Suomi kasvitieteen kieleksi : Elias L��nnrot termist��n kehitt��j��n��

The development of botanical Finnish: Elias L��nnrot as the creator of new terminology In the 19th century the Finnish language was intentionally developed to meet the demands of civilised society and Finnish-language science. The development of the language involved several people from different fields of science. This study examines this enormous project in the field of botany. By which methods were scientific terms formed, and for which reasons were those terms used? Why has a certain word been chosen to represent a particular concept? The material of this study is the terminology of plant morphology in Finnish that Elias L��nnrot developed in the middle of the 19th century. The terms of plant morphology denote and describe the parts of the plant and the relationships between those parts. For instance, the terms emi pistill , hede stamen , ter��lehti petal and verholehti sepal , which are nowadays familiar in the general language, were used for the first time in L��nnrot s texts. The study integrates the methods of lexicology and terminology. In lexicology, the word and its various meanings serve as the focus, whereas the theory of terminology focuses on the concept and concept systems. A new, consciously developed terminology can be understood through the old, familiar vocabulary and structures as well as through the new, logical term system. L��nnrot s botanical terminology can be divided into three groups depending on their origin: 1) 19% of all terms have been accepted from the existing vocabulary and used in their original meanings, 2) 11% of all terms have been chosen from the existing vocabulary and used in the new, specific botanical meanings, and 3) 70% of all terms have been created on the basis of the existing vocabulary and used in the new, specific botanical meanings. Therefore, the study reveals that domestic materials primarily morphosemantic neologisms form the Finnish terminology of plant morphology. Characteristic of L��nnrot s botanical terms is the utilisation of the vocabulary of various Finnish dialects and particular repeating elements. Repeating elements include, for example, the prefixes that come from botanical Latin or Swedish as well as the particular Finnish derivation types. Such structures form term systems that reflect scientific concept systems. Two thirds of the created new words are formed loosely or precisely according to either Latin or Swedish terms; one third is formed completely differently from its equivalents in the foreign languages. Approximately half of the chosen terms are formed differently from the Latin and Swedish terms. It is worth noting that many loan translations use rare vocabulary from Finnish dialects as equivalents to foreign parts of terms. L��nnrot aimed to inspire scientific terminology with Finland s own language, thus making scientific text accessible to the Finnish agricultural population.

Olla el��v��n sanat : Roolirunon laji Maila Pylkk��sen teoksessa Arvo. Vanha��iti puhuu runonsa

Maila Pylkk��nen (1931 1986) was one of the most important modernist poets in Finland and a central figure in developing the dramatic monologue in Finnish literature. The study examines Pylkk��nen s poetic work Arvo. Vanha��iti puhuu runonsa (Value. An old woman speaks her poem, 1959) as an example of the dramatic monologue, approaching it from three perspectives: its generic features and background, and the poetic framework to which it connects in the context of Pylkk��nen s poetry. In addition to methods of literary scholarship, the poetic analysis benefits from a linguistic approach. The study shows that the dramatic monologue genre drives Pylkk��nen s first work, Klassilliset tunteet (Classical feelings, 1957), in a context of finding poetic identity, characterised by the expression to be the words of a living creature . The study demonstrates that important generic features of the dramatic monologue, namely, a poem representing a speech-event and a hierarchical structure, are also Arvo s most significant generic features. Arvo s poems as speech-events are examined for their internal progressive, pragmatic unity constructed through single line units; for their function as narratives dealing with the life story of an old woman, Arvo s speaker; and from the perspective of the communication between the old woman and the poems other characters. Arvo s speech-events can also be seen as semantic shifts from one poem to another: the poems construct semantic stages representing different phases of the old woman s life. The study demonstrates that analysis of Arvo s hierarchical structure, that is, the relationship between the speaker and the rhetorical levels, reveals the work s structural and ideological wholeness by focusing on the old woman s emotions: longing, loneliness and alienation from the world. In other words, the contradictions between the explicit level of the speaker and an implied rhetorical level open up the tragedy of an old woman s daily life. Study of Arvo s hierarchical structure also highlights the special position of the reader in the framework of a dramatic monologue. The elements of a dramatic present in which the old woman s emotions are conveyed, an italicized opening poem, and the work s title Value invite the reader to consider Arvo as a structural and ideological whole. The function of Arvo s hierarchical structure is to ask the reader to recognise the hopelessness of the old woman s situation, understand it, and even identify with it.

Infinitiivi ja sen infiniittisyys : Tutkimus suomen kielen itsen��isist�� A-infinitiivikonstruktioista

