Entropia, reversibilidade, irreversibilidade, equação de transporte e teorema H de Boltzmann e o teorema do retorno de Poincaré

Neste trabalho analisamos as conexões entre entropia, reversibilidade, irreversibilidade, teorema H e equação de transporte de Boltzmann e o teorema de retorno de Poincaré. Estes tópicos são estudados separadamente em muitos artigos e livros, mas não são em geral analisados em conjunto mostrando as relações entre eles como fizemos aqui. Procuramos redigir o artigo didaticamente seguindo um caminho que achamos ser o mais simples possível a fim de tornar o conteúdo acessível aos alunos de graduação de física.

Teoria cinética não extensiva: efeitos físicos em gases e plasmas

The standard kinetic theory for a nonrelativistic diluted gas is generalized in the spirit of the nonextensive statistic distribution introduced by Tsallis. The new formalism depends on an arbitrary q parameter measuring the degree of nonextensivity. In the limit q = 1, the extensive Maxwell-Boltzmann theory is recovered. Starting from a purely kinetic deduction of the velocity q-distribution function, the Boltzmann H-teorem is generalized for including the possibility of nonextensive out of equilibrium effects. Based on this investigation, it is proved that Tsallis' distribution is the necessary and sufficient condition defining a thermodynamic equilibrium state in the nonextensive context. This result follows naturally from the generalized transport equation and also from the extended H-theorem. Two physical applications of the nonextensive effects have been considered. Closed analytic expressions were obtained for the Doppler broadening of spectral lines from an excited gas, as well as, for the dispersion relations describing the eletrostatic oscillations in a diluted electronic plasma. In the later case, a comparison with the experimental results strongly suggests a Tsallis distribution with the q parameter smaller than unity. A complementary study is related to the thermodynamic behavior of a relativistic imperfect simple fluid. Using nonequilibrium thermodynamics, we show how the basic primary variables, namely: the energy momentum tensor, the particle and entropy fluxes depend on the several dissipative processes present in the fluid. The temperature variation law for this moving imperfect fluid is also obtained, and the Eckart and Landau-Lifshitz formulations are recovered as particular cases

Fundamentação cinética da estatística não gaussiana : efeitos em politrópicas

Considering a non-relativistic ideal gas, the standard foundations of kinetic theory are investigated in the context of non-gaussian statistical mechanics introduced by Kaniadakis. The new formalism is based on the generalization of the Boltzmann H-theorem and the deduction of Maxwells statistical distribution. The calculated power law distribution is parameterized through a parameter measuring the degree of non-gaussianity. In the limit = 0, the theory of gaussian Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is recovered. Two physical applications of the non-gaussian effects have been considered. The first one, the -Doppler broadening of spectral lines from an excited gas is obtained from analytical expressions. The second one, a mathematical relationship between the entropic index and the stellar polytropic index is shown by using the thermodynamic formulation for self-gravitational systems

Termoestatística quântica: uma abordagem via estatísticas não-gaussianas

Considering a quantum gas, the foundations of standard thermostatistics are investigated in the context of non-Gaussian statistical mechanics introduced by Tsallis and Kaniadakis. The new formalism is based on the following generalizations: i) Maxwell- Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy and ii) deduction of H-theorem. Based on this investigation, we calculate a new entropy using a generalization of combinatorial analysis based on two different methods of counting. The basic ingredients used in the H-theorem were: a generalized quantum entropy and a generalization of collisional term of Boltzmann equation. The power law distributions are parameterized by parameters q;, measuring the degree of non-Gaussianity of quantum gas. In the limit q

O problema da matéria escura e o teorema do virial na teoria de gravidade Eddington-Born-Infeld

