Phase imaging with partially coherent x rays

X-ray phase imaging with illumination by a partially coherent source with a setup similar to in-line holography is considered. Using the optical transform function, we consider the effects of partial coherence on this x-ray phase imaging for a weak phase object. The optimal contrast and the resolution of phase imaging are analyzed. As the coherence decreases, the imaging contrast and the optimal contrast frequency decrease, and the resolution degrades. It is shown that this contrast-enhanced phase-imaging method can be regarded as a linear bandpass filter and that the bandwidth and the image contrast are changeable. The frequency property of the imaging system can be improved if an incoherent x-ray source with the proper shape is used. (C) 1999 Optical Society of America.

Theoretical investigations of experimental gravitation

This thesis has two basic themes: the investigation of new experiments which can be used to test relativistic gravity, and the investigation of new technologies and new experimental techniques which can be applied to make gravitational wave astronomy a reality.

Advancing technology will soon make possible a new class of gravitation experiments: pure laboratory experiments with laboratory sources of non-Newtonian gravity and laboratory detectors. The key advance in techno1ogy is the development of resonant sensing systems with very low levels of dissipation. Chapter 1 considers three such systems (torque balances, dielectric monocrystals, and superconducting microwave resonators), and it proposes eight laboratory experiments which use these systems as detectors. For each experiment it describes the dominant sources of noise and the technology required.

The coupled electro-mechanical system consisting of a microwave cavity and its walls can serve as a gravitational radiation detector. A gravitational wave interacts with the walls, and the resulting motion induces transitions from a highly excited cavity mode to a nearly unexcited mode. Chapter 2 describes briefly a formalism for analyzing such a detector, and it proposes a particular design.

The monitoring of a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator on which a classical force acts is important in a variety of high-precision experiments, such as the attempt to detect gravitational radiation. Chapter 3 reviews the standard techniques for monitoring the oscillator; and it introduces a new technique which, in principle, can determine the details of the force with arbitrary accuracy, despite the quantum properties of the oscillator.

The standard method for monitoring the oscillator is the "amplitude- and-phase" method (position or momentum transducer with output fed through a linear amplifier). The accuracy obtainable by this method is limited by the uncertainty principle. To do better requires a measurement of the type which Braginsky has called "quantum nondemolition." A well-known quantum nondemolition technique is "quantum counting," which can detect an arbitrarily weak force, but which cannot provide good accuracy in determining its precise time-dependence. Chapter 3 considers extensively a new type of quantum nondemolition measurement - a "back-action-evading" measurement of the real part X₁ (or the imaginary part X₂) of the oscillator's complex amplitude. In principle X₁ can be measured arbitrarily quickly and arbitrarily accurately, and a sequence of such measurements can lead to an arbitrarily accurate monitoring of the classical force.

Chapter 3 describes explicit gedanken experiments which demonstrate that X₁ can be measured arbitrarily quickly and arbitrarily accurately, it considers approximate back-action-evading measurements, and it develops a theory of quantum nondemolition measurement for arbitrary quantum mechanical systems.

In Rosen's "bimetric" theory of gravity the (local) speed of gravitational radiation v_g is determined by the combined effects of cosmological boundary values and nearby concentrations of matter. It is possible for v_g to be less than the speed of light. Chapter 4 shows that emission of gravitational radiation prevents particles of nonzero rest mass from exceeding the speed of gravitational radiation. Observations of relativistic particles place limits on v_g and the cosmological boundary values today, and observations of synchrotron radiation from compact radio sources place limits on the cosmological boundary values in the past.

Avaliação da concentração de Cl, K e Ca na urina, hemolinfa e túbulos de Malpighi de Rhodnius prolixus usando a técnica de fluorescência de raios X por reflexão total por radiação síncrotron (SR-TXRF)

