Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene strata of the Pamplona Basin and surrounding areas (Navarre, western Pyrenees)

Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene (Bartonian and Priabonian) sedimentary succession of the Pamplona Basin are described. This succession was accumulated in the western part of the South Pyrenean peripheral foreland basin and extends from deep-marine turbiditic (Ezkaba Sandstone Formation) to deltaic (Pamplona Marl, Ardanatz Sandstone and Ilundain Marl formations) and marginal marine deposits (Gendulain Formation). The micropalaeontological content is high. It is dominated by foraminifera, and common ostracods and other microfossils are also present. The fossil ichnoasssemblages include at least 23 ichnogenera and 28 ichnospecies indicative of Nereites, Cruziana, Glossifungites and ?Scoyenia-Mermia ichnofacies. Body macrofossils of 78 taxa corresponding to macroforaminifera, sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms and vertebrates have been identified. Both the number of ichnotaxa and of species (e. g. bryozoans, molluscs and condrichthyans) may be considerably higher. Body fossil assemblages are comparable to those from the Eocene of the Nord Pyrenean area (Basque Coast), and also to those from the Eocene of the west-central and eastern part of South Pyrenean area (Aragon and Catalonia). At the European scale, the molluscs assemblages seem endemic from the Pyrenean area, although several Tethyan (Italy and Alps) and Northern elements (Paris basin and Normandy) have been recorded. Palaeontological data of studied sedimentary units fit well with the shallowing process that throughout the middle and late Eocene occurs in the area, according to the sedimentological and stratigraphical data.

The Affordable Care Act and the Transformation of US Health Care

The neoliberal period was accompanied by a momentous transformation within the US health care system.�� As the result of a number of political and historical dynamics, the healthcare law signed by President Barack Obama in 2010 ���the Affordable Care Act (ACA)��� drew less on universal models from abroad than it did on earlier conservative healthcare reform proposals. This was in part the result of the influence of powerful corporate healthcare interests. While the ACA expands healthcare coverage, it does so incompletely and unevenly, with persistent uninsurance and disparities in access based on insurance status. Additionally, the law accommodates an overall shift towards a consumerist model of care characterized by high cost sharing at time of use. Finally, the law encourages the further consolidation of the healthcare sector, for instance into units named ���Accountable Care Organizations��� that closely resemble the health maintenance organizations favored by managed care advocates. The overall effect has been to maintain a fragmented system that is neither equitable nor efficient. A single payer universal system would, in contrast, help transform healthcare into a social right.

El ritual en los "Textos de las Pir��mides": sintaxis, texto y significado

Este trabajo pretende explorar la dimensi��n ritual en los Textos de las Pir��mides, el corpus de literatura religiosa extensa m��s antiguo de la humanidad. La naturaleza variada de sus componentes textuales ha impedido que los egipt��logos comprendan en profundidad las complejidades de la colecci��n y los contextos originales en los que estos textos (ritos) aparecieron. La aplicaci��n de la teor��a del ritual, principalmente la aproximaci��n de la sintaxis ritual, ofrece a los investigadores un marco excelente de an��lisis e interpretaci��n del corpus, su estructura y funci��n. Sujeto a las reglas de la sintaxis ritual es posible exponer los m��ltiples niveles de significado en el corpus para la resurrecci��n y salvaci��n del difunto.

Estados Unidos y la guerra por el desarrollo: el control de la natalidad en Chile, 1960-1970

Bajo el paradigma de modernizaci��n y desarrollo norteamericano -y en un contexto de Guerra Fr��a-, durante la d��cada de 1960 se adecuaron a la realidad chilena programas de control de natalidad que no s��lo buscaron disminuir las altas tasas de mortalidad materno infantil, sino que adem��s respondieron al proyecto de seguridad hemisf��rica norteamericana de contenci��n a posibles revoluciones populares en pa��ses del Tercer Mundo.

