The effects of computer assisted interactive fiction on the development of reading comprehension in grade five students

This study was undertaken in order to determine the effects of playing computer based text adventure games on the reading comprehension gains of students. Forty-five grade five students from one elementary school were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, and were tested with regard to ability, achievement and reading skills. An experimental treatment, consisting of playing computer based interactive fiction games of the student's choice for fifteen minutes each day over an eight-week period, was administered. A comparison treatment engaged the control group in sustained silent reading of materials of the student's choice for an equal period of time. Following the experimental period all students were post-tested with an alternate form of the pre-test in reading skills, and gain scores were analysed. It was found that there were no significant differences in the gain scores of the experimental and control groups for overall reading comprehenSion, but the experimental group showed greater gains than the control group in the structural analysis reading sub-skill. Extreme variance in the data made generalization very difficult, but the findings indicated a potential for computer based interactive fiction as a useful tool for developing reading sl

Theoretical frameworks for analysing turn-based computer strategy games

This paper argues for a more specific formal methodology for the textual analysis of individual game genres. In doing so, it advances a set of formal analytical tools and a theoretical framework for the analysis of turn-based computer strategy games. The analytical tools extend the useful work of Steven Poole, who suggests a Peircian semiotic approach to the study of games as formal systems. The theoretical framework draws upon postmodern cultural theory to analyse and explain the representation of space and the organisation of knowledge in these games. The methodology and theoretical framework is supported by a textual analysis of Civilization II, a significant and influential turn-based computer strategy game. Finally, this paper suggests possibilities for future extensions of this work.

Bitboard methods for games

Bitboards allow the efficient encoding of games for computer play and the application of fast bitwiseparallel algorithms for common game-related operations. This article describes: (1) a selection of bitboard techniques including an introduction to bitboards and bitwise operations; (2) a classification scheme that distinguishes filter, query and update methods, and; (3) a sampling of bitboard algorithms for a range of games other than chess, with notes on their performance and practical application.

Agency and animation: the performance of interactive game characters

As an animator and practice-based researcher with a background in games development, I am interested in technological change in the video game medium, with a focus on the tools and technologies that drive game character animation and interactive story. In particular, I am concerned with the issue of ‘user agency’, or the ability of the end user to affect story development—a key quality of the gaming experience and essential to the aesthetics of gaming, which is defined in large measure by its interactive elements. In this paper I consider the unique qualities of the video game1 as an artistic medium and the impact that these qualities have on the production of animated virtual character performances. I discuss the somewhat oppositional nature of animated character performances found in games from recent years, which range from inactive to active—in other words, low to high agency. Where procedural techniques (based on coded rules of movement) are used to model dynamic character performances, the user has the ability to interactively affect characters in real-time within the larger sphere of the game. This game play creates a high degree of user agency. However, it lacks the aesthetic nuances of the more crafted sections of games: the short cut-scenes, or narrative interludes where entire acted performances are mapped onto game characters (often via performance capture)2 and constructed into relatively cinematic representations. While visually spectacular, cut-scenes involve minimal interactivity, so user agency is low. Contemporary games typically float between these two distinct methods of animation, from a focus on user agency and dynamically responsive animation to a focus on animated character performance in sections where the user is a passive participant. We tend to think of the majority of action in games as taking place via playable figures: an avatar or central character that represents a player. However, there is another realm of characters that also partake in actions ranging from significant to incidental: non-playable characters, or NPCs, which populate action sequences where game play takes place as well as cut scenes that unfold without much or any interaction on the part of the player. NPCs are the equivalent to supporting roles, bit characters, or extras in the world of cinema. Minor NPCs may simply be background characters or enemies to defeat, but many NPCs are crucial to the overall game story. It is my argument that, thus far, no game has successfully utilized the full potential of these characters to contribute toward development of interactive, high performance action. In particular, a type of NPC that I have identified as ‘pivotal’3—those constituting the supporting cast of a video game—are essential to the telling of a game story, particularly in genres that focus on story and characters: adventure games, action games, and role-playing games. A game story can be defined as the entirety of the narrative, told through non-interactive cut-scenes as well a interactive sections of play, and development of more complex stories in games clearly impacts the animation of NPCs. I argue that NPCs in games must be capable of acting with emotion throughout a game—in the cutscenes, which are tightly controlled, but also in sections of game play, where player agency can potentially alter the story in real-time. When the animated performance of NPCs and user agency are not continuous throughout the game, the implication is that game stories may be primarily told through short movies within games, making it more difficult to define video games animation as a distinct artistic medium.

