900 resultados para discourse comprehension


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Theories of embodied cognition argue that language processing arises not from amodal symbols that redescribe sensorimotor and affective experiences, but from partial simulations (reenactments) of modality-specific states. Recent findings on processing of words and sentences support such a stance emphasizing that the role of the body in the domain of language comprehension should not be overlooked or dismissed. The present research was conducted to extend prior work in two important ways. First, the role of simulation was tested with connected discourse rather than words or sentences presented in isolation. Second, both “online” and “offline” measures of discourse comprehension were taken. In Experiments 1 and 2 participants’ facial postures were manipulated to show that preparing the body for processing of emotion-congruent information improves discourse comprehension. In Experiment 3 the direction of body posture was manipulated to show that implicit properties of simulations, such as spatial dimension or location, are at least somewhat involved in processing of large language segments such as discourse. Finally, in Experiments 4 and 5 participants’ body movement and body posture were manipulated to show that even understanding of language describing metaphorical actions physically impossible to perform involves constructing a sensorimotor simulation of the described event. The major result was that compatibility between embodiment and language strongly modulated performance effectiveness in experiments on simulation of emotion and metaphorical action. The effect of simulation on comprehension of discourse implying spatial dimension was fragile. These findings support an embodied simulation account of cognition suggesting that sensorimotor and affective states are at least partially implicated in “online” and “offline” discourse comprehension.

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Background: As people age, language-processing ability changes. While several factors modify discourse comprehension ability in older adults, syntactic complexity of auditory discourse has received scant attention. This is despite the widely researched domain of syntactic processing of single sentences in older adults. Aims: The aims of this study were to investigate the ability of healthy older adults to understand stories that differed in syntactic complexity, and its relation to working memory. Methods & Procedures: A total of 51 healthy adults (divided into three age groups) took part. They listened to brief stories (syntactically simple and syntactically complex) and had to respond to false/true comprehension probes following each story. Working memory capacity (digit span, forward and backward) was also measured. Outcomes & Results: Differences were found in the ability of healthy older adults to understand simple and complex discourse. The complex discourse in particular was more sensitive in discerning age-related language patterns. Only the complex discourse task correlated moderately with age. There was no correlation between age and simple discourse. As far as working memory is concerned, moderate correlations were found between working memory and complex discourse. Education did not correlate with discourse, neither simple, nor complex. Conclusions: Older adults may be less efficient in forming syntactically complex representations and this may be influenced by limitations in working memory.

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This study was aimed at examining the effects of contexts on pronouns comprehension in discourse comprehension. When a pronoun appears in a discourse in which there are not less than two antecedents, its comprehension may be influenced by the local and global contexts. This study explored the effects of global and local contexts on pronouns comprehension, the comprehension process of implicature in pronouns comprehension, the relationship between the effects of local and global contexts on pronouns comprehension . The main conclusions of the present study were: 1 The global contexts and the local contexts prior to the pronoun both influenced the pronouns comprehension, and the effects of the two contexts were additive. When the global contexts were inconsistent with the local context, the comprehender understood the pronouns based on the local context. 2 When a pronoun appears in a discourse, the comprehender understand the pronouns based on the global context immediately. After the local context appears in succession, the comprehender understand the pronouns based on the local context. 3 If the semantic information posterior to the pronouns are needed to decide the antecedent of the pronouns, the semantic information would be influenced by the global contexts prior to pronouns. 4 When a pronoun appears in global contexts and local contexts prior to the pronouns, the pronouns comprehension were influenced by the two contexts. The global contexts played role in the initial stage of pronouns comprehension, and the local contexts, in despite of being prior to the pronouns, played role in the later stage of pronouns comprehension. 5 Language was not an absolute incremental semantic interpretation process. Some information prior the target words didn’t influence the processing of target words immediately, but played role in later stage.

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The present study explored the influence of working memory span on accentuation effects in discourse comprehension from the approach of individual difference. High and low working memory span subjects were selected by Reading Span Test. Sentence-by-sentence Auditory Moving Window paradigm was employed to measure the effects of accentuation on discourse comprehension. The on-line processing time of discourse comprehension was compared between consistent accentuation condition, inconsistent accentuation condition and controlled condition. The results indicated that the accentuation effects were influenced by working memory capacity. For low working memory subjects, consistent accentuation speeded up the on-line processing of spoken discourse, inconsistent accentuation slowed down the on-line processing of spoken discourse. But for high working memory span subjects, neither effect was manifested. The only significant difference was found between the condition of inconsistent accentuation and consistent accentuation. During spoken discourse comprehension, there was no significant difference in the on-line processing time between high and low working memory span subjects in consistent accentuation condition as well as in neutral accentuation condition. However, in the condition of inconsistence accentuation, low span subjects spent significantly more time on the on-line processing of spoken discourse than high span subjects. The results could be explained by the controlled attention view of working memory.