The discursive capacity of graphic design

The relationship between rhetoric and graphic design is presented in this article. The comparison between a classical orator and a graphic designer, between a discourse and a piece of design comes from the connections between with the communication and creativity. We will see how an application of the fundamentals of rhetoric can open new doors to the professional practice, the education of graphic design and the same theory of the rhetoric of the image.By the analysis of a design is exemplified the points of union that show how the arguments, operations, figures of discourse and rhetorical phases are present in the creative process of graphic design and how designers, perhaps unconsciously, use techniques that were traditional. In other words, graphic design is a rhetorical construction.There is then a transposition of a discourse model created by linguistic signs to a discourse model consists of visual and typographic signs, causing design is seen as a discursivediscipline that goes beyond the aesthetic component.

On the microstructure, growth pattern and original porosity of belemnite rostra: insights from calcitic Jurassic belemnites

Calcitic belemnite rostra are usually employed to perform paleoenvironmental studies based on geochemical data. However, several questions, such as their original porosity and microstructure, remain open, despite they are essential to make accurate interpretations based on geochemical analyses.This paper revisits and enlightens some of these questions. Petrographic data demonstrate that calcite crystals of the rostrum solidum of belemnites grow from spherulites that successively develop along the apical line, resulting in a ���regular spherulithic prismatic��� microstructure. Radially arranged calcite crystals emerge and diverge from the spherulites: towards the apex, crystals grow until a new spherulite is formed; towards the external walls of the rostrum, the crystals become progressively bigger and prismatic. Adjacent crystals slightly vary in their c-axis orientation, resulting in undulose extinction. Concentric growth layering develops at different scales and is superimposed and traversed by a radial pattern, which results in the micro-fibrous texture that is observed in the calcite crystals in the rostra.Petrographic data demonstrate that single calcite crystals in the rostra have a composite nature, which strongly suggests that the belemnite rostra were originally porous. Single crystals consistently comprise two distinct zones or sectors in optical continuity: 1) the inner zone is fluorescent, has relatively low optical relief under transmitted light (TL) microscopy, a dark-grey color under backscatter electron microscopy (BSEM), a commonly triangular shape, a ���patchy��� appearance and relatively high Mg and Na contents; 2) the outer sector is non-fluorescent, has relatively high optical relief under TL, a light-grey color under BSEM and low Mg and Na contents. The inner and fluorescent sectors are interpreted to have formed first as a product of biologically controlled mineralization during belemnite skeletal growth and the non-fluorescent outer sectors as overgrowths of the former, filling the intra- and inter-crystalline porosity. This question has important implications for making paleoenvironmental and/or paleoclimatic interpretations based on geochemical analyses of belemnite rostra.Finally, the petrographic features of composite calcite crystals in the rostra also suggest the non-classical crystallization of belemnite rostra, as previously suggested by other authors.

Enigmas monetarios en el derecho local. Los mencales y maraved��s en los fueros castellanos

La historia de la moneda en la Castilla medieval ha estado siempre mediatizada por la convivencia no siempre arm��nica entre dos sistemas monetarios muy diferentes. Uno basado en la plata, de origen europeo, otro centrado en el oro, de ra��ces ��rabes. La necesidad de conectar y de establecer unas equivalencias entre ellos se convirti�� pronto en una necesidad, m��xime cuando las monedas de oro incrementaron sus variantes. En esta compleja situaci��n aparecen mencales y maraved��s citados conjuntamente en muchos fueros: Zorita, Ucl��s, Cuenca,... sin que su naturaleza quede del todo clara. Este art��culo compara estas referencias y analiza las equivalencias que los unen. Como colof��n al trabajo podemos afirmar que los maraved��s citados en cada texto corresponden a monedas ��ureas de distinto peso y valor mientras el mencal es identificado con un ponderal de oro que los relaciona.

What is this thing called Historical Archaeology?

Historical archaeology, in its narrow temporal sense -as an archaeology of the emergence and subsequent evolution of the Modern world- is steadily taking pace in Spanish academia. This paper aims at provoking a more robust debate through understanding how Spanish historical archaeology is placed in the international scene and some of its more relevant particularities. In so doing, the paper also stresses the strong links that have united historical and prehistorical archaeology since its inception, both in relation to the ontological, epistemological and methodological definition of the first as to the influence of socio-political issues in the latter. Such reflection is partly a situated reflection from prehistory as one of the paper���s authors has been a prehistorian for most of her professional life.

"Sub Tiberio quies"? Judaea���s Political Situation under the Prefects (6-41 c.e.), between Reality and Ideology

Deeply conflicting views on the political situation of Judaea under the Roman prefects (6-41 c.e.) have been offered. According to some scholars, this was a period of persistent political unrest and agitation, whilst according to a widespread view it was a quiescent period of political calm (reflected in Tacitus��� phrase sub Tiberio quies). The present article critically examines again the main available sources ���particularly Josephus, the canonical Gospels and Tacitus��� in order to offer a more reliable historical reconstruction. The conclusions drawn by this survey calls into question some widespread and insufficiently nuanced views on the period. This, in turn, allows a reflection on the non-epistemic factors which might contribute to explain the origin of such views.

Deconstrucci��n de los relatos evang��licos de la pasi��n. Sobre el arraigo de la ficci��n en la Historia de las religiones

Las m��s elementales exigencias de rigor cr��tico e independencia siguen a menudo sin cumplirse hoy en d��a en la reconstrucci��n hist��rica de la figura del jud��o Yeshua ben Yosef (Jes��s el galileo), en parte porque el car��cter inconsistente de las fuentes evang��licas no es tomado en serio. El presente art��culo analiza las incongruencias de los relatos de la pasi��n, muestra en ellos los indicios de un proceso de despolitizaci��n, y se��ala el car��cter insostenible de varias afirmaciones clave de muchos historiadores contempor��neos sobre el predicador galileo.

"Et occidetur virtute Domini Antichristus a Mikaele arcangelo". Paisaje y escatolog��a en Sant Miquel de Ll��ria (s. XIV d. C.)

El presente articulo intenta determinar las razones por las que el santuario de Sant Miquel de Ll��ria, uno de los m��s importantes de la actual provincia de Valencia, se consagr�� al arc��ngel guerrero. Se estudia para ello la historia de su culto en Occidente, haciendo hincapi�� en aspectos como su relaci��n con los lugares elevados y la frecuente proximidad de sus santuarios con aquellos dedicados a la Virgen. Atenderemos tambi��n a aspectos fundamentales del contexto hist��rico, como los movimientos de renovaci��n espiritual medievales, la influencia del m��dico y te��logo Arnau de Vilanova en la Valencia de principios del siglo XIV y las profec��as escatol��gicas vinculadas a la llegada del Anticristo.

Aportes de las teor��as sociol��gicas a la discusi��n de la ontolog��a. Los casos de Luhmann, Habermas y Latour

En este trabajo se discuten los aportes de la teor��a sociol��gica contempor��nea al debate filos��fico y cient��fico de la ontolog��a, para ello son cotejados los componentes ontol��gicos de la Teor��a General de Sistemas Sociales de Niklas Luhmann, lla Teor��a de la Acci��n Comunicativa de J��rgen Habermas y la Actor-Network Theory de Bruno Latour.

El valor mitogr��fico del "Anonymi in Statii Achilleida commentum"

El breve commentum in Statii Achilleida resulta muy interesante para el estudio de la transmisi��n mitogr��fica de la Antig��edad tard��a al Medievo, pues no s��lo participa de las caracter��sticas propias de la mitograf��a (narraciones de mitos, ex��gesis racionalista y/o aleg��rica, interpretaciones etimol��gicas, anonimato, pseudepigraf��a,���), sino que tambi��n es otro eslab��n en la cadena textual de transmisi��n, simplificaci��n y canonizaci��n de los mitos cl��sicos.