235 resultados para digitala- och sociala medier
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Pro gradu -tutkielma Teori, praktik och yrkesval: En etnografisk analys av yrkeslivsrelevansen p Nordicas versttarlinje ksittelee pohjoismaisten kielten ja pohjoismaisen kirjallisuuden laitoksen (Nordican) kntjlinjan koulutusta. Tutkielman tavoite on tuottaa kytnnllist tietoa kntjkoulutuksen opinnoista ja opiskelijoista. Tietoa voidaan kytt suunnitteluapuna Helsingin yliopiston kntjkoulutuksen uudelleenorganisoinnissa, joka tapahtuu vuonna 2009. Tutkimuskysymyksiss keskitytn erityisesti Nordican kntjkoulutuksen tyelmorientaatioon liittyviin opintoihin. Tyelmorientaation osuutta opinnoissa ja kntjlinjan opiskelijoiden opintosuunnittelua tutkitaan kyselytutkimuksen ja haastattelujen avulla. Kyselytutkimukseen on vastannut 19 nykyist ja valmistunutta opiskelijaa kntjlinjalta (vastausprosentti on n. 36). Haastatteluihin on osallistunut viisi henkil kolme opiskelijaa ja kaksi valmistunutta. Materiaalin suurin ongelma on aineiston vhyys ja se, ett haastateltavista suurin osa opiskelee tai on opiskellut toisen kotimaisen kielen linjalla. Tutkimuksessa ei siis saada riittvsti tietoa idinkielen linjan opiskelijoiden tilanteesta. Tutkimusmetodi on kvalitatiivinen osaksi aineiston pienuuden takia, mutta kyselytutkimuksen tuloksia analysoidaan mys kvantitatiivisesti. Kyselyn ja haastattelujen avoimet vastaukset analysoidaan etnografisen metodin avulla, joka soveltuu hyvin pienen aineiston analysointiin. Metodissa korostuvat tutkimuksen prosessiluonteisuus ja esimerkiksi tutkimuskysymysten muotoiluun ja materiaalin kermiseen liittyv joustavuus. Tutkimusmateriaalin analyysissa korostuu tutkimuskohteen kuvailun sijaan tulkinta. Tutkielman teoriaosuus ksittelee sek kntjkoulutuksen historiaa ett nykyist yliopistopedagogiikkaa. Johdannossa ksitelln mys Helsingin yliopiston tyllistymiskartoituksia ja aikaisempia tutkimuksia Nordican ja knnstieteen laitoksen opiskelijoiden sijoittumisesta tymarkkinoille. Teoreettisen viitekehyksen keskeisimmt aiheet ovat funktionaalinen kntjkoulutus, kntjn kompetenssit, asiantuntijuus ja ammattimaisuus sek teorian ja kytnnn osuus opinnoissa. Teoriaosuus pohjustaa analyysin keskeisi teemoja. Tutkimustulosten perusteella voi kumota osan tutkielman alussa esitetyist hypoteeseista. Esimerkiksi kntjlinjan opiskelijoiden opintosuunnittelu ja halu suorittaa opintonsa yksinomaan kntjlinjalla ovat osoittautuneet oletettua johdonmukaisemmiksi. Opiskelijat ovat motivoituneita ja sitoutuvat kntjlinjan opintoihin muun muassa valitsemalla sivuaineita, jotka tukevat paineopintoja. Tyelmorientaation osalta tmnhetkiset opiskelijat vaikuttavat tyytyvisemmilt opintoihinsa kuin jo valmistuneet kntjlinjalaiset. Haastateltavien yleinen ksitys on, ett tyelmorientaatiota, ja erityisesti kntjn ammattiin liittyvi kytnnn kysymyksi, ksitelln opinnoissa liian vhn. Tutkielman tarkoitus on kartoittaa kntjlinjan opiskelijoiden ja valmistuneiden kntjlinjalaisten ksityksi opintojen yhteydest tyelmn. Tutkimustulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, ett akateemisiin opintoihin pitisi sislty enemmn tyelmkontakteja. Tyharjoittelu on ollut monelle tutkimuksen haastateltavalle hyv kokemus, joka on johtanut harjoittelujakson jlkeiseen tysuhteeseen. Nordican uutta kntjkoulutusta suunniteltaessa tulisikin ottaa huomioon tyharjoittelun trkeys. Monet haastateltujen mainitsemista koulutuksen kehittmiskohteista liittyvt resurssikysymyksiin. Kntjkoulutuksen uudistuksen myt voidaan toivottavasti vaikuttaa esimerkiksi erityisalojen kurssitarjontaan.