The influence of video games with apocalyptic content in adolescents

The aim of this study is the dissertation and analysis of the influence (sociological, psychological and cultural) exerted on adolescents by the concept of Apocalypse. Become a key thought of visual culture, the called doomsday theory achieves one of its highest expressions in video games, possibly the favorite entertainment for young people in their leisure time. The results obtained in this research represent a first approach to the subject through the selected samples, two secondary schools from the city of Seville with disparate locations and divergent socioeconomic backgrounds. To reinforce the comparative study, we have included issues related to parental control, principal gaming platforms used by respondents or the number of hours dedicated to this type of entertainment. The conclusions demonstrate an irremediable attraction from our youth towards apocalyptic universes, plotter consciously with leisure and entertainment as escape from their routine of everyday life.

Histoire formelle du jeu d’aventure sur ordinateur (le cas de l’Amérique du Nord de 1976-1999)

Cette étude s’intéresse à l’évolution formelle du jeu d’aventure de 1976 à 1999. Elle se propose de mieux comprendre les facteurs historiques contribuant à l’apparition du genre, son institution et ses transformations. La recherche est fondée sur l’analyse du discours de la presse spécialisée en jeux d’ordinateur et d’un corpus étendu d’œuvres. L’une des thèses proposées est que l’identité générique du jeu d’aventure est fondée sur une expérience vidéoludique demeurant relativement constante malgré des variations importantes de formes. Cette expérience est assurée par la reproduction des principaux éléments d’une architecture générale de design de jeu inaugurée par Adventure en 1977. Les variations formelles ponctuelles résultent d’une négociation entre la volonté de s’adapter aux changements de contexte de l’écologie du jeu d’ordinateur et la résistance d’une architecture ludique établie. La pertinence d’une histoire d’un genre vidéoludique est justifiée au premier chapitre en fonction de l’état actuel des connaissances sur l’histoire du jeu vidéo et du jeu d’aventure. On y précise également le cadre théorique, la méthodologie et les sources étudiées. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse à la genèse d’Adventure de Crowther et Woods (1976; 1977) en fonction des diverses pratiques culturelles dans lesquelles l’œuvre s’inscrit. Cette analyse permet d’en dégager l’architecture ludique. Le troisième chapitre porte sur le « tournant narratif » du jeu d’aventure ayant lieu au début des années 1980. On y décrit différents facteurs historiques poussant le genre vers l’enchâssement d’histoires pré-écrites afin d’en faire un véhicule narratif. Le quatrième chapitre décrit le contexte du « tournant graphique », passage du jeu d’aventure d’une représentation textuelle à un régime visuel, ainsi que ses conséquences expérientielles. Le « tournant ergonomique » décrit au cinquième chapitre traite de l’apparition du modèle « pointer et cliquer » en fonction des avancées des connaissances concernant les interactions humain-machine ainsi que de la maturation du design de jeu comme pratique autonome. Le dernier chapitre relate l’apogée du jeu d’aventure au début de la révolution multimédia sous ses formes de film interactif et « Myst-like » puis du ralentissement – voire de l’arrêt – de son évolution formelle.

Effective affective user interface design in games

It is proposed that games, which are designed to generate positive affect, are most successful when they facilitate flow (Csikszentmihalyi 1992). Flow is a state of concentration, deep enjoyment, and total absorption in an activity. The study of games, and a resulting understanding of flow in games can inform the design of non-leisure software for positive affect. The paper considers the ways in which computer games contravene Nielsen's guidelines for heuristic evaluation ( Nielsen and Molich 1990) and how these contraventions impact on flow. The paper also explores the implications for research that stem from the differences between games played on a personal computer and games played on a dedicated console. This research takes important initial steps towards de. ning how flow in computer games can inform affective design.

