The Waitangi Tribunal and the regulation of Maori protest

Much of the current academic and political discourse related the development and operations of the Waitangi Tribunal over its first twenty years portray it as a forum that provided Māori with a meaningful avenue for settling Treaty grievances compared to the formal legal systems performance in the preceding 100 years. In contrast, we argue that from its inception and throughout much of the 1980s, the Waitangi Tribunal functioned primarily as an informal justice forum that assisted the New Zealand state’s regulation of Māori Treaty activism during the transition from a Fordist to a Post-Fordist mode of capital accumulation.

Canadian Charity Tribunal : a proposal for implementation

This paper is our attempt to focus the ongoing debate in Canada about the federal regulation of charities. More precisely, the paper examines the desirability of having an independent federal body assume some of the key roles which Revenue Canada currently plays in the charity field, as well as offering ideas about that body’s structure and operations.

Popular participation in labour law: The new labour dispute resolution tribunal

The Labour Tribunal Law (No. 45 of 2004) ushered in a new court-annexed dispute resolution system for industrial relations disputes in Japan (outlined generally in Sugeno, 2004). Similar to the lay judge system for criminal trials (Johnson and Shinomiya, Chapter 2), the new tribunal adopts an adjudicative model that blends professional and lay expertise with decisions heard by a tripartite panel comprising a professional judge and two lay judges recommended by management and labour unions respectively. The new tribunal system came into operation on 1 April 2006.

Regulating supply chains to protect road transport workers: An early assessment of the road safety remuneration tribunal

The Road Safety Remuneration Act 2012 (Cth) (the Act) explicitly enables the Road Safety Remuneration Tribunal to make orders that can impose binding requirements on all the participants in the road transport supply chain, including consignors and consignees at the apex the chain, for the pay and safety of both employee and independent contractor drivers. The tribunal is also specifically empowered to make enforceable orders to reduce or remove remuneration related incentives and pressures that contribute to unsafe work practices in the road transport industry. Recently the tribunal handed down its first order. The article considers whether, and the degree to which, the tribunal has been willing to exercise its explicit power to impose enforceable obligations on consignors and consignees — such as large supermarket chains — at the apex of road transport supply chains. It examines the substance and extent of the obligations imposed by the tribunal, including whether the tribunal has exercised the full range of powers vested in it by the Act. We contend that the tribunal’s first order primarily imposes obligations on direct work providers and drivers without making large, powerful consignors and consignees substantively responsible for driver pay and safety. We argue that the tribunal’s first order could have more comprehensively fulfilled the objectives of the Act by more directly addressing the root causes of low pay and poor safety in the road transport industry.

Rwanda Crisis and Genocide in Case Law of Rwanda Tribunal

After the Second World War the public was shocked to learn about the horrors perpetrated. As a response to the Holocaust, the newly established United Nations adopted the Genocide Convention of 1948 to prevent future genocides and to punish the perpetrators. The Convention remained, however, almost dead letter until the present day. In 1994, the long-lasted tension between the major groups of Hutu and Tutsi in Rwanda erupted in mass scale violence towards the Tutsi ethnic group. The purpose was to eradicate the Tutsi population of Rwanda. The international community did not halt the genocide. It stood by idle, failing to follow the swearing-in of the past. The United Nations established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (the ICTR) to bring to justice persons responsible for the genocide. Ever since its creation the ICTR has delivered a wealth of judgements elucidating the legal ingredients of the crime of genocide. The case law on determining the membership of national, ethnic, racial or religious groups has gradually shifted from the objective to subjective position. The membership of a group is seen as a subjective rather than objective concept. However, a totally subjective approach is not accepted. Therefore, it is necessary to determine some objective existence of a group. The provision on the underlying offences is not so difficult to interpret compared to the corresponding one on the protected groups and the mental element of genocide. The case law examined, e.g., whether there is any difference between the words killing and meurtre, the nature of mental harm caused by the perpetrator and sexual violence in the conflict. The mental element of genocide or dolus specialis of genocide is not thoroughly examined in the case law of the ICTR. In this regard, reference in made, in addition, to the case law of the other ad hoc Tribunal. The ICTR has made a significant contribution to the law of genocide and international criminal justice in general. The corpus of procedural and substantive law constitutes a basis for subsequent trials in international and hybrid tribunals. For national jurisdictions the jurisprudence on substantive law is useful while prosecuting international crimes.

Paradiso, Campanelli” y un contrato internacional de maternidad subrogada ante el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos

Introducción: El contrato de gestación por sustitución, también llamado alquiler de vientres o maternidad subrogada, es aquel en el que se acuerda con una mujer (la madre subrogante) que esta tendrá un hijo y luego se lo dará a quien encargó al niño. Dependiendo del caso, los gametos pueden ser de la madre subrogante, de los pretensos padres, solo de uno de ellos o de ninguno, es decir, de terceras personas. En algunos países estos contratos están prohibidos, mientras que en otros están permitidos y, en otros, no regulados. En este marco de dispersión normativa se ha generado un fenómeno llamado “turismo reproductivo”, que consiste en que quien pretende obtener un niño por subrogación, viaje de su Estado de residencia a otro – en donde la regulación sea más permisiva– con el solo objeto de celebrar un contrato de gestación por sustitución y anotar al niño como propio. Como consecuencia, no solo existen complicaciones para los pretensos padres a la hora de querer volver al Estado donde buscan que se reconozca a ese hijo como propio, sino que, una vez en el Estado receptor, basándose en el orden público, puede que este no reconozca el certificado de nacimiento en donde el niño es inscripto como hijo de ellos. En este escenario es donde se sitúa la sentencia en comentario.

Seleção dos magistrados no direito pátrio e comparado : viabilidade legislativa de eleição direta dos membros do Supremo Tribunal Federal

Consultoria Legislativa - Área I - Direito Constitucional, Eleitoral, Municipal, Administrativo, Processo Legislativo e Poder Judiciário.

Criação de municípios após a edição da Emenda Constitucional nº 15, de 1996 : jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal e avaliação da viabilidade legislativa de saneamento das irregularidades decorrentes dos processos emancipatórios

Consultoria Legislativa - Área I - Direito Constitucional, Eleitoral, Estudo Municipal, Direito Administrativo.

Democratização do processo de nomeação dos ministros do Supremo Tribunal Federal

Análise comparativa sobre processo de escolha e nomeação dos juízes dos tribunais constitucionais nos seguintes países: Brasil, Canadá, Japão, Noruega, Dinamarca, Estados Unidos, Bélgica, Portugal, Alemanha, Áustria, França, Itália, Espanha, Chile e Colômbia.