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TRANSFORMATIONS OF NATURE Science, Knowledge and Freedom in the Early Thinking of Rudolf Steiner. Perspectives on Waldorf Education in the light of the History of Ideas Waldorf Education is based on the worldview that Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) developed to a wide-ranging anthroposophical movement in the first decades of the 20th century. This thesis takes as its departure the early thinking of Rudolf Steiner that precedes anthroposophy, and its main purpose is to uncover the tradition of ideas represented in Steiners early life and which, in different ways, have emerged in the practice of Waldorf Education. Through systematic analysis I attempt to bring to light different aspects of Steiners early thinking: his concept of science, his epistemological startingpoints and his philosophy of freedom. By departing from J. W. Goethes qualitative concept of science, Steiner strove in his early works to formulate a monistic worldview which appears to be closely related to the Romantic Movement and its philosophy of nature. Characteristic traits of his thinking are, on the one hand, a critique of a one-sided enlightenment and, on the other hand, an aspiration to see the world as a living organic unity. Human beings can, by developing our intuitive faculties, get a deeper understanding of the indissoluble relationship between man and nature. Against this background Steiners early thinking can be read as a special kind of romantic development narrative. Steiners early thinking also opens the way for romantic perspectives on Waldorf Education. It appears that many central aims and conceptions in Waldorf Education can be illuminated by the epistemological perspective upon which Steiner elaborated early in his life. An organic curriculum, phenomenological didactics and high ideal of freedom can be considered seen as educational applications of conceptions that played an important role in Goethe and his age. Thus, Waldorf Education provides in our contemporary society an exceptional set of educational values: a holistic education with romantic undertones.
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The aim of the study was to explore why the MuPSiNet project - a computer and network supported learning environment for the field of health care and social work - did not develop as expected. To grasp the problem some hypotheses were formulated. The hypotheses regarded the teachers' skills in and attitudes towards computing and their attitudes towards constructivist study methods. An online survey containing 48 items was performed. The survey targeted all the teachers within the field of health care and social work in the country, and it produced 461 responses that were analysed against the hypotheses. The reliability of the variables was tested using the Cronbach alpha coefficient and t-tests. Poor basic computing skills among the teachers combined with a vulnerable technical solution, and inadequate project management combined with lack of administrative models for transforming economic resources into manpower were the factors that turned out to play a decisive role in the project. Other important findings were that the teachers had rather poor skills and knowledge in computing, computer safety and computer supported instruction, and that these skills were significantly poorer among female teachers who were in majority in the sample. The fraction of teachers who were familiar with software for electronic patient records (EPR) was low. The attitudes towards constructivist teaching methods were positive, and further education seemed to utterly increase the teachers' readiness to use alternative teaching methods. The most important conclusions were the following: In order to integrate EPR software as a natural tool in teaching planning and documenting health care, it is crucial that the teachers have sufficient basic skills in computing and that more teachers have personal experience of using EPR software. In order for computer supported teaching to become accepted it is necessary to arrange with extensive further education for the teachers presently working, and for that further education to succeed it should be backed up locally among other things by sufficient support in matters concerning computer supported teaching. The attitudes towards computing showed significant gender differences. Based on the findings it is suggested that basic skills in computing should also include an awareness of data safety in relation to work in different kinds of computer networks, and that projects of this kind should be built up around a proper project organisation with sufficient resources. Suggestions concerning curricular development and further education are also presented. Conclusions concerning the research method were that reminders have a better effect, and that respondents tend to answer open-ended questions more verbosely in electronically distributed online surveys compared to traditional surveys. A method of utilising randomized passwords to guarantee respondent anonymity while maintaining sample control is presented. Keywords: computer-assisted learning, computer-assisted instruction, health care, social work, vocational education, computerized patient record, online survey