"Infinitive and its infinity" advocates an approach to infinitives that differs from most previous descriptions in several ways. Infinitives are generally considered to be an illustrative example of an inherently subordinated verb category. This is due to the fact that they are morphologically reduced and are allegedly not able to function as the only predicate of an independent clause. While former descriptions have thus treated infinitives as a linguistic category heavily dependent on the finite verb, my claim is that Finnish A-infinitives (e.g. juosta to run , olla to be ) can be used as independent grammatical units: they need not be either dependent or subordinated, but can have an equal status with finite constructions. In other words, they can be conceptually and interactionally non-dependent. Theoretically, the main objective of the thesis is to discover the nature of non-finite conceptualization and the ways in which it is utilized in everyday interactions. This is accomplished by contrasting finite and non-finite conceptualization with respect to the morphosyntactic marking of person, tense and modality. I argue that the morphologically reduced nature of infinitives can be used as an interactional resource. Independent A-infinitive constructions designate verbal processes that profile no participants, lack any connection with time, and present states of affairs as intensional, structural spaces. Consequently, they provide the interactants with a conceptual alternative in contrast to finite predications that are in Finnish always grammatically anchored to time, modality and person. The deictically unanchored character of A-infinitive constructions makes them highly affective and reflexive in nature. I discuss my findings primarily in the light of Cognitive Grammar. I have drawn insight from various other fields, too: among the theories that are touched upon are interactional linguistics, functional-typological linguistics, and studies on the poetic and metapragmatic use of language. The study is based on empirical data interpreted in qualitative terms. Analyses are based on 980 examples coming mainly from written language. Some 20 examples of spoken data are analyzed as well. In sum, the thesis presents a critical statement towards the finite-verb centred outlook on language and shows that analyzing non-finite elements as such reveals new aspects of grammar and interaction. This is to acknowledge the fact that infinitives, albeit prototypically participating in the coding of dependent events, can also be used outside of the context of the finite verb. Such a view poses several new research questions, as a linguistic category generally seen to code dependent, less prominent states of affairs , now is viewed on as possessing a full cognitive and pragmatic potential.

Betydelser i barnfamiljsbroschyrer : Systemisk-funktionell analys av den t��nkta l��saren och institutionen

This thesis concerns Swedish and Finland-Swedish brochures to families with children, presenting family allowances from the social insurance institutions in the two countries. The aim of the study is to analyse what meanings are conveyed with reference to the conceivable reader and the institution in the brochures. The material consists of information brochures in Swedish from Kela, the social insurance institution of Finland, and F��rs��kringskassan, the Swedish social insurance agency, issued during 2003���2006. The general theoretical framework is systemic-functional linguistics (SFL) as presented by Halliday & Matthiessen (2004) and Holmberg & Karlsson (2006). The study consists of a quantitative study of the lexical choices of the social insurance brochures. Furthermore, a qualitative process and participant analysis is annotated with the UAM Corpus tool and the results are quantified. Speech functions and modal auxiliaries are analysed qualitatively. The analysis shows that material and relational processes are most common. The relational and verbal processes are used more in the Sweden-Swedish brochures, while the material processes are more common in the Finland-Swedish brochures. The participants in the brochures are the institution, mentioned by its name, and the conceivable reader, directly addressed with ���you��� (du). In addition, the referent ���child��� is often mentioned. The participants assigned for the reader are Actor, Receiver, Carrier and Speaker. In the Finland-Swedish texts, the reader is often an Actor, while the reader in the Sweden-Swedish texts is a Carrier. Thus, the conceivable reader is an active participant who takes care of his or her own matters using the internet, communicates actively to the institution and has legal rights and obligations. The institution is visible in the texts but does not have an active role as the name of the institution is mostly used in circumstances. The institution is not often a participant, but when it is, it is Actor, Receiver, Listener and Carrier, expecting the clients to address it. Speech functions are performed in different ways. For instance, questions structure the reading process and commands are realised by modal auxiliaries, not by imperatives. The most common modal auxiliary is kan (can, may), and another common auxiliary is ska (shall, must). Statements are surrounded by subordinate clauses and adverbs that describe situations and criteria. The results of the study suggest that the brochures in the two countries are similar, in particular when produced in similar ways, that is, when the Finland-Swedish texts are not translated. Existing differences reflect the differences in the institutions, the social insurance systems and the cultural contexts. KEYWORDS: Finland-Swedish, Swedish, comparative analysis, SFL, discourse analysis, administrative language, institutional discourse, institutional communication

Kognitiva system i namngivningen av finl��ndska handelsfartyg 1838-1938

This dissertation is an onomastic study of Finland s stock of ship names (nautonomasticon) recorded over the period 1838 1938. The primary material investigated consists of 2 066 examples of ship names from the fleets of coastal towns, distributed over five sample years. The material is supplemented with two bodies of comparative data; one that consists of 2 535 examples of boat names from the archipelago area at the corresponding time, and another that comprises 482 examples of eighteenth century Finnish ship names. This study clarifies the categories of names that appear the frequency of the names, formation, morphology, linguistic origin, functions, and semantic qualities. By comparing the material with boat names from previous centuries, and from other countries, the characteristics of Finnish vessel names are further highlighted. Additional clarification is brought to the chronological, regional, and social variations, and to the emergence of various forms of systematic naming. This dissertation builds on older research from other countries, and uses traditional onomastic methods alongside a more modern methodology. The approach is interdisciplinary, meaning that the names are explored using facts not only from nautical history, but also from a range of other historical disciplines such as economics, culture, art, and literature. In addition, the approach is socio-onomastic, i.e. that the variations in names are studied in a societal context. Using a synchronised perspective, cognitive linguistic theories have provided the tools for this exploration into the metaphorical and the prototypical meaning of the names, and the semantic domains that the names create. The quantitative analysis has revealed the overall picture of Finnish boat names. Personal names, names from mythology, and place names, emerge as significant categories, alongside nonproprial names in Swedish and Finnish. The interdisciplinary perspective has made it possible to explain certain trends in the stock of boat names, for example, the predisposition towards names from classical mythology, the breakthrough of names taken from the national epos Kalevala, names in the Finnish language from around the middle of the nineteenth century, and the continuing rise of place names during the latter part of the period 1838 1938. The socio-onomastic perspective has also identified clear differences between those ship names used in towns, and those ship names used in the archipelago, and it has clarified how naming conventions tend to spread from town centres to peripheral areas. The cognitive linguistic methods have revealed that the greater part of the vessel names can be interpreted as metaphors, in particular personifications, and that many names are related in their content and also form semantic networks and cognitive systems. The results indicate that there is a mental nautonomasticon that consists of a standard set of traditional ship names, but they also reveal the existence of conscious or unconscious cognitive systems (rules and conventions) that guide the naming of boats.