Gamifying everyday activities using mobile sensing

The addition of game design elements to non-game contexts has become known as gamification. Previous research has suggested that framing tedious and non-motivating tasks as game-like can make them enjoyable and motivating (e.g., de Oliveira, et al., 2010; Fujiki, et al., 2007; Chiu, et al., 2009). Smartphone applications lend themselves to being gamified as the underlying mobile technology has the ability to sense user activities and their surrounding environment. These sensed activities can be used to implement and enforce game-like rules based around many physical activities (e.g., exercise, travel, or eating). If researchers wish to investigate this area, they first need an existing gamified application to study. However if an appropriate application does not exist then the researcher may need to create their own gamified prototype to study. Unfortunately, there is little previous research that details or explains the design and integration of game elements to non-game mobile applications. This chapter explores this gap and shares a framework that was used to add videogame-like achievements to an orientation mobile application developed for new university students. The framework proved useful and initial results are discussed from two studies. However, further development of the framework is needed, including further consideration of what makes an effective gamified experience.

Veni Creator Spiritus: criatividade, cognição e comunicação nos videogames.

This dissertation has as its object the concept of creativity, as applied on entertainment products, more specifically on video games. Since this is a concept that has been used as an analysis category for researches within the CiberCog Research Lab, we want to problematize and redefine its parameters for future investigations. Thus our goal is to revise the concept of creativity, seeking to uncover how this category shall be used to study cognitive abilities that are required (and/or stimulated) for the fruition of entertainment products, most specially video games. The selected games for this study were divided into two groups (according to their genre): (1) action/adventure games, and (2) platform games. In the first group, we have Assassins Creed III (Ubisoft 2012); in the second, we have Rayman Origins (Ubisoft 2011). For the implementation of the research, there is a Cartographic-inspired method which stimulated the writing of collected data

Geração procedural de cenários orientada a objetivos

The game industry has been experiencing a consistent increase in production costs of games lately. Part of this increase refers to the current trend of having bigger, more interactive and replayable environments. This trend translates to an increase in both team size and development time, which makes game development a even more risky investment and may reduce innovation in the area. As a possible solution to this problem, the scientific community is focusing on the generation of procedural content and, more specifically, on procedurally generated levels. Given the great diversity and complexity of games, most works choose to deal with a specific genre, platform games being one of the most studied. This work aims at proposing a procedural level generation method for platform/adventure games, a fairly more complex genre than most classic platformers which so far has not been the subject of study from other works. The level generation process was divided in two steps, planning and viusal generation, respectively responsible for generating a compact representation of the level and determining its view. The planning stage was divided in game design and level design, and uses a goaloriented process to output a set of rooms. The visual generation step receives a set of rooms and fills its interior with the appropriate parts of previously authored geometry

Cultura e conhecimento sob a égide dos estudos culturais: um olhar a partir da produção acadêmica brasileira

Este empreendimento de pesquisa desenvolve uma análise acerca de cultura e conhecimento, duas categorias basilares no campo dos Estudos Culturais, no intuito de investigar como estas são concebidas nos textos publicados no GT de Currículo (GT-12) da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação (ANPEd), no período de 2000 a 2006. De modo adjacente, analiso as ênfases temáticas identificadas no conjunto dos textos e as conjugações temáticas e metodológicas realizadas pelos seus autores, de modo a obter um quadro analítico integral das categorias cultura e conhecimento tal como são abordadas. Como procedimentos metodológicos, constam o estudo teórico de Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall e Tomaz Tadeu da Silva, autores de referência internacional e nacional do campo dos Estudos Culturais, e a análise de dezesseis (16) textos, entre pôsteres e trabalhos completos, retirados do site da ANPEd www.anped.org.br no GT de Currículo, inseridos na perspectiva teórica dos Estudos Culturais. A partir das análises desenvolvidas, é possível afirmar que cultura e conhecimento são concebidos nestes textos como práticas de significação. Cultura não é mera transmissão de tradições, valores, costumes e saberes de uma geração à outra, antes, a cultura é da ordem dos sentidos e significados, isto é, refere-se a maneiras de interpretar e conceber o mundo e constrói-se a partir das relações que homens e mulheres estabelecem entre si. Do mesmo modo, o conhecimento também é construído, produzido pela cultura, pelos sujeitos que fazem cultura. Não é neutro, nem estático, porque o processo no qual é criado está permeado por interesses particulares, disputas, questões de poder. Em geral, cultura e conhecimento são analisados em textos que discutem os currículos culturais, em especial a mídia, em suas mais diversas modalidades computador, jogos eletrônicos, programas de TV e revistas. As conjugações teóricas mais recorrentes envolvem autores tais como Tomaz Tadeu da Silva, teórico mais acionado, Michael Foucault, Homi Bhabha, Stuart Hall e Jean-Claude Forquim, Gimeno Sacristán e Henry Giroux. As conjugações metodológicas mais utilizadas são as análises do discurso e análises documentais. Refletindo sobre as análises que os textos desenvolvem sobre o currículo, percebo dois grandes eixos de compreensão. Um no qual o currículo é concebido como teoria/prática cultural, capaz de produzir sujeitos e subjetividades e outro no qual há diferenciação entre currículo teórico ou oficial e currículo real; neste eixo, o currículo é concebido como um documento oficial apartado das experiências cotidianas dos alunos. Observo, deste modo, duas vertentes teóricas acentuarem-se dentro de um mesmo campo de pesquisa, a crítica e a pós-estruturalista, que convergem em alguns aspectos e divergem em outros, mas no que concerne às categorias cultura e conhecimento, parece haver um consenso no que se refere às relações intrínsecas destas com os processos de significação, produção de identidades, subjetividades e de afirmação e produção de diferenças.