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There are several reasons for increasing the usage of forest biomass for energy in Finland. Apart from the fact that forest biomass is a CO2 -neutral energy source, it is also a domestic resource distributed throughout the country. Usage of forest biomass in the form of logging residues decreases Finlands dependence of energy import and increases both incomes and employment. Wood chips are mainly made from logging residues, which constitute 64 % of the raw material. A large-scale use of forest biomass requires heed also to the potential negative aspects. Forest bioenergy is used extensively, but its impacts on the forests soil nutrition and carbon balance has not been studied much. Nor have there been many studies on the heavy metal or chlorine content of logging residues. The goal of this study was to examine the content of carbon, macronutrients, heavy metals and other for the combustion harmful substances in Scots pine and Norway spruce wood chips, and to estimate the effect of harvesting of logging residues on the forests carbon and nutrient balance. Another goal was to examine the energy content of the clear cut remains. The Wood chips for this study were gathered from pine and spruce dominated clear cut sites in southern Finland, in the costal forests between Hankoo and Siuntio. The number of sample locations were 29, and the average area was 3,15 ha and the average timber volume 212,6 m3 ha -1. The average logged timber volume was for Scots pine timber 70 m3 ha -1 and for Norway spruce timber 124 m3 ha -1 and for deciduous timber (birch and alder) 18,5 m3 ha -1. The proportion of spruce in the logging residues and the stand-volume were relevant for how much nutrients were taken from the forest ecosystem when harvesting logging residues. In this study it was noted that the nutrient content of the logging residues clearly increased when the percentage of spruce in the timber volume increased. The S, K, Na and Cl -contents in the logging residues in this study increased with an increasing percentage of spruce, which is probably due to the fact that the spruce is an effective collector of atmospheric dry-deposition. The amounts of nutrients that were lost when harvesting logging residues were less than those referred to in the literature. Within a circulation period (100 years), the forest soil gets substantially more nutrients from atmospheric deposition, litter fall and weathering than is lost through harvesting of logging residues after a clear cut. Harvesting of the logging residues makes for a relatively modest increase of the quantity of carbon that is removed from the forest compared to traditional forestry. Due to the fact that the clear cut remains in my study showed a high content of chlorine, there is a risk of corrosion in connection to the incineration of the logging residues in power plants especially at coastal areas/forests. The risk of sulphur -related corrosion is probably rather small, because S concentrations are relatively low in woodchips. The clear cut remains showed rather high heavy metal contents. If the heavy metal contents in this study are representative for the clear cut remains in the coastal forests generally, there might be reason to exert some caution when using the ash for forest fertilizing purposes.
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I de senaste tv decennierna har radikalcyklisering, intramolekylr radikaladdition, utvecklats till en viktig syntesmetod fr polycykliska indoler och pyrroler. De erhllna produktmolekylerna eller deras derivat r ofta naturliga eller syntetiska alkaloider som vckt biologiskt eller medicinskt intresse. Avhandlingen behandlar bde intramolekylra radikaladditioner av pyrrolyl-, indolyl- eller indolylacylradikaler till -bindningar och intramolekylra additioner av flera olika radikaler till indolens eller pyrrolens -system. Ocks cykliseringar som delreaktioner i radikalkaskader behandlas. Radikalreaktioner kan slckas bde oxidativt och reduktivt. Fr att bibehlla heteroarenens aromaticitet mste cykliseringar till pyrrol- eller indolringen slckas oxidativt. Oxidativa radikaladditioner till aromater benmns homolytiska aromatiska substitutioner. Det finns olika stt att erhlla en reaktantradikal frn en radikalprekursor. I vissa fall har radikalprekursorn en mycket labil bindning som kan brytas fotokemiskt eller med hjlp av en initiator. Till exempel kol-svavelbindningen av en O-etyl-S-alkylxanthat kan brytas p detta stt. Ofta anvnds dock en radikalmediator fr att bilda en reaktantradikal frn dess prekursor. Mediatorer r ofta freningar, som under reaktionsfrhllandena sjlv bildar radikaler med en stor affinitet fr en prekursors specifika atom eller atomgrupp vilken abstraheras. Sledes fungerar mediatorn som mellanhand vid bildning av reaktantradikalen. Exempel p mediatorer av detta slag som anvnts vid syntes av polycykliska pyrroler och indoler r tributyltennhydrid, hexabutylditenn, tris(trimetylsilyl)silan, tributylgermaniumhydrid, dicumylperoxid, trietylboran, natriumarensulfinater (med ttiksyra) och Se-fenyl-p-toluenselenosulfonat. Ocks dimetylsulfoxid kan ses som mediator d den bildar metylradikaler vid Fentonreaktion i lsningsmedlet. vergngsmetallsalter kan ven bilda reaktantradikalen frn prekursorn genom enelektronoxidationer eller -reduktioner. Vid syntes av polycykliska pyrroler och indoler har reaktantradikalen bildats genom enelektronoxidationer med Mn(OAc)3 eller Ag2+ (Miniscireaktion) och elektronreduktioner med ett Ni(I)-komplex eller SmI2. Avhandlingen r indelad enligt reagenset eller reagensen, som stadkommer bildning av reaktantradikalen vid syntes av polycykliska indoler och pyrroler. Cirka hlften av avhandlingen behandlar tributyltennhydridmedierade cykliseringar d reagenset trots dess toxicitet r det verlgset mest anvnda. Avhandlingen diskuterar mekanismen fr bildning av reaktantradikalen frn prekursorn, cykliseringen och dess mjliga regioselektivitet, andra radikalreaktioner vid radikalkaskader och hur produktradikalen slcks.
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I arbetet analyseras de i mentalvrdslagen (1990/1116) stadgade frutsttningarna fr psykiatrisk sjukhusvrd oberoende av patientens vilja gllande myndiga patienter fr vilka inte har utsetts en intressebevakare fre fattandet av vrdbeslutet, samt bakgrunden till och en del av de svrigheter som frknippas med denna form av vrd och hrtill anknutet beslutsfattande. Problemen tillspetsas framfrallt i situationer av intressekonflikt mellan patientens intressen respektive samhllets intressen. Utgngspunkten ligger frmst i finlndsk mentalvrdslagstiftning och rttspraxis, men fr att p ett ndamlsenligt stt kunna redogra fr bakgrunden till och frutsttningarna fr dylikt frvaltningsrttsligt beslutsfattande grs ven relevanta kopplingar till medicinska (psykiatriska) yrkesetiska riktlinjer och mentalvrdslagstiftning inom vriga Norden. Analysen omfattar ven den Europeiska mnniskorttsdomstolens praxis i fall som gller frihetsbervande p basis av psykiatrisk vrd, nrmare bestmt artikel 5 (1)(e) i den europeiska mnniskorttskonventionen. Patientens sjlvbestmmandertt, frihet och integritet r utgngspunkterna fr alla slags vrdfrhllanden. Dessa inbegriper bl.a. frivillighet och informerat samtycke d en person sker vrd. Mjligheten att frordna en person till psykiatrisk vrd oberoende av dennes vilja r ett lagstadgat undantag till dessa principer. Beslutsfattandet r bundet till strikta lagstadgade frutsttningar, vilkas bedmning krver juridisk, men framfrallt medicinsk kunskap, vilket ocks skapar grnser och utmaningar fr de yrkespersoner som arbetar med dylika renden. Kombinationen av psykiatri, etik och juridik r ndvndig, men inte alltid enkel att gra, vilket mrks inte minst p terminologin som tillmpas i mentalvrdslagstiftningen. I arbetet analyseras en del av den terminologi som tillmpas inom finsk och vrig nordisk mentalvrdslagstiftning. Syftet r att visa att definitionerna, tolkningarna, terminologin och synsttet p psykisk ohlsa som tillmpas inom den finlndska mentalvrdslagstiftningen jmfrelsevis kanske inte r de mest lmpliga eller tidsenliga. En annan svr uppgift, som framfrallt lagstiftaren stll(t)s infr, r utformningen av mentalvrdslagstiftning som r tillrckligt flexibel fr att tillta beaktande av srdragen i varje enskilt rende, men som samtidigt r strikt nog fr att frhindra godtycke och missbruk. En person som lider av allvarlig psykisk ohlsa befinner sig oftast i en ytterst utsatt position, och r ofta begrnsat eller inte alls kapabel att gra en korrekt bedmning av sig sjlv och sin situation. Sledes sker den starka betoningen av patientens sjlvbestmmandertt p bde gott och ont. Det r kanske inte alltid i en psykiatrisk patients bsta att f bestmma sjlv, vilket ocks r en av frgorna som omfattas av analysen i arbetet. Eftersom det psykiatriska vrdbeslutet till karaktren r ett (skriftligt) frvaltningsbeslut, skiljer det sig samtidigt frn vrigt beslutsfattande inom vrdsektorn, vilket till strsta delen utgr faktisk frvaltningsverksamhet. Fr patienten innebr vrdbeslutet ocks ett administrativt frihetsbervande. Ingreppet i patientens grundlggande fri- och rttigheter r srskilt stort och upplevs ofta som mycket krnkande, och drfr stlls srskilt strikta krav p iakttagande av det lagstadgade beslutsfrfarandet och vrdfrutsttningarna samt tillgodoseendet av patientens rttsskydd. Den offentliga hlso- och sjukvrden r verksamhet som r understlld den offentliga frvaltningen, vilket innebr att de allmnna frvaltningsrttsliga rttsskyddsgarantierna r tillmpliga. I och med vrdbeslutets karaktr av frvaltningsbeslut, kan ndring i beslutet skas genom besvr hos frvaltningsdomstolen. Dessa r ocks ngra av de frgor som behandlas i arbetet.