Dark matter is a fundamental ingredient of the modern Cosmology. It is necessary in order to explain the process of structures formation in the Universe, rotation curves of galaxies and the mass discrepancy in clusters of galaxies. However, although many efforts, in both aspects, theoretical and experimental, have been made, the nature of dark matter is still unknown and the only convincing evidence for its existence is gravitational. This rises doubts about its existence and, in turn, opens the possibility that the Einstein’s gravity needs to be modified at some scale. We study, in this work, the possibility that the Eddington-Born-Infeld (EBI) modified gravity provides en alternative explanation for the mass discrepancy in clusters of galaxies. For this purpose we derive the modified Einstein field equations and find their solutions to a spherical system of identical and collisionless point particles. Then, we took into account the collisionless relativistic Boltzmann equation and using some approximations and assumptions for weak gravitational field, we derived the generalized virial theorem in the framework of EBI gravity. In order to compare the predictions of EBI gravity with astrophysical observations we estimated the order of magnitude of the geometric mass, showing that it is compatible with present observations. Finally, considering a power law for the density of galaxies in the cluster, we derived expressions for the radial velocity dispersion of the galaxies, which can be used for testing some features of the EBI gravity.

O problema da matéria escura e o teorema do virial na teoria de gravidade Eddington-Born-Infeld

Dark matter is a fundamental ingredient of the modern Cosmology. It is necessary in order to explain the process of structures formation in the Universe, rotation curves of galaxies and the mass discrepancy in clusters of galaxies. However, although many efforts, in both aspects, theoretical and experimental, have been made, the nature of dark matter is still unknown and the only convincing evidence for its existence is gravitational. This rises doubts about its existence and, in turn, opens the possibility that the Einstein’s gravity needs to be modified at some scale. We study, in this work, the possibility that the Eddington-Born-Infeld (EBI) modified gravity provides en alternative explanation for the mass discrepancy in clusters of galaxies. For this purpose we derive the modified Einstein field equations and find their solutions to a spherical system of identical and collisionless point particles. Then, we took into account the collisionless relativistic Boltzmann equation and using some approximations and assumptions for weak gravitational field, we derived the generalized virial theorem in the framework of EBI gravity. In order to compare the predictions of EBI gravity with astrophysical observations we estimated the order of magnitude of the geometric mass, showing that it is compatible with present observations. Finally, considering a power law for the density of galaxies in the cluster, we derived expressions for the radial velocity dispersion of the galaxies, which can be used for testing some features of the EBI gravity.

Teorema del viriale e applicazioni astrofisiche

Il teorema del viriale esprime una delle relazioni più importanti e utilizzate in astrofisica. In questo elaborato il teorema del viriale viene dimostrato in maniera classica per un generico sistema di N corpi, evidenziando in particolare la forma che esso assume in sistemi autogravitanti. Successivamente si forniscono alcune generalizzazioni del teorema e si mostra come esso possa essere dedotto dall’equazione non collisionale di Boltzmann grazie al concetto di funzione di distribuzione. Nella seconda parte della tesi si discutono alcune implicazioni del teorema del viriale per sistemi autogravitanti, quali il meccanismo di Kelvin-Helmholtz nelle stelle e la catastrofe gravotermica negli ammassi globulari. Infine si utilizza il teorema del viriale tensoriale per spiegare come forma, rotazione e anisotropia siano tra loro legate nelle galassie ellittiche.

New Analytic Solution of Boltzmann Transform for Horizontal Water Infiltration into Sand

The use of the Boltzmann transform function, lambda(theta), to solve the Richards equation when the diffusivity, D, is a function of only soil water content,., is now commonplace in the literature. Nevertheless, a new analytic solution of the Boltzmann transform lambda(h) as a function of matric potential for horizontal water infiltration into a sand was derived without invoking the concept or use of D(theta). The derivation assumes that a similarity exists between the soil water retention function and the Boltzmann transform lambda(theta). The solution successfully described soil water content profiles experimentally measured for different infiltration times into a homogeneous sand and agrees with those presented by Philip in 1955 and 1957. The applicability of this solution for all soils remains open, but it is anticipated to hold for soils whose air-filled pore-size distribution before wetting is sufficiently narrow to yield a sharp increase of water content at the wetting front during infiltration. It also improves and provides a versatile alternative to the well-known analysis pioneered by Green and Ampt in 1911.