Naiset rajalla : Ky��peli, Nainen, Naara(s), Neitsyt, Morsian, Akka ja ��mm�� Suomen paikannimiss��

Women at the boundary. Ky��peli ( ghost, devil, elf, fairy, enchantress, witch ), Nainen ( woman ), Naara(s) ( female animal, derogatory term for a woman ), Neitsyt ( young, [virgin] woman ), Morsian ( bride ), Akka ( old woman, wife, grandmother ) and ��mm�� ( [old] woman, wife, grandmother ) in Finnish place names This study examines a total of about 4,000 Finnish place names which include a specific that refers to a woman: Ky��peli, Nainen, Naara(s), Neitsyt, Morsian, Akka or ��mm��. The study has two main objectives. First, to interpret the place names in the data, that is, to examine the words included in the data and establish their background and to differentiate names of different ages. In establishing the background of a name, the type of place (e.g. lake, hill or marsh) and its location, as well as the semantics of the feminine specific, are taken into account. The connotations of words referring to a woman are also studied. Words that refer to a woman are often affective and susceptible to changes in meaning, which is reflected in the history of place names. The second main objective is to recognise and highlight mythological place names. Mythology is pivotal for the interpretation of many place names with a feminine specific. The criteria for mythological names have not been explicitly discussed in Finnish onomastics until now, and I seek to determine such criteria in this study with the help of the data. Mythological place names often refer to large and significant natural localities, which are in many cases important boundaries for the community. Names for smaller localities may also be mythological if they refer to a place with a key location or a special topography (e.g. steep or rocky places). I also discuss the stories involved with specific places in the data, such as stories about supernatural beings. Each of the name groups discussed in the study has its own profile. For example, Naara(s) names are so old that naara is no longer understood to refer to a woman. These names have thus often been misinterpreted in onomastics. Names beginning with Morsian, on the other hand, appear to be of fairly recent origin and may be attributed to an international cautionary tale. Names beginning with Nais, Neitsyt, Akka and ��mm�� highlight the duality of the data. They include both old names for important natural localities or boundaries and more recent names for modest dwellings, small cultivated areas and useless marshy ponds. This distribution of place names may reflect a cultural shift that changed the status of women in the community.

Passion vallassa : Hermostunut aika Minna Canthin teoksissa

Under the power of passion. The age of nervousness in Minna Canth s works This research contemplates the psychology of Minna Canth s characters through the historical image of man in late 19th century Europe. The central operative term of the study is passion , understood as a twofold philosophical concept that includes both desire and suffering. The method of this study is historical and contextual. The study interprets the passions and the psychology of Canth s characters as they were understood in their own time. The indicator of the relevant contexts is the realist and naturalist genre of Canth s works. New research on the genre of the time is also the basis of a new kind of psychological approach to Canth s works. The most important context of passion in Canth s works is the positivistic and pathological image of man at the end of the 19th century. Then, passion was widely discussed, and was perceived as a physiological phenomenon that influenced humans neurologically and caused different kinds of physiological symptoms and nervous disorders. But at the same time, passion was understood as a manifestation of human instincts and drives. The naturalistic literature of the day aimed at creating deterministic studies of human morality and psychology following ��mile Zola s application of experimental science methods in his writing. The pathological image of man is most explicitly manifested in Canth s formerly unknown short story L����k��ri (Doctor, 1891), in which a doctor who is interested in psychology visits a jail to meet a peculiar criminal, a girl who feels no remorse for her multiple crimes. In other works of Canth the medically motivated viewpoint is more hidden in the deterministic narrative and depiction of the characters. The present study approaches the passion in Minna Canth s works through five thematic chapters, in witch characters are interpreted suffering from blind love, ennui, crippling romantic idealism, melancholy, guilt and nostalgia, and their stories can be prescribed as medical histories which depict the born of the passion and its development towards ruin. All protagonists are also manifestations of their own time. Canth criticises the modern life and its demands as well as social defects through the tragic stories of individuals. The study demonstrates that Canth did not, like previous research has suggested, wait until the 1890s before writing works of a psychological nature but had already written according to the psychological paradigm of her time in Ty��miehen vaimo (1885). The social and psychological interests intertwine in Canth s works and are not exclusionary as has formerly been interpreted. Canth is also critical of the medical power implicit in the naturalist experimental method and this shows itself especially in her depiction of working class women.