Neste trabalho utilizou-se a técnica fluorescência de raios X usando radiação síncrotron (SR-TXRF) para estudar, quantitativamente, o transporte de cloro, potássio e cálcio na hemolinfa, urina e túbulos de Malpighi (TM) em ninfas de quinto estágio do Rhodnius prolixus (R. prolixus), considerando a excreção destes elementos em diferentes dias após o repasto sanguíneo. R. prolixus é um dos principais vetores do Trypanosoma cruzi, agente causador da doença de Chagas. R. prolixus fornece um sistema modelo particularmente útil porque seus TMs tanto secretam quanto reabsorvem íons a taxas elevadas. Os TMs filtram a hemolinfa e secretam um líquido que é muitas vezes comparado com a urina primária em vertebrados. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a concentração de potássio na urina é substancialmente maior do que na hemolinfa. A concentração de cloro na hemolinfa é menor do que na urina, mas a diferença não é tão marcada como no caso do potássio. No caso do Rhodnius é razoável interpretar a elevada concentração de potássio na urina como adaptativo para o problema de excreção imediato do inseto. A concentração de cálcio nos TMs é substancialmente maior em comparação com os valores encontrados na hemolinfa e urina. Este resultado mostra que o cálcio é retido no corpo do R. prolixus e pouco eliminado. Os resultados obtidos estão coerentes com a literatura. Avaliou-se também o efeito no transporte de Cl, K e Ca após um repasto de sangue de coelho contaminado com HgCl2 de modo a avaliar o efeito da presença deste metal tóxico no balanço iônico nos fluidos de excreção urina e hemolinfa e também pelo principal órgão de transporte, os túbulos de Malpighi. As excreções de Cl e K pela urina são afetadas pela ingestão. Este resultado é esperado levando-se em consideração a ingestão de excesso de Cl através do HgCl2. O transporte de Cl, K e Ca na hemolinfa do Rhodnius prolixus não é afetada pela ingestão de HgCl2. Nos túbulos de Malpighi, as altas concentrações de Ca obtidas foram comparáveis àquelas encontradas nos insetos controle. Pode-se concluir que SR-TXRF é um método muito promissor para análises diretas, rápidas e confiáveis para a quantificação simultânea de elementos envolvidos na regulação do transporte e em todo o sistema excretor de insetos. Além disso, o estudo do transporte e a excreção de elementos no inseto Rhodnius prolixus abrem oportunidade para a maior compreensão de efeitos da poluição em espécies de invertebrados.

不同膜层数的Mo/Si多层膜的表界面粗糙度和软X射线反射率

用磁控溅射法制备了顶层分别是Mo膜层和Si膜层的两个系列的Mo/Si多层膜，它们的周期厚度相同但是膜层数各不相同。Mo/Si多层膜的周期厚度和界面粗糙度由小角X射线衍射（SAXRD）曲线拟和得到。用原子力显微镜测量了Mo/Si多层膜的表面粗糙度。在国家同步辐射实验室测量了Mo/Si多层膜的软X射线反射率。通过理论和试验研究，发现Mo/Si多层膜的软X射线反射率主要由周期数和界面粗糙度决定，表面粗糙度对Mo/Si多层膜的软X射线反射率影响较小。

Mo／Si软X射线多层膜的界面粗糙度研究

用磁控溅射法分别制备了以Mo膜层和Si膜层为顶层的Mo／Si多层膜系列，利用小角X射线衍射确定了各多层膜的周期厚度。以不同周期数的Mo／Si多层膜的新鲜表面近似等同于同一多层膜的内界面，通过原子力显微镜研究了多层膜界面粗糙度随膜层数的变化规律。并在国家同步辐射实验室测量了各多层膜的软X射线反射率。研究表明：随着膜层数的增加，Mo膜层和Si膜层的界面粗糙度先减小后增加然后再减小，多层膜的峰值反射率先增加后减小。

Caracterização de cálculos urinários humanos inteiros de rim e bexiga usando difração de raios X e microtomografia computadorizada

A urolitíase é um problema de escala mundial, que ocorre em todas as regiões, culturas e grupos raciais. A incidência desta doença vem aumentando ao redor do mundo e dados mostram que no Brasil estima-se que são afetados 5% da população com uma taxa de recorrência de 2,5%. Conhecer a composição mineral e estrutura interna dos cálculos é um passo importante para tentar entender melhor a fisiopatologia desta doença. Quatro cálculos urinários infecciosos, íntegros de grande volume (diâmetro maior que 20 mm), sendo dois provenientes da bexiga e dois de rins, obtidos cirurgicamente no setor de urologia do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE/UERJ) foram analisados usando microtomografia (μCT) e difração de raios X por policristais (DRXP). As imagens microtomográficas foram obtidas usando tubo de raios X microfoco na estação TomoLab e radiação síncrotron (SR-μCT) na linha de Física Médica, ambos no Laboratório Síncrotron Elettra, Trieste, Itália. As medidas de DRXP foram realizadas na linha de Difração de Raios X do Laboratório Nacional de luz Síncrotron, Campinas, Brasil. Para os cálculos de bexiga foram encontradas quatro fases cristalinas: estruvita (STV), oxalato mono (COM) e dihidratado (COD) e hidroxiapatita (HAp). Nos cálculos renais foram encontrados STV e HAp, sendo predominante a primeira fase cristalina. A quantidade de material amorfo (não-cristalino) foi maior que 60% da composição das amostras. A técnica convencional utilizada foi eficaz para análise dos cálculos urinários inteiros e possibilitