Variational Approach to the Lane-Emden Equation

By the semi-inverse method, a variational principle is obtained for the Lane-Emden equation, which gives much numerical convenience when applying finite element methods or Ritz method.

A Novel Architecture of Vision Chip for Fast Traffic Lane Detection and FPGA Implementation

This paper presents a novel architecture of vision chip for fast traffic lane detection (FTLD). The architecture consists of a 32*32 SIMD processing element (PE) array processor and a dual-core RISC processor. The PE array processor performs low-level pixel-parallel image processing at high speed and outputs image features for high-level image processing without I/O bottleneck. The dual-core processor carries out high-level image processing. A parallel fast lane detection algorithm for this architecture is developed. The FPGA system with a CMOS image sensor is used to implement the architecture. Experiment results show that the system can perform the fast traffic lane detection at 50fps rate. It is much faster than previous works and has good robustness that can operate in various intensity of light. The novel architecture of vision chip is able to meet the demand of real-time lane departure warning system.

Characteristics of large-sized ruby crystal grown by temperature gradient technique

Large ruby with the size of circle divide75 x 45 mm was grown by temperature gradient technique for the first time. Absorption spectrum was carried out in the range of 190-800 nm by spectrophotometer, and the concentration spatial distribution of Cr3+ in ruby was calculated from the absorption coefficient that based on the Beer-Lambert's Law. Cr3+ ions gradually increase alone both the growth axis and the radial direction. The shape and ingredient of the inclusions were measured by means of Leitz ride field microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Lane photos and X-ray omega scan show the good quality of as grown ruby. The optimized growth conditions were pointed out based on the observation. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phi 140 mm sapphire crystal growth by temperature gradient techniques and its color centers

Sapphire crystals, 140 mm in diameter and 90 turn in height, have been grown by temperature gradient techniques (TGT). The growth direction of the boule was fixed by means of Lane X-ray diffraction. A prominent 204 nm absorption band in TGT-Al2O3. which does not appear in single crystals grown by Czochralski method has been studied. Analysis further substantiates the F-center model of this band. Two relatively weaker bands absorbing at 232 nm and 254 nm were ascribed to F+ centers. F-type centers concentration was determined using Smakula's equation. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tm:Y_2SiO_5晶体的生长和光谱性质研究

采用中频感应提拉法生长了高质量的Tm:Y2SiO5(Tm:YSO)晶体,测定了晶体的晶格常数和分凝系数.运用劳厄照相法确定了单斜晶系Tm:YSO晶体的三个偏振轴〈010〉,D1和D2,在室温下测量了三个偏振轴方向的吸收光谱、荧光光谱和荧光寿命,计算了晶体吸收峰的吸收线宽和吸收截面.研究发现,相对于其他两个偏振轴方向,D1方向在790 nm处出现较强的吸收峰,同时在2μm附近出现了一定强度的发射峰,D1方向的吸收截面较大,荧光寿命较长.Tm:YSO晶体适用于AlGaAs二极管抽运固体激光器,在2μm波段固体激光器的应用上将有很大的发展潜力.