Tekstit viraston ty��ss�� : Tutkimus etuusp����t��sten kielest�� ja konteksteista

Texts in the work of a city department: A study of the language and context of benefit decisions This dissertation examines documents granting or denying the access to municipal services. The data consist of decisions on transport services made by the Social Services Department of the City of Helsinki. The circumstances surrounding official texts and their language and production are studied through textual analysis and interviews. The dissertation describes the textual features of the above decisions, and seeks to explain such features. Also explored are the topics and methods of genre studies, especially the relationship between text and context. Although the approach is linguistic, the dissertation also touches on research in social work and administrative decision making, and contributes to more general discussion on the language and duties of public administration. My key premise is that a text is more than a mere psycholinguistic phenomenon. Rather, a text is also a physical object and the result of certain production processes. This dissertation thus not only describes genre-specific features, but also sheds light on the work that generates the texts examined. Textual analysis and analyses of discursive practices are linked through an analysis of intertextuality: written decisions are compared with other application documents, such as expert statements and the applications themselves. The study shows that decisions are texts governed by strict rules and written with modest resources. Textwork is organised as hierarchical mass production. The officials who write decisions rely on standard phrases extracted from a computer system. This allows them to produce texts of uniform quality which have been approved by the department s legal experts. Using a computer system in text production does not, however, serve all the needs of the writers. This leads to many problems in the texts themselves. Intertextual analysis indicates that medical argumentation weighs most heavily in an application process, although a social appraisal should be carried out when deciding on applications for transport services. The texts reflect a hierarchy in which a physician ranks above the applicant, and the department s own expert physician ranks above the applicant s physician. My analysis also highlights good, but less obvious practices. The social workers and secretaries who write decisions must balance conflicting demands. They use delicate linguistic means to adjust the standard phrases to suit individual cases, and employ subtle strategies of politeness. The dissertation suggests that the customer contact staff who write official texts should be allowed to make better use of their professional competence. A more general concern is that legislation and new management strategies require more and more documentation. Yet, textwork is only rarely taken into account in the allocation of resources. Keywords: (Critical) text analysis, genre analysis, administration, social work, administrative language, texts, genres, context, intertextuality, discursive practices

Inarinsaamen k��sitemetaforat

This study discusses the conceptual metaphors of Inari Saami, an endangered, indigenous, Finno-Ugrian language spoken in northern Finland. The research focuses on systematical mappings between source and target domains in conventional Inari Saami metaphors and metonymies. The research material consists of the Inarinsaamen idiomisanakirja [Inari Saami idiom dictionary] which has been compiled by the author in collaboration with an Inari Saami co-author; the Inarilappisches W��rterbuch; Inarinsaamelaista kansantietoutta [Inari Saami folk knowledge]; and Aanaarkiela ����jttuzeh [Inari Saami sample texts]. The metaphors and metonymies found in these literary sources are divided into categories on the basis of the target domains and according to the classic model of Lakoff ja Johnson (1980). This method reveals the systematical recurrence of source domains inside each category and thus discovers the systematical patterns of metaphoric mapping, the conceptual metaphors . As a result 44 conceptual metaphors and 16 conceptual metonymies are presented through approximately 500 glossed examples. These findings are discussed against the background of what is known about the cognitive and neural processing of metaphors on the one hand, and what is known about Inari Saami culture on the other. This theoretical framework highlights culture as the underlying force behind conceptual metaphors. The recurring metonymies seem to follow a culturally salient indexicality. For example, the Inari Saami conceptual metonymy TIME IS NATURE reflects the seasonal changes in the year s cycle, which was the salient index of time in traditional Inari Saami culture. The recurring metaphors, for their part, follow a culturally salient iconicity. The conceptual metaphor PRIDE IS ANTLERS is based on an iconicity which is experienced and interpreted by the Inari Saami. A proud person is associated with a reindeer who shows off his impressive antlers. The conceptual metaphor/metonymy seems to be a reflection of culture rather than a cognitive means of understanding an abstract domain in terms of a concrete domain, as hypothesized by certain theoreticians. Repeating this study with other languages may lead to the possibility of typologizing the metaphorical systems of the world s languages and understanding the diversity of metaphor systems in the endangered languages of the world.

Vilijonkka ikkunassa - Tove Janssonin muumiteosten kuva, sana ja liike

Tove Jansson (1914--2001) was a Finnish illustrator, author, artist, caricaturist and comic artist. She is best known for her Moomin Books, written in Swedish, which she illustrated herself, and published between 1945 and 1977. My study focuses on the interweaving of images and words in Jansson s picturebooks, novels and short stories situated in the fantasy world of Moomin Valley. In particular, it concentrates on Jansson s development of a special kind of aesthetics of movement and stasis, based upon both illustration and text. The conventions of picturebook art and illustration are significant to both Jansson s visual art and her writing, and she was acutely conscious of them. My analysis of Jansson s work begins by discussing her first published picturebooks and less familiar illustrations (before she began her Moomin books) and I then proceed to discuss her three Moomin picturebooks, The Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My; Who Will Comfort Toffle?, and The Dangerous Journey. The discussion moves from images to words and from words to images: Barthes s (1982) concept of anchoring and, in particular, what he calls relaying , form a point of reading and viewing Moomin texts and illustrations in a complementary relation, in which the message s unity occurs on a higher level: that of the story, the anecdote, the diegesis . The eight illustrated Moomin novels and one collection of short stories are analysed in a similar manner, taking into account the academic discourse about picturebooks which was developed in the last decade of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century by, among others, scholars such as Nodelman, Rhedin, Doonan, Thiele, Stephens, Lewis, Nikolajeva and Scott. In her Moomin books, Jansson uses a wide variety of narrative and illustrative styles which are complementary to each other. Each book is different and unique in its own way, but a certain development or progression of mood and representation can be seen when assessing the series as a whole. Jansson s early stories are happy and adventurous but her later Moomin novels, beginning from Moominland Midwinter, focus more on the interiority of the characters, placing them in difficult situations which approximate social reality. This orientation is also reflected in the representation of movement and space. The books which were published first include more obviously descriptive passages, exemplifying the tradition of literary pictorialism. Whereas in Jansson s later work, the space develops into something that is alive which can have an enduring effect on the characters personalities and behaviour. This study shows how the idea of an image a dynamic image -- forms a holistic foundation for Jansson s imagination and work. The idea of central perspective, or frame, for instance, provided inspiration for whole stories or in the way that she developed her characters, as in the case of the Fillyjonk, who is a complex female figure, simultaneously frantic and prim. The idea of movement is central to the narrative art of picturebooks and illustrated texts, particularly in relation to the way that action is depicted. Jansson, however, also develops a specific choreography of characters in which poses and postures signify action, feelings and relationships. Here, I use two ideas from modern dance, contraction and release (Graham), to characterise the language of movement which is evident in Jansson s words and images. In Jansson s final Moomin novels and short stories, the idea of space becomes more and more dynamic and closely linked with characterisation. My study also examines a number of Jansson s early sketches for her Moomin novels, in which movement is performed much more dramatically than in those illustrations which appeared in the last novels to be published.