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This study is a systematic analysis of mediated immediacy in the production of the Brazilian professor of theology Joo Batista Libanio. He stresses both ethical mediation and the immediate character of the faith. Libanio has sought an answer to the problem of science and faith. He makes use of the neo-scholastic distinction between matter and form. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, God cannot be known as a scientific object, but it is possible to predicate a formal theological content of other subject matter with the help of revelation. This viewpoint was emphasized in neo-Thomism and supported by the liberation theologians. For them, the material starting point was social science. It becomes a theologizable or revealable (revelabile) reality. This social science has its roots in Latin American Marxism which was influenced by the school of Louis Althusser and considered Marxism a science of history . The synthesis of Thomism and Marxism is a challenge Libanio faced, especially in his Teologia da libertao from 1987. He emphasized the need for a genuinely spiritual and ethical discernment, and was particularly critical of the ethical implications of class struggle. Libanio s thinking has a strong hermeneutic flavor. It is more important to understand than to explain. He does not deny the need for social scientific data, but that they cannot be the exclusive starting point of theology. There are different readings of the world, both scientific and theological. A holistic understanding of the nature of religious experience is needed. Libanio follows the interpretation given by H. C. de Lima Vaz, according to whom the Hegelian dialectic is a rational circulation between the totality and its parts. He also recalls Oscar Cullmann s idea of God s Kingdom that is already and not yet . In other words, there is a continuous mediation of grace into the natural world. This dialectic is reflected in ethics. Faith must be verified in good works. Libanio uses the Thomist fides caritate formata principle and the modern orthopraxis thinking represented by Edward Schillebeeckx. One needs both the ortho of good faith and the praxis of the right action. The mediation of praxis is the mediation of human and divine love. Libanio s theology has strong roots in the Jesuit spirituality that places the emphasis on contemplation in action.