蒙古枥红松动态及生物多样性主题信息标准的研究

（一）蒙古栎红松林动态的研究 本文综述了森林动态模型的基本概念和发展历史，把模型分为生长和演替模型两类，并比较了两类模型的特点和适用条件，详细论述了演替模型的基本原理，分析了早期和最新林窗模型的特点，给出了林窗模型的最新进展，指出森林动态模型的发展趋势为：①、为满足不同用户对模型的要求，模型应向综合总体方向发展;②、随着生理生态学的发展、试验仪器及分析方法的进步，和为了进一步认识森林动态变化的机理，建立树木生长机制过程模型成为另一个必然的发展方向。 随后综合分析了广泛应用于林窗模型中作为描述树高和直径关系的数学函数，通过理论分析和实际观测数据拟合及预测精度检验，表明理查德方程和单分子方程是森林动态林窗模型中描述树高和直径关系的最佳方程。 通过对蒙古栎红松林三个年龄阶段物种和结构动态实际观测数据分析表明，该类型森林的早期阶段以蒙古栎等阳性树种占优势，中期形成红松和阔叶树占优势的混交林，后期以红松占绝对优势。对该类型森林直径分布变化的研究得出：林分发育的早期，阔叶树中大径级木较多，针叶树中小径级木多;在林分发育的后期呈相反分布。用理论概率模型拟合直径分布表明，韦布尔概率分布模型是描述蒙古栎红松林直径分布的最合适函数。 在以上研究结果的基础上，以森林动态斑块理论为基础建立了蒙古栎红松林动态变化的林窗模型FOROAK，该模型包括对树木生长的生物学过程和影响树木生长的环境因子模拟两部分。运行模型用两种不同面积大小的样地分析森林动态，确定蒙古栎红松林林窗面积为0.05ha。以实际调查数据检验模型，证明所得模型能合理预测森林变化过程，在预测树种组成上精度很高。对裸地上森林的模拟表明蒙古栎红松林动态过程复杂，蒙古栎和白桦在林分发育开始占优势后期渐被红松取代。对现实原始林预测显示，森林未来300年变化稳定，红松株数和生物量变化很小。 最后，应用建立的林窗模型研究了同龄纯林林分密度动态，模拟了林分密度、断面积、生物量、叶面积指数和生产力150年的变化，用林分密度效应的3/2法则和产量恒定法则检验模拟结果表明，模拟的林分密度发展与理论预测相符合，通过本文的研究既检验了林窗动态模型又印证了林分密度效应理论。 （二）生物多样性主题信息标准的研究 中国是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一，在多年的调查、研究和保护工作中，已积累了大量的数据资料，因此，被联合国环境规划署挑选参加“发展中国家生物多样性数据管理能力建设及信息系统网络化”项目，该项目的主要内容之一就是了解与生物多样性有关领域的主题信息标准。 主题信息标准部分讨论了生物多样性信息的收集、管理和转换标准，系统而全面地概述了生物多样性有关领域应用的数据分类系统、核心数据集以及与数据获得有关的术语、定义和数据模型，并讨论了各部门在研究和促进生物多样性信息标准化方面的成果和正在开展的工作。涉及的领域有自然和人工生境中的陆地植被、农业、林业、湿地、海岸和海洋，还有保护区、物种和对生物多样性有威胁的因子等专题。 文中讲述了与陆地植被分类有关的土地利用方式和土地覆盖分类等问题，并给出了国际国内应用广泛的植被分类系统。讨论了农业中与生物多样性有直接关系的分类系统，包括土地分类系统、土壤分类系统等。从森林生态系统和土地利用、林权和林政、森林资源调查、评价和监测、森林利用和经营实践、森林环境和可持续发展等几方面讨论了这些主题的概念、术语和数量划分标准。 讨论了湿地分类系统的发展，列举了国内外应用广泛的分类系统。论述了海岸和海洋生境及保护区的分类系统和标准，给出了数据定义和模型。列举了国内外广泛应用的物种命名标准和其发展过程。分遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性三个层次讨论了它们受威胁的特点和评价现状，最后分别不同的威胁因子，如：生境丧失和片断化、全球气候变化、酸雨、臭氧层破坏和有毒污染物讨论了它们对生物多样性的威胁特点和评价现状。

落叶栎树在中国的地理替代分布及其气候制约

栎属（Quercus L.）按落叶习性可自然分为落叶类型和常绿类型，我国落叶栎类共有20个种和9个变种。落叶栎是栎属中较为进化的一个类群，源于横断山区和云贵高原;除新疆外，全国各省都有落叶栎的天然分布，一些亲缘关系密切的树种之间呈现出较为明显的地理替代分布格局。本研究的目的在于：（1）应用BIOCLIM模型模拟预测落叶栎类植物的潜在分布区，分析其目前的分布格局以及下一步的发展趋势;（2）分析造成落叶栎树地理替代分布格局的主导气候因子，探讨气候因子对不同落叶栎树种地理分布格局的制约作用。 本文以16个在中国具有成片天然分布区的落叶栎树种（包括变种）为研究对象，利用已核对的标本数据以及13个栅格化环境变量图层（分辨率为1km×1km），按照分类（全国广布型、南方广布型、南方狭域型和北方狭域型）和不分类（全部16种）两种处理方式，通过BIOCLIM模型模拟得出了它们的潜在核心分布区和潜在边缘分布区。在运行模型之前，除必选的海拔高程图层外，采用了主成分分析（PCA）的方法从30个候选的气候变量图层中筛选出对相应落叶栎树种的地理分布格局有较大影响的12个图层作为输入图层。然后，本文通过比较两种处理所得模拟结果的ROC（Receiver Operator Characteristic）曲线下方面积AUC（Area Under the Curve），同时结合文献分析来推测不同落叶栎树种地理分布格局的稳定性及发展趋势。结果表明，在无人类活动干扰且种源传播不受阻碍的情况下，全国广布型和南方广布型落叶栎目前的分布格局在维持稳定的基础上有向周边地区扩展的趋势;南方狭域型和北方狭域型落叶栎的分布格局则基本保持稳定，短期内发生扩散的可能很小。 论文中计算了每个落叶栎树种所在分布范围的气候指标（共11个），以便进行下一步的研究。以蒙古栎（Q. mongolica）、辽东栎（Q. wutaishanica）与槲栎（Q. aliena）、锐齿槲栎（Q. aliena var. acuteserrata）、北京槲栎（Q. aliena var. pekingensis）这两组地理替代系列为研究对象，分别采用独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析的方法，分析了气候因子对其地理替代分布格局的主导作用。结果表明，冬季的低温、较高的气温年较差和大陆度是蒙古栎向东北替代辽东栎的主要原因;槲栎向北被北京槲栎和锐齿槲栎替代的主要原因是生长季高温和冬季高温对其分布的双重制约;除最暖月（7月）最高温外，北京槲栎的各项水热指标与另两种槲栎均存在极显著差异，对冬季低温和较大的年较差的适应可能是限制其向南分布的主要原因。 本研究最后部分的内容是对不同类型落叶栎分布区的气候参数进行的主成分分析。结果表明，生长季温度是制约落叶栎分布的最主要的气候因子;寒冷程度和冬季的低温则对其在大尺度范围的扩散有较大影响;另外，降水、年较差与大陆度对落叶栎的向北分布也起着重要的作用。