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A key assumption of dual process theory is that reasoning is an explicit, effortful, deliberative process. The present study offers evidence for an implicit, possibly intuitive component of reasoning. Participants were shown sentences embedded in logically valid or invalid arguments. Participants were not asked to reason but instead rated the sentences for liking (Experiment 1) and physical brightness (Experiments 2-3). Sentences that followed logically from preceding sentences were judged to be more likable and brighter. Two other factors thought to be linked to implicit processing-sentence believability and facial expression-had similar effects on liking and brightness ratings. The authors conclude that sensitivity to logical structure was implicit, occurring potentially automatically and outside of awareness. They discuss the results within a fluency misattribution framework and make reference to the literature on discourse comprehension

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Au cours du vieillissement, des modifications dans la compréhension du discours ont été rapportées, attribuées en partie aux changements cognitifs encourus lors du vieillissement. Néanmoins, diverses études suggèrent une réorganisation cérébrale lors du vieillissement. Cette étude a pour but d'évaluer l'influence de l'âge lors d'une tâche de compréhension du discours à l'aide de l'imagerie optique. Comme première hypothèse, il est attendu que les participants jeunes auront plus de bonnes réponses au niveau des micropropositions et des macropropositions et des performances équivalentes au niveau du modèle de situation. La deuxième hypothèse est que les réseaux neuronaux utilisés lors de la compréhension du discours subiront une réorganisation cérébrale lors du vieillissement. Trente-deux participants ont pris part à cette étude : 16 jeunes adultes et 16 adultes âgés. Alors que les participants étaient sous enregistrement en imagerie optique au niveau du cortex préfrontal (CPF), ils ont lu des courtes histoires chacune suivie d’une phrase et devaient décider si elle était en accord ou non avec la précédente histoire. Les résultats ne montrent aucune différence entre les groupes au niveau de l’exactitude des réponses, contrairement à la littérature. Le CPF a été davantage activé par les adultes âgés comparativement aux jeunes adultes témoignant d’une réorganisation cérébrale.

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Esta investigación busca demostrar cómo las estrategias comunicativas no verbales, empleadas por Gaitán, influyeron de manera positiva en su discurso político. Así, el dominio consciente e inconsciente de elementos no verbales funciona estratégicamente para complementar su discurso.

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Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a type of dementia that is characterized by visuo-spatial and memory deficits, dyslexia and dysgraphia, relatively early onset and preserved insight. Language deficits have been reported in some cases of PCA. Using an off-line grammaticality judgement task, processing of wh-questions is investigated in a case of PCA. Other aspects of auditory language are also reported. It is shown that processing of wh-questions is influenced by syntactic structure, a novel finding in this condition. The results are discussed with reference to accounts of wh-questions in aphasia. An uneven profile of other language abilities is reported with deficits in digit span (forward, backward), story retelling ability, comparative questions but intact abilities in following commands, repetition, concept definition, generative naming and discourse comprehension.

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El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un estudio sobre la activación de conocimientos previos como una de las estrategias que los docentes utilizan para trabajar la comprensión lectora con alumnos de segundo y tercero de Educación Primaria. Los datos que se analizan han sido recogidos mediante observaciones realizadas, durante dos cursos, en diversas aulas de la geografía española. Como resultado del análisis, se ofrece una panorámica de las maneras de activar conocimientos previos y cómo se distribuyen en función del tipo de texto y de la finalidad de la lectura.