Brand placements in computer and video games : an overview and research questions

Despite the size and growth of the computer and video gaming industry – as well as the increasing use of the medium for the placement of advertising and product placement – researchers have neglected this area. By drawing on existing literature and research in similar and related areas of film product placement, sponsorship and interactivity, the authors present a conceptual overview and identify areas for research.

A method for measuring the creative potential of computer games

This paper describes a method for measuring the creative potential of computer games. The research approach applies a behavioral and verbal protocol to analyze the factors that influence the creative processes used by people as they play computer games from the puzzle genre. Creative potential is measured by examining task motivation and domain-relevant and creativity-relevant skills. This paper focuses on the reliability of the factors used for measurement, determining those factors that are more strongly related to creativity. The findings show that creative potential may be determined by examining the relationship between skills required and the effect of intrinsic motivation within game play activities.

Engaging students in authoring and playing computer games

Computer games have become a commonplace but engaging activity among students. They enjoy playing computer games as they can perform larger-than-life activities virtually such as jumping from great heights, flying planes, and racing cars; actions that are otherwise not possible in real life. Computer games also offer user interactivity which gives them a certain appeal. Considering this appeal, educators should consider integrating computer games into student learning and to encourage students to author computer games of their own. It is thought that students can be engaged in learning by authoring and using computer games and can also gain essential skills such as collaboration, teamwork, problem solving and deductive reasoning. The research in this study revolves around building student engagement through the task of authoring computer games. The study aims to demonstrate how the creation and sharing of student-authored educational games might facilitate student engagement and how ICT (information and communication technology) plays a supportive role in student learning. Results from this study may lead to the broader integration of computer games into student learning and contribute to similar studies. In this qualitative case study, based in a state school in a low socio-economic area west of Brisbane, Australia, students were selected in both junior and senior secondary classes who have authored computer games as a part of their ICT learning. Senior secondary students (Year 12 ICT) were given the task of programming the games, which were to be based on Mathematics learning topics while the junior secondary students (Year 8 ICT) were given the task of creating multimedia elements for the games. A Mathematics teacher volunteered to assist in the project and provided guidance on the inclusion of suitable Mathematics curricular content into these computer games. The student-authored computer games were then used to support another group of Year 8 Mathematics students to learn the topics of Area, Volume and Time. Data was collected through interviews, classroom observations and artefacts. The teacher researcher, acting in the role of ICT teacher, coordinated with the students and the Mathematics teacher to conduct this study. Instrumental case study was applied as research methodology and Third Generation Activity Theory served as theoretical framework for this study. Data was analysed adopting qualitative coding procedures. Findings of this study indicate that having students author and play computer games promoted student engagement and that ICT played a supportive role in learning and allowed students to gain certain essential skills. Although this study will suggest integrating computer games to support classroom learning, it cannot be presumed that computer games are an immediate solution for promoting student engagement.

Design for creative activity : a framework for analyzing the creative potential of computer games

This paper describes a design framework intended to conceptually map the influence that game design has on the creative activity people engage in during gameplay. The framework builds on behavioral and verbal analysis of people playing puzzle games. The analysis was designed to better understand the extent to which gameplay activities within different games facilitate creative problem solving. We have used an expert review process to evaluate these games in terms of their game design elements and have taken a cognitive action approach to this process to investigate how particular elements produce the potential for creative activity. This paper proposes guidelines that build upon our understanding of the relationship between the creative processes that players undertake during a game and the components of the game that allow these processes to occur. These guidelines may be used in the game design process to better facilitate creative gameplay activity.