Habitat degradation of Rhinopithecus bieti in Yunnan, China

Black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) are endemic to the Trans-Himalayas in Northwest Yunnan and Southeast Tibet between the upper Yangtze and Mekong Rivers. Based on field surveys and previous reports, we identified the dark-coniferous forest, the mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest, and oak patches as suitable habitats (SH) for the monkeys. Summer grazing lands (SGL), which were made by local people cutting and burning the dark-coniferous forest at the high altitude belt, replaced SH. To have a general view of the status of the SH in Yunnan, we estimated the areas of SH and SGL from satellite images in 1997, and compared with areas estimated from aerial photo-based maps (ca. 1958). The work resulted in: 1) the area of SH was 4,169 km(2) in 1997; 2) SGL was 1,923 km(2); 3) during the past 40 years, the area of SH decreased by 31% (1,887 km(2)), and SGL increased by 204% (1,291 km(2)); and 4) the mean size of forest patches decreased from 15.6 to 5.4 km(2). In addition, the area of SGL is positively correlated to local human population (R-2 greater than or equal to0.53), implying that the reduction and fragmentation of habitat for Rhinopithecus bieti is a result of population growth of humans, who mostly employ traditional modes of production. Only 11 monkey groups remained in the changing habitat. Considering that forests at lower elevation were also encroached upon by farmlands in a similar way, the forest ecosystem is highly threatened. The destruction will continue unless there is a change in the mode of production in the region.

A SERINE KINASE REGULATES INTRACELLULAR-LOCALIZATION OF SPLICING FACTORS IN THE CELL CYCLE

Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) and non-snRNP splicing factors containing a serine/arginine-rich domain (SR proteins) concentrate in 'speckles' in the nucleus of interphase cells(1). It is believed that nuclear speckles act as storage sites for splicing factors while splicing occurs on nascent transcripts(2). Splicing factors redistribute in response to transcription inhibition(3,4) or viral infection(5), and nuclear speckles break down and reform as cells progress through mitosis(6). We have now identified and cloned a kinase, SRPK1, which is regulated by the cell cycle and is specific for SR proteins; this kinase is related to a Caenorhabditis elegans kinase and to the fission yeast kinase Dsk1 (ref. 7). SRPK1 specifically induces the disassembly of nuclear speckles, and a high level of SRPK1 inhibits splicing in vitro. Our results indicate that SRPK1 mag have a central role in the regulatory network for splicing, controlling the intranuclear distribution of splicing factors in interphase cells, and the reorganization of nuclear speckles during mitosis.

Growth Parameter Dependence of Structural Characterizations of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor (Ga, Cr)As

We report the influence of growth parameters and post-growth annealing on the structural characterizations and magnetic properties of (Ga, Cr)As films. The crystalline quality and magnetic properties are sensitive to the growth conditions. The single-phase (Ga, Cr)As film with the Curie temperature of 10 K is synthesized at growth temperature T-s = 250 degrees C and with nominal Cr content x = 0.016. However, for the films with x > 0.02, the aggregation of Cr atoms is strongly enhanced as both T. and x increase, which not only brings strong compressive strain in the epilayer, but also roughens the surface. The origin of room-temperature ferromagnetism in (Ga, Cr)As films with nanoclusters is also discussed.

Monte Carlo simulation of the modulated effect induced by the dislocation to the quantum dot growth

Performing an event-based continuous kinetic Monte Carlo simulation, we investigate the modulated effect induced by the dislocation on the substrate to the growth of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). The relative positions between the QDs and the dislocations are studied. The stress effects to the growth of the QDs are considered in simulation. The simulation results are compared with the experiment and the agreement between them indicates that this simulation is useful to study the growth mode and the atomic kinetics during the growth of the semiconductor QDs. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.