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La compréhension du discours, et son évolution au cours du vieillissement, constitue un sujet d’une grande importance par sa complexité et sa place dans la préservation de la qualité de vie des aînés. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d’évaluer l’influence du vieillissement et du niveau de scolarité sur les capacités de compréhension du discours et sur l’activité cérébrale s’y rattachant. Pour ce faire, trois groupes (jeunes adultes ayant un niveau universitaire de scolarité, personnes âgées ayant un niveau universitaire de scolarité et personnes âgées ayant un niveau secondaire de scolarité) ont réalisé une tâche où ils devaient lire de courtes histoires, puis estimer la véracité d’une affirmation concernant cette histoire. Les capacités de compréhension correspondant aux traitements de trois niveaux du modèle de construction-intégration de Kintsch (la microstructure, la macrostructure et le modèle de situation) ont été évaluées. L’imagerie optique (NIRS) a permis d’estimer les variations d’oxyhémoglobine (HbO) et de déoxyhémoglobine (HbR) tout au long de la tâche. Les résultats ont démontré que les personnes âgées étaient aussi aptes que les plus jeunes pour rappeler la macrostructure (essentiel du texte), mais qu’ils avaient plus de difficulté à rappeler la microstructure (détails) et le modèle de situation (inférence et intégration) suite à la lecture de courts textes. Lors de la lecture, les participants plus âgés ont également montré une plus grande activité cérébrale dans le cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral gauche, ce qui pourrait être un mécanisme de compensation tel que décrit dans le modèle CRUNCH. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée lors de la comparaison des participants âgés ayant un niveau universitaire de scolarité et ceux ayant un niveau secondaire, tant au niveau des capacités de compréhension que de l’activité cérébrale s’y rattachant. Les deux groupes ont cependant des habitudes de vie stimulant la cognition, entre autres, de bonnes habitudes de lecture. Ainsi, ces habitudes semblent avoir une plus grande influence que l’éducation sur les performances en compréhension et sur l’activité cérébrale sous-jacente. Il se pourrait donc que l’éducation influence la cognition en promouvant des habitudes favorisant les activités cognitives, et que ce soit ces habitudes qui aient en bout ligne un réel impact sur le vieillissement cognitif.

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La compréhension du discours, et son évolution au cours du vieillissement, constitue un sujet d’une grande importance par sa complexité et sa place dans la préservation de la qualité de vie des aînés. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d’évaluer l’influence du vieillissement et du niveau de scolarité sur les capacités de compréhension du discours et sur l’activité cérébrale s’y rattachant. Pour ce faire, trois groupes (jeunes adultes ayant un niveau universitaire de scolarité, personnes âgées ayant un niveau universitaire de scolarité et personnes âgées ayant un niveau secondaire de scolarité) ont réalisé une tâche où ils devaient lire de courtes histoires, puis estimer la véracité d’une affirmation concernant cette histoire. Les capacités de compréhension correspondant aux traitements de trois niveaux du modèle de construction-intégration de Kintsch (la microstructure, la macrostructure et le modèle de situation) ont été évaluées. L’imagerie optique (NIRS) a permis d’estimer les variations d’oxyhémoglobine (HbO) et de déoxyhémoglobine (HbR) tout au long de la tâche. Les résultats ont démontré que les personnes âgées étaient aussi aptes que les plus jeunes pour rappeler la macrostructure (essentiel du texte), mais qu’ils avaient plus de difficulté à rappeler la microstructure (détails) et le modèle de situation (inférence et intégration) suite à la lecture de courts textes. Lors de la lecture, les participants plus âgés ont également montré une plus grande activité cérébrale dans le cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral gauche, ce qui pourrait être un mécanisme de compensation tel que décrit dans le modèle CRUNCH. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée lors de la comparaison des participants âgés ayant un niveau universitaire de scolarité et ceux ayant un niveau secondaire, tant au niveau des capacités de compréhension que de l’activité cérébrale s’y rattachant. Les deux groupes ont cependant des habitudes de vie stimulant la cognition, entre autres, de bonnes habitudes de lecture. Ainsi, ces habitudes semblent avoir une plus grande influence que l’éducation sur les performances en compréhension et sur l’activité cérébrale sous-jacente. Il se pourrait donc que l’éducation influence la cognition en promouvant des habitudes favorisant les activités cognitives, et que ce soit ces habitudes qui aient en bout ligne un réel impact sur le vieillissement cognitif.

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This report investigates the process of focussing as a description and explanation of the comprehension of certain anaphoric expressions in English discourse. The investigation centers on the interpretation of definite anaphora, that is, on the personal pronouns, and noun phrases used with a definite article the, this or that. Focussing is formalized as a process in which a speaker centers attention on a particular aspect of the discourse. An algorithmic description specifies what the speaker can focus on and how the speaker may change the focus of the discourse as the discourse unfolds. The algorithm allows for a simple focussing mechanism to be constructed: and element in focus, an ordered collection of alternate foci, and a stack of old foci. The data structure for the element in focus is a representation which encodes a limted set of associations between it and other elements from teh discourse as well as from general knowledge.