Substrata Uralica : Studies on Finno-Ugrian Substrate in Northern Russian Dialects

The thesis consists of five articles and an introduction. It treats the problems of the Uralic substrate, most notably, the substrate toponyms, in the Russian dialects of Arkhangelsk region. The articles contribute to the general linguistic discussion concerning the nature of linguistic substrate and the outcome of language shift and to the onomastic discussion concerning the etymologisation and ethnic interpretation of substrate toponymy. Among the questions the articles scrutinised are the following: 1) How may phonetic and morphosyntactic substrate interference be verified? 2) How typical is the transfer of vocabulary in the case of a language shift? 3) How the borrowing of toponymy and appellative vocabulary are connected in the case of a language shift? 4) How does the etymologisation of the toponyms differ from the etymologisation of appellatives? 5) How reliable can the toponymic etymologies be? 6) How can the substrate language be identified? It is found that the substrate interference that can be meaningfully studied, from the point of view of historical linguistics, is predominantly lexical and not related to phonetics and morphosyntax, as presumed in many handbooks. New methods are outlined for the identification of substrate languages separately from the lexical, phonological and typological point of view by using the substrate toponymy as the main source of information on extinct languages. A reliability scale for the toponymic etymologies is developed that helps to identify the kinds of etymologies containing ethnohistorically meaningful information. The study also sheds light on questions related to Uralistics and Slavistics. The most important of these are the following: 1) Which Uralic languages were spoken in North Russia prior to Slavic? 2) When did the Slavicisation of the Finno-Ugrian population take place in the area of the Arkhangelsk Region? 3) What is the significance of the Finno-Ugrian substrate in northern Russian dialects to comparative Uralistics? 4) Are there any traces of pre-Uralic substrate languages in north-eastern Europe? The Finnic substrate languages, already identified by earlier studies, seem to have consisted of two groups, one of which was closest to the southern Finnic. Also, language(s) close to S��mi in some respects though not identical with it where spoken in pre-Slavic North Russia.

Anpassning i spr��kkontakt : Morfologisk och ortografisk anpassning av engelska l��nord i svenskan

The study investigates the formal integration of English loanwords into the Swedish language system. The aim has been to analyse and describe the morphological/morphosyntactic and the orthographical integration of the loanwords. I have studied how the foreign language elements get accommodated to Swedish and which factors are relevant in the integration. The material for the study consists of Swedish newspapers published in Sweden and Finland in paper format (with a focus on the years 1975 and 2000) and newspapers in digital format on the net. The theoretical frame for the study is contact linguistics. The study is based on a sociolinguistic, structural and language political perspective on what language is, and what language contact is. The method used is usage-based linguistic analysis. In the morphological study of the loanwords, I have made both a quantitative and a qualitative study. I have analysed the extent to which loanwords show some indication of integration in Swedish, and to what extent they show no signs of integration at all. I have also analysed integration in relation to word classes i.e., how nouns, adjectives and verbs integrate and which factors are relevant for the result of the integration. The result shows that most loanwords (36 %) do not show any signs of being formally integrated in Swedish. They undergo neither inflectional, nor derivational changes. One fifth of the loanwords are inflected according to the rules of Swedish grammar. Nouns are generally more often than verbs placed in positions in the sentence where no formal adaption is needed. Almost all of the verbs in the material are inflected according to Swedish rules of grammar. Only 3 % of the loanwords are inflected according to English rules or are placed in an ungrammatical position in the sentence. The orthographical study shows that English loanwords very seldom get adapted to Swedish orthography. Some English vowel and consonant graphemes are replaced with Swedish ones, for example a, ay and ai are replaced with aj or ej (mail ��� mejl). The study also indicates that morphological integration is related to orthographical integration: loanwords that are inflected according to Swedish grammar are more likely to be orthographical integrated than loanwords that are inflected according to English grammar. The results also shows that the integration of loanwords are affected by mostly language structural factors and language political factors.