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Forskningens utgngspunkt var att tillfra information om kvinnliga teologers liv i Svenskfinland under en period d kyrkan hade omdefinierat sin syn p kvinnor som prster. Till forskningens intresseomrden hrde frgan om hur situationen hade pverkat kvinnors motivation att vlja teologiska studier och yrken samt hur situationen hade inverkat p kvinnliga teologer i arbetslivet. Forskningens uppgift r att ur ett identitetsperspektiv underska mlgruppens egna skildringar av livet som kvinnlig teolog i Svenskfinland. Forskningsfrgan delades in i tv delfrgor: 1)Hur har kvinnliga teologer kommit att vlja studier, yrken och arbetsplats? 2)Vad har kvinnliga teologer upplevt i sina studier och arbetsliv? Forskningens material samlades in hsten 2003 genom en frfrgan per brev och genom en tidningsnotis i tidningen Kyrkpressen. Materialet bestod av livsberttelser som kvinnliga teologer i olika yrkesgrupper hade skrivit utgende ifrn rubriken Mitt liv som kvinnlig teolog i Svenskfinland. Cirka 250 kvinnor hade avlagt teologisk examen p svenska i Finland. Antalet personer som deltog i underskningen med sin livsberttelse var 27. Materialet analyserades kvalitativt och induktivt med en narrativ analys som tog fasta p teman och berttelsetyper i olika livsskeden: val av studier, studietid, val av karrir och erfarenheter frn arbetslivet. Analysresultatet var att studievalets beskrivning kunde tolkas som en valsituation dr egenskaper jmfrdes med yrkesrollen, som en socialisationsprocess, som ett alternativ till tidigare studieinriktning eller som en process dr kvinnoprstdiskussioner, intresse fr teologi och teologuppgifter fick informanten att vlja teologin. Teman frn studietiden handlade om studiers frdrjning, om yrkesinriktning, om studier som frberedelse fr arbetslivet och om kvinnoprstdiskussionens inverkan p yrkesinriktningen. Val av arbetsplatser och yrken beskrevs utgende ifrn kvinnliga teologers frndrade position, moderskapets inverkan p karriren, en strvan att hitta en arbetsplats som passade informanten, erfarenheter frn en enda arbetsplats och karrirsbyte. Lektorer tog fasta p vlsignelseaktens betydelse, kyrkoherdens stora inflytande p arbetets karaktr samt hur situationen frndrades d kvinnor tillts bli prster. Fr en del prster innebar prstrollen att andra mnniskor betonade att de var kvinnor. Ngra informanter hade behov av std bde frn Borg stifts ledning och frn andra kvinnliga prster under den frsta tiden med kvinnliga prster. Till en brjan upplevdes ledningens std inte alltid som tillrckligt men det frbttrades med tiden. Informanterna berttade inte s mycket om lraryrket. Inom forskning verkade teologtiteln vara naturlig, medan informanter med erfarenhet av annat n teologyrken ibland hade sttt p reaktioner p sitt yrkesval eller sin arbetsroll. Finlandssvenskheten upplevdes av olika informanter bde som tryggt och inskrnkt. Eventuella kontakter till finska stift upplevdes positivt ven om det egna sammanhanget upplevdes som viktigt. Trivsel p arbetsplatsen orsakades av subjektiva belningar och i en del fall av att arbetet motsvarade informantens yrkesinriktning. Att vara kvinnlig teolog innebar ibland att informantens yrkesval tolkades av andra som ett stllningstagande fr ngon ideologi i kvinnoprstfrgan.
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In the beginning of the 1990s the legislation regarding the municipalities and the system of central government transfers were reformed in Finland. This resulted in a move from detailed governmental control to increased municipal autonomy. The purpose of this decentralization was to enable the municipalities to better adapt their administration and service supply to local needs. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of the increased municipal autonomy on the organization of services for people with intellectual disabilities. Did the increased autonomy cause the municipalities to alter their service supply and production and did the services become more adapted to local needs? The data consists of statistical information on service use and production, and also of background data such as demographics, economics and political elections on 452 municipalities in Finland from the years 1994 and 2000. The methods used are cluster analysis, discriminant analysis and factor analysis. The municipalities could be grouped in two categories: those which offered mainly one kind of residential services and others which had more varied mixes of services. The use of institutional care had decreased and municipalities which used institutional care as their primary form of service were mostly very small municipalities in 2000. The situation had changed from 1994, when institutional care was the primary service for municipalities of all sizes. Also the service production had become more differentiated and the municipalities had started using more varied ways of production. More municipalities had started producing their own services and private production had increased as well. Furthermore, the increase in local autonomy had opened up possibilities for local politics to influence both the service selection and methods of production. The most significant motive for changes in the service structure was high unemployment and an increasing share of elderly people in the population, particularly in sparsely populated areas. Municipalities with a low level of resources had made more changes in their service organization while those with more resources had been able to carry on as before. Key words: service structure, service for people with intellectual disabilities, municipalities, contingency theory, New Public Management
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Social groups are common across animal species. The reasons for grouping are straightforward when all individuals gain directly from cooperating. However, the situation becomes more complex when helping entails costs to the personal reproduction of individuals. Kin selection theory has offered a fruitful framework to explain such cooperation by stating that individuals may spread their genes not only through their own reproduction, but also by helping related individuals reproduce. However, kin selection theory also implicitly predicts conflicts when groups consist of non-clonal individuals, i.e. relatedness is less than one. Then, individual interests are not perfectly aligned, and each individual is predicted to favour the propagation of their own genome over others. Social insects provide a solid study system to study the interplay between cooperation and conflict. Breeding systems in social insects range from solitary breeding to eusocial colonies displaying complete division of reproduction between the fertile queen and the sterile worker caste. Within colonies, additional variation is provided by the presence of several reproductive individuals. In many species, the queen mates multiply, which causes the colony to consist of half-sib instead of full-sib offspring. Furthermore, in many species colonies contain multiple breeding queens, which further dilutes relatedness between colony members. Evolutionary biology is thus faced with the challenge to answer why such variation in social structure exists, and what the consequences are on the individual and population level. The main part of this thesis takes on this challenge by investing the dynamics of socially polymorphic ant colonies. The first four chapters investigate the causes and consequences of different social structures, using a combination of field studies, genetic analyses and laboratory experiments. The thesis ends with a theoretical chapter focusing on different social interactions (altruism and spite), and the evolution of harming traits. The main results of the thesis show that social polymorphism has the potential to affect the behaviour and traits of both individuals and colonies. For example, we found that genetic polymorphism may increase the phenotypic variation between individuals in colonies, and that socially polymorphic colonies may show different life history patterns. We also show that colony cohesion may be enhanced even in multiple-queen colonies through patterns of unequal reproduction between queens. However, the thesis also demonstrates that spatial and temporal variation between both populations and environments may affect individual and colony traits, to the degree that results obtained in one place or at one time may not be applicable in other situations. This opens up potential further areas of research to explain these differences.
Resumo:
Your money or your life? A qualitative follow-up study of the young unemployed from an actor perspective is a qualitative and longitudinal study following 36 unemployed young people in Helsinki over a span of ten years. The purpose of the study is to shed light on how a few young people view employment/unemployment and their lives and future, how they as unemployed perceive their encounters with society, and how society supports them. Four so-called key informants were followed at a finer level of empirical detail. They were chosen for the thematic interviews because of their different personalities, starting points and preferences. Although some differences were expected, what the results show is quite striking. The individual stories raise a number of questions about differences between young people, about society s view of the young unemployed, and about the principles behind the so-called activation policy and how society s support is distributed. The key informants descriptions underline that the group young unemployed does not consist of individuals who are alike but that life is complex, that paid work and unemployment can be perceived very differently, and that background and unofficial support can have consequences for self-perception and for ways of looking at the future, vocational choices, paid work and activation policy. Margaret S. Archer s theory of Morphogenesis and Barbara Cruikshank s theory of constructing democracies compose the study s theoretical framework. The key informants stories give a picture of a formal support system that, even though it puts part of the responsibility for unemployment on the individuals themselves, in the name of fairness and equality, treats them in an impersonal way, not giving their personal situation and wishes much weight. As a consequence, those who share the dominant values of society do well, while others who do not are faced with difficulties. The bigger the gap between society s and the individual s values, the bigger the risk to be met by little understanding and by penalties. And vice versa: Those who initially have the right values and know how to deal with authorities get heard and their opinions get accepted. The informants ask for a more personal encounter, which could improve both the atmosphere and the clients experiences of being heard. Still the risk of having a more individualistic system should be addressed, as a new system might generate new winners, but just as well give new losers. Finally, we have to ask if the so-called activation policy is looking for answers primarily to a macro-level problem on the micro-level. If it does not produce more jobs, its support for the unemployed will be insignificant. It is not enough to think about what to do at the grassroots level to make the system more functional and support job-seeking. If the current rate of unemployment endures, the quality of life of the unemployed should be addressed. A first step could be taken by placing less guilt on the unemployed. Instead of talking about activating the unemployed, discussion should be targeted at removing structural impediments to employment. If we want to have less polarisation between the those with paid work and those without, who often struggle with low incomes, we need to include the macro-level in the discussion. What does high unemployment mean in a work-based society, where the individual s self-perception and important social forms of support are linked to labour income? And what can be done at the macro-level to change this undesirable condition at the micro-level? Keywords: Unemployment, Youth, Public interventions, Activation policy, Individual actors, Qualitative, Longitudinal, Holistic, Helsinki, Finland