Multiphase flow in the vascular system of wood: From microscopic exploration to 3-D Lattice Boltzmann experiments

This paper provides insights into liquid free water dynamics in wood vessels based on Lattice Boltzmann experiments. The anatomy of real wood samples was reconstructed from systematic 3-D analyses of the vessel contours derived from successive microscopic images. This virtual vascular system was then used to supply fluid-solid boundary conditions to a two-phase Lattice Boltzmann scheme and investigate capillary invasion of this hydrophilic porous medium. Behavior of the liquid phase was strongly dependent on anatomical features, especially vessel bifurcations and reconnections. Various parameters were examined in numerical experiments with ideal vessel bifurcations, to clarify our interpretation of these features. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Protein fold recognition without Boltzmann statistics or explicit physical basis

We present a fast method for finding optimal parameters for a low-resolution (threading) force field intended to distinguish correct from incorrect folds for a given protein sequence. In contrast to other methods, the parameterization uses information from >10(7) misfolded structures as well as a set of native sequence-structure pairs. In addition to testing the resulting force field's performance on the protein sequence threading problem, results are shown that characterize the number of parameters necessary for effective structure recognition.

Aplicación del teorema del umbral estocástico de Whittle a un brote de varicela

OBJETIVO: Estimar el ritmo reproductivo básico en un brote de varicela, aplicar el teorema umbral estocástico para estimar la probabilidad de la ocurrencia del brote e identificar medidas preventivas. MÉTODOS: El estudio fue realizado en una guardería de 16 niños, con 13 susceptibles, un infectado inicial y dos niños inmunes por antecedente de enfermedad. Se partió de un modelo estocástico: susceptible - infectado - removido. Se estimó el ritmo de reproducción básico de la enfermedad R0, usando un método de máxima verosimilitud basado en el conocimiento de la distribución de probabilidades para el tamaño total de la epidemia y haciendo una aproximación de epidemia casi-completa. Con el R0 obtenido se aplicó el teorema de umbral estocástico para obtener algunas medidas preventivas que podrían impedir la irrupción del brote de varicela. RESULTADOS: Cada infectado inicial produjo tres casos nuevos de infección, requiriendo para impedir el brote, una cobertura mínima de vacunación del 62%, o disminuir en 62% el contacto entre miembros del grupo o aumentar en 170% la remoción de infectados. CONCLUSIONES: El teorema del umbral estocástico permite identificar medidas que se podrían implementar para prevenir y controlar brotes de varicela. Aunque la distribución del tamaño de la epidemia en forma bimodal con similar probabilidad de ocurrencia de brotes grandes y pequeños, señala la incertidumbre del proceso epidémico en grupos pequeños, requiriéndose un estrecho seguimiento de los brotes en tales grupos.

Fisioterapia, aprendizagem e treino: teorema para viver com ataxia

Caracterização da ataxia, sintomas relacionados com as alterações de movimento, objectivos da fisioterapia, importância do movimento. A fisioterapia pode ajudar as pessoas com ataxia a realizar as actividades funcionais para além da execução através de compensação; a aprendizagem motora é possível; treino de tarefas funcionais; repetição dos exercícios; exercícios que desafiem as capacidades do indivíduo.

Aplicação do teorema cinemático da análise limite ao cálculo da estabilidade de túneis escavados em solos em condições não drenadas

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estruturas e Geotecnia

Implementação numérica tridimensional do teorema cinemático da análise l

Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Engenharia Civil na especialidade de Estrut

Aplicação do teorema cinemático da análise limite ao cálculo da capacidade resistente de fundações superficiais. Influência de aspectos tridimensionais

A expressão da capacidade resistente de fundações superficiais, proposta por Terzaghi (1943) para o caso de uma fundação corrida, sob carregamento vertical, centrado, e onde não se tem em conta a resistência do solo acima da base de fundação, tem sido alvo de diversos estudos ao longo do tempo, visando a melhoria dos factores associados à mesma, assim como a proposta de novos factores. Uma das metodologias disponíveis para tal tarefa é a Análise Limite, onde, através dos teoremas estático e cinemático é possível obter um intervalo que aproxima a carga de colapso. Com o recurso à implementação numérica do teorema cinemático (região superior) da análise limite numa plataforma de processamento paralelo, são realizados cálculos tridimensionais focados para os factores de forma, sγ, sq e sc; e para o factor de profundidade tridimensional, dq*, através da construção de modelos de elementos finitos com refinamento elevado. Os resultados obtidos permitem o encurtamento do intervalo de região inferior e superior e a observação do comportamento dos referidos factores com a evolução da forma e profundidade da fundação.