Her����misten poetiikkaa : Lajeja ja intertekstej�� Arvid J��rnefeltin romaaneissa Is��nmaa, Maaemon lapsia ja Veneh'ojalaiset

Poetics of Awakenings. Genres and Intertexts in Arvid J��rnefelt s Novels Is��nmaa, Maaemon lapsia and Veneh ojalaiset This doctoral dissertation focuses on Arvid J��rnefelt s (1961 1932) novels Is��nmaa (1893), Maaemon lapsia (1905) and Veneh ojalaiset (1909). The study applies the genre theory and concepts Alastair Fowler has introduced in his Kinds of Literature (1982). Fowler s theory of the novel is developed further and applied to Finnish realist novels. The generic analysis is supplemented by intertextual analysis, which is mainly based on the idea of specific intertextual relations as presented by Kiril Taranovsky. Generic and intertextual analyses form the basis for hermeneutic interpretation, in which attention is paid to the fact that the novels are written by the designated writer in specific historical and cultural circumstances. Instead of the author s intention , the study focuses on the realised intention , in other words the novels as they are published. J��rnefelt s first novel Is��nmaa is understood to be a classical Bidungsroman that depicts the socialisation of a young male protagonist. From an intertextual point of view, the novel appears to be a novel of conversion, too, due to the biblical allusions concealed in the depiction of the events. Furthermore, Is��nmaa is seen to stand in an intertextual relation to Hegel s, Snellman s and Topelius s writings. Maaemon lapsia is argued to be a thesis novel, which persuades the reader to adopt a certain ideological and political stance, namely Henry George s view on the private ownership of land. The novel is modulated by the generic repertoires of fairy tale and tragedy. The mythical frame of the novel supports the thesis novel, as it gives universal validity to the particular events depicted in the novel. Maaemon lapsia also comments on the contemporary political debate on the relations between Finland and Russia by presenting the relationship as analogous to the relationship between tenant farmer and landowner. Veneh ojalaiset exhibits a wide range of genres. Comic, tragic and mythical mode is combined with, for example, family novel, romance, conversion novel and revolutionary novel. From a rhetorical viewpoint, the novel is an apology, which accuses society of generating criminality by means of unjust laws and procedures. The novel discusses the question of resistance to evil by using the themes of Faust and Job, as well as by confronting the philosophies of Epictetus and Nietzsche. The novel is a thesis novel, which disputes the possibility of violent revolution as a way to a better society and recommends passive resistance for an individual living in an unjust society. The poetics of J��rnefelt s novels is regarded as the poetics of conversion, as all the novels in focus depict the protagonist s awakening to see the society in a new light, be it a patriotic vision of the reality or a conception of the unfairness of society.

Lag��vers��ttning som process och produkt : Revideringar och institutioner vid lag��vers��ttning till svenska i Finland

The thesis studies the translation process for the laws of Finland as they are translated from Finnish into Swedish. The focus is on revision practices, norms and workplace procedures. The translation process studied covers three institutions and four revisions. In three separate studies the translation process is analyzed from the perspective of the translations, the institutions and the actors. The general theoretical framework is Descriptive Translation Studies. For the analysis of revisions made in versions of the Swedish translation of Finnish laws, a model is developed covering five grammatical categories (textual revisions, syntactic revisions, lexical revisions, morphological revisions and content revisions) and four norms (legal adequacy, correct translation, correct language and readability). A separate questionnaire-based study was carried out with translators and revisers at the three institutions. The results show that the number of revisions does not decrease during the translation process, and no division of labour can be seen at the different stages. This is somewhat surprising if the revision process is regarded as one of quality control. Instead, all revisers make revisions on every level of the text. Further, the revisions do not necessarily imply errors in the translations but are often the result of revisers following different norms for legal translation. The informal structure of the institutions and its impact on communication, visibility and workplace practices was studied from the perspective of organization theory. The results show weaknesses in the communicative situation, which affect the co-operation both between institutions and individuals. Individual attitudes towards norms and their relative authority also vary, in the sense that revisers largely prioritize legal adequacy whereas translators give linguistic norms a higher value. Further, multi-professional teamwork in the institutions studied shows a kind of teamwork based on individuals and institutions doing specific tasks with only little contact with others. This shows that the established definitions of teamwork, with people co-working in close contact with each other, cannot directly be applied to the workplace procedures in the translation process studied. Three new concepts are introduced: flerstegsrevidering (multi-stage revision), revideringskedja (revision chain) and normsyn (norm attitude). The study seeks to make a contribution to our knowledge of legal translation, translation processes, institutional translation, revision practices and translation norms for legal translation. Keywords: legal translation, translation of laws, institutional translation, revision, revision practices, norms, teamwork, organizational informal structure, translation process, translation sociology, multilingual.

Konstruktioner och valens : Verbfraser med ��t i ett j��mf��rande perspektiv

Det har knappast undg��tt n��gon som ��r spr��kligt medveten att finlandssvenskan och sverigesvenskan skiljer sig ��t till vissa delar. Olikheterna ��terfinns p�� olika spr��kliga niv��er. Mest k��nda och omskrivna ��r de lexikologiska skillnaderna, dvs. skillnaderna p�� ordplanet. Betydligt mindre uppm��rksamhet har ��gnats syntaktiska skillnader, dvs. skillnader i hur satser och meningar byggs upp. F��r att ��ka kunskapen om finlandssvensk syntax initierade Spr��kvetenskapliga n��mnden vid Svenska litteraturs��llskapet i Finland projektet Svenskan i Finland ��� syntaktiska drag i ett j��mf��rande perspektiv, som p��gick ��ren 2004���2006. Min avhandling har kommit till inom ramen f��r det projektet. Prepositionerna (t.ex. av, i, p��, f��r, till, ��t osv.) ��r s�� kallade funktionsord som har till uppgift att binda samman de mer betydelsetunga orden till satser och meningar. Den finlandssvenska prepositionsanv��ndningen skiljer sig i viss m��n fr��n den sverigesvenska, och �����t��� ��r en av de prepositioner som ofta lyfts fram som exempel. Finlandssvenskarna s��ger t.ex. ���han gav en bok ��t Lena��� i st��llet f��r ���han gav en bok till Lena��� eller ���han gav Lena en bok���. De s��ger ���ber��tta n��got ��t n��gon��� (i st��llet f��r ���f��r���) och de s��ger ���ringa ��t n��gon��� i st��llet f��r ���ringa n��gon���. Ett huvudsyfte med min unders��kning ��r att ta reda p�� hur pass stora skillnaderna ��r om man ser till samtliga bel��gg p�� �����t��� i ett material och inte bara till s��dana som man f��ster sig vid f��r att man vet att de avviker i finlandssvenskan. Unders��kningen ��r korpusbaserad. Det betyder att jag letat efter alla bel��gg p�� kombinationer av verb och prepositionen �����t��� i r��tt stora textmassor som finns tillg��ngliga i elektronisk form. Materialet ligger i Spr��kbanken i Finland och omfattar huvudsakligen tidningstext och sk��nlitteratur. Jag har anv��nt mig av en textmassa p�� sammanlagt ungef��r 40 miljoner l��pande ord, drygt 23 miljoner finlandssvenska och drygt 19 miljoner sverigesvenska. Det materialet gav ca 20 000 ��t-bel��gg att studera, och det visade sig n��got ov��ntat att �����t��� inte alls ��r vanligare i finlandssvenskan ��n i sverigesvenskan n��r det g��ller skriftspr��k, ��tminstone inte i professionella skribenters spr��k. Om man kompenserar f��r att den finlandssvenska och den sverigesvenska korpusen inte ��r helt lika i fr��ga om genref��rdelning och ��lder, kommer man fram till i stort sett samma frekvens f��r �����t��� i b��da korpusarna. F��r den n��rmare analysen av vilka m��nster ��t-bel��ggen uppvisar har jag f��rst och fr��mst utnyttjat konstruktionsgrammatik men ocks�� ramsemantik och valensteori. Konstruktionsgrammatiken ��r ingen enhetlig teori, men tanken om grammatiska konstruktioner ��r gemensam. Konstruktioner representerar allt fr��n generella syntaktiska m��nster till specifika m��nster f��r spr��kliga enskildheter. Uppfattningen om vad som ska inbegripas i begreppet varierar, men definitionen av ���konstruktion��� som ���par (eller konstellationer) av form och betydelse��� ��r gemensam. ���Konstruktion��� avser aldrig konkreta bel��gg i texter eller yttranden utan alltid det abstrakta m��nstret bakom dessa. Och varje yttrande ��r resultatet av att en stor m��ngd konstruktioner samverkar. I min analys har jag utg��tt ifr��n att bel��ggen med �����t��� kan ��terf��ras p�� olika konstruktioner eller m��nster utifr��n vad som ��r gemensamt f��r grupper av bel��gg. Jag har sett p�� vad ��t-frasen i samverkan med verbet har f��r funktion i bel��ggen. En ��t-fras ��r syntaktiskt en prepositionsfras och best��r av en preposition och en rektion. Exempelvis utg��r ordparet �����t skogen��� en prepositionsfras d��r ���skogen��� ��r rektion. Ur mitt material har jag kunnat abstrahera fram fem ��vergripande m��nster d��r referenten f��r rektionen har olika s�� kallade semantiska roller. ��t-frasen kan i kombination med verbet ange m��l eller riktm��rke, som i t.ex. sv��nga ��t h��ger, dra ��t helvete, ta sig ��t hj��rtat, luta ��t en seger f��r IFK. Den kan f��r det andra ange mottagare (t.ex. ge varsin kaka ��t hundarna, bygga en bastu ��t sina sv��rf��r��ldrar, skaffa biljetter ��t en kompis). F��r det tredje kan ��t-frasen avse en referent som har nytta (eller skada) av en aktion (t.ex. klippa h��cken ��t grannen, st��lla in digitalboxen ��t sin moster). ��t-frasen kan slutligen avse den eller det som ��r f��rem��l antingen f��r en kommunikationsaktion (vinka ��t sin son, skratta ��t el��ndet) eller en attityd eller k��nsla (gl��dja sig ��t framg��ngen). Ut��ver dessa huvudm��nster finns det ett antal sm��rre grupper av bel��gg som bildar egna m��nster, men de utg��r sammanlagt under 3 % i b��gge korpusarna. Inom grupperna kan underm��nster urskiljas. I t.ex. mottagargruppen representerar ���ge varsin kaka ��t hundarna��� ��verf��ringskonstruktion, ���bygga en bastu ��t sina sv��rf��r��ldrar��� produktionskonstruktion och ���skaffa biljetter ��t en kompis��� ombes��rjningskonstruktion. Alla typer ��r gemensamma f��r b��gge materialen, men andelen bel��gg som representerar de olika typerna skiljer sig betydligt. I det sverigesvenska materialet st��r t.ex. det m��nster d��r ��t-frasen avser m��l eller riktm��rke f��r en mycket st��rre andel av bel��ggen ��n i finlandssvenskan. Ocks�� andelen bel��gg d��r ��t-frasen avser n��gon som har nytta (eller skada) av en aktion ��r mycket h��gre i det sverigesvenska materialet. I det finlandssvenska materialet st��r i geng��ld mottagarbel��ggen f��r ��ver 50 % av bel��ggen medan andelen i det sverigesvenska materialet ��r bara 30 %. Inom gruppen utg��r bel��gg av produktions- och ombes��rjningstyp dessutom en mindre andel i det finlandssvenska materialet ��n i det sverigesvenska. Dessa st��r till sin funktion n��ra den typ som avser den som har nytta av aktionen. De konkreta bel��ggen p�� ��verf��ring (ge varsin kaka ��t hundarna) utg��r en st��rre andel i det finlandssvenska materialet ��n i det sverigesvenska (ca 8 % mot 3 %), men typiskt f��r b��da materialen ��r h��g kollokationsgrad (���kollokation��� avser par eller grupper av ord som upptr��der oftare tillsammans ��n de statiskt sett skulle g��ra vid helt slumpm��ssig f��rekomst). St��rsta delen av mottagarbel��ggen utg��rs av fraser av typen ���ge arbete ��t n��gon, ge eftertryck ��t n��got, ge liv ��t n��got; ��gna tid ��t n��got, ��gna sitt liv ��t n��got, ��gna uppm��rksamhet ��t n��got���. De h��r slutsatserna g��ller allts�� skriftspr��k. I talspr��k ser f��rdelningen annorlunda ut. Typiskt f��r prepositionen �����t��� ��r ��verhuvudtaget h��g kollokationsgrad. Det f��refaller som om spr��kanv��ndarna har tydliga, f��rdiga mallar f��r var �����t��� kan komma in. Det enda m��nster som verkar helt produktivt, i den meningen att elementen ��r i stort sett fritt kombinerbara, ��r kombinationer av verb och ��t-fras d��r ��t-frasen avser den som har nytta av n��got. Att n��gon utf��r n��got f��r n��gons r��kning verkar ��verlag kunna uttryckas med prepositionen �����t���: t.ex. ���tv��tta bilen ��t pappa, ringa efter en taxi ��t kunden���. Till och med bel��gg av typen ���hon dr��mde ��t honom att bli ordinarie adjunkt��� f��rekommer i n��gon m��n. Konstruktionen ��r produktiv i b��da spr��kvarieteterna men uppenbart ��r att konstruktion med mottagare har tolkningsf��retr��de i vissa fall i finlandssvenskan: ���Filip skrev ett brev ��t sin syster��� tolkas av sverigesvenskar som att Filip skrev brevet f��r systerns r��kning, medan finlandssvenskar ��verlag uppenbarligen tolkar det som att Filip skrev till sin syster, att systern var mottagare av brevet. Ungef��r 20 % av alla bel��gg i b��da materialen representerar fall d��r �����t��� utg��r partikel. Verb och �����t��� ��r n��rmare f��rbundna med varandra ��n n��r �����t��� utg��r normal preposition. Exempel p�� partikelbel��gg ��r ���han kom inte ��t str��mbrytaren, det gick ��t m��ngder med saft, landet f��r dra ��t sv��ngremmen, de roffade ��t sig de b��sta platserna���. Ocks�� partikelmaterialet ser p�� ett generellt plan v��ldigt lika ut i b��da spr��kvarieteterna. Den st��rsta skillnaden uppvisar den reflexiva typen ���roffa ��t sig���. Medan typen ��r mycket homogen i det sverigesvenska materialet ��r variationen st��rre i det finlandsvenska. Dels upptr��der fler verb i kombinationen (han k��pte ��t sig ett par jeans), dels vacklar ordf��ljden (han nappade ��t sig ett paraply ~ han nappade ett paraply ��t sig). Att �����t��� anv��nds mer i vissa funktioner i finlandsvenskan brukar f��rklaras med p��verkan fr��n finskans allativ (��ndelsen -lle: h��n antoi kirjan Astalle > hon gav en bok ��t Asta). Allt tyder dock p�� att den finlandssvenska ��t-anv��ndningen delvis ��r en relikt. I ��ldre sverigesvenska k��llor tr��ffar man p�� �����t��� i s��dana kontexter som numera ��r typiska f��r finlandsvenskan. Det finlandssvenska spr��komr��det ligger ute i periferin i relation till det spr��kliga centrum som f��r��ndringar sprider sig fr��n (f��r svenskans del fr��mst Stockholmstrakten) och typiskt f��r perifera omr��den ��r att de uppvisar ��lderdomliga drag ocks�� n��r inga kontaktfenomen spelar in. Allativen kan naturligtvis ha bidragit till att bevara anv��ndningen av �����t��� i finlandssvenskan. Att det ��r just �����t��� som anv��nds��� beror antagligen p�� att prepositionen har flest funktioner gemensamt med allativen rent kognitivt om man j��mf��r med de betydligt mer frekventa prepositionerna ���till��� och ���f��r���. Uppenbart ��r ocks�� att ��t-anv��ndningen d��rtill lever sitt eget liv i finlandssvenskan. I vissa varieteter av finlandssvenska kan man t.ex. h��ra yttranden av typ ���alla fiskarna dog ��t dom���. Som spr��klig enskildhet har det ingen finsk f��rebild med allativ. Yttrandet ��r ett exempel p�� t��jning av en svensk konstruktion. Modell finns dels i det m��nster d��r ��t avser den som har nytta eller skada av n��got, dels i relationell anv��ndning av �����t���: han ��r hantlangare ��t Eriksson ~ han ��r Erikssons hantlangare. Vid spr��kkontakt ��r det ��verlag konstruktioner som har f��rebild i det l��ntagande spr��ket som l��nas in fr��n det l��ngivande spr��ket, medan konstruktioner som saknar f��rebild ��r betydligt mindre ben��gna att vinna insteg.