi. Lipsiae. Papa thomopoulos, Manolis (2010), Ἀπολλοδώρου Βιβλιοθήκη. Apollodori Bibliotheca post Richardum Wagnerum recognita. Εἰσαγωγή, Κείμενο, Πίνακες. Athens.

/*ref*/Penzer, Norman Mosley – Tawney, Charles Henry (1924-1928), The Ocean of Story, being C. H. Tawney’s Translation of Somadeva’s Kathā Sarit Sāgara (or Ocean of Streams of Story), Now Edited with Introduction, Fresh Explanatory Notes and Terminal Essay by N. M. Penzer, I-X. London.

/*ref*/Perry, Ben Edwin (1966), «The Egyptian Legend of Nectanebus», TAPhA 97: 327-333.

/*ref*/Pieper, Max (1931), «Zum Setna-Roman», ZÄS 67: 71-74.

/*ref*/Ritner, Robert K. (1993), The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice. Chicago.

/*ref*/Röhrich, Lutz – Uther, Hans-Jörg – Brednich, Rolf Wilhelm (2004), «Sage», Enzyklopädie des Märchens 11: 1017-1049.

/*ref*/Rölleke, Heinz (20076), Brüder Grimm: Kinder- und Hausmärchen. Ausgabe letzter Hand mit den Originalanmerkungen der Brüder Grimm, I-III. Stuttgart.

/*ref*/Rose, Herbert Jennings (19586), A Handbook of Greek Mythology. London.

/*ref*/Rosenmeyer, Patricia A. (2001), Ancient Epistolary Fictions: The Letter in Greek Literature. Cambridge.

/*ref*/Sauneron, Serge – Yoyotte, Jean (1952), «La campagne nubienne de Psammétique II et sa signification historique», BIAO 50: 157-207. Scherf, Walter (1995), Das Märchenlexikon, I-II. München.

/*ref*/Schubert, Charlotte (2010), Anacharsis der Weise: Nomade, Skythe, Grieche. Tübingen.

/*ref*/Schwarzbaum, Haim (1968), Studies in Jewish and World Folklore. Berlin.

/*ref*/Severyns, Albert (1928), Le cycle épique dans l’école d’Aristarque. Liège-Paris.

/*ref*/Simpson, William Kelly, ed. (20033), The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry. New Haven-London.

/*ref*/Stoneman, Richard (1991), The Greek Alexander Romance. London.

/*ref*/Stoneman, Richard (1995), «Riddles in Bronze and Stone: Monuments and their Interpretation in the Alexander Romance», Groningen Colloquia on the Novel 6: 159-170.

/*ref*/Stoneman, Richard (2007), Il Romanzo di Alessandro, I, transl. T. Gargiulo. Milano.

/*ref*/Stoneman, Richard (2008), Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend. New Haven-London.

/*ref*/Storey, Ian C. (2011), Fragments of Old Comedy, I. Cambridge, MA-London

/*ref*/Stramaglia, Antonio (1996), «Fra ‘consumo’ e ‘impegno’: usi didattici della narrativa nel mondo antico», in O. Pecere – A. Stramaglia (eds.), La letteratura di consumo nel mondo greco-latino, Cassino: 97-166.

/*ref*/Thompson, Stith (1955-1958), Motif-Index of Folk-Literature, I-VI. Bloomington.

/*ref*/Thompson, Stith (1977), The Folktale. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London.

/*ref*/Uther, Hans-Jörg (2004), The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson, I-III. Helsinki.

/*ref*/Valenti, Rossana (1998), «Incrementum», Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik 4: 322-325.

/*ref*/Vanstiphout, Herman L. J. (1995), «The Matter of Aratta: An Overview», OLP 26: 5-20.

/*ref*/Vanstiphout, Herman L. J (2003), Epics of Sumerian Kings: The Matter of Aratta. Atlanta.

/*ref*/van Thiel, Helmut (1974), Leben und Taten Alexanders von Makedonien. Der griechische Alexanderroman nach der Handschrift L. Darmstadt.

/*ref*/West, Martin L. (2003), Greek Epic Fragments from the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC. Cambridge, MA-London.

/*ref*/West, Martin L. ( (2013), The Epic Cycle: A Commentary on the Lost Troy Epics. Oxford.

/*ref*/West, Stephanie (1988), «The Scythian Ultimatum (Herodotus iv 131, 132)», JHS 108: 207- 211.

/*ref*/Whitmarsh, Tim (2013), «Addressing Power: Fictional Letters between Alexander and Darius », in O. Hodkinson – P. A. Rosenmeyer – E. Bracke (eds.), Epistolary Narratives in Ancient Greek Literature. Leiden-Boston: 169-186.

Direitos

LICENCIA DE USO: Los artículos a texto completo incluidos en el Portal de Revistas Científicas Complutenses son de acceso libre y propiedad de sus autores y/o editores. Por tanto, cualquier acto de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública y/o transformación total o parcial requiere el consentimiento expreso y escrito de aquéllos. Cualquier enlace al texto completo de los artículos del Portal de Revistas Científicas Complutenses debe efectuarse a la URL oficial de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

LICENCE OF USE: The full text articles included on the Scientific Journals of the Complutense website are open access and the property of their authors and/or publishers. Therefore, any reproduction, distribution, public communication and/or total or partial transformation requires their express and written consent. Links to the full text of the articles on the Scientific Journals of the Complutense website should be to the official URL of the Complutense University of Madrid.

Fonte

Cuadernos de Filología Clásica. Estudios griegos e indoeuropeos; Vol 26 (2016); 207-234

Palavras-Chave #concurso mágico; transformación mágica; cuentos populares; Alejandro el Grande #contest in magic; magical transformation; folktales; Alexander the Great
Tipo

info:eu-repo/semantics/article

Artículo revisado por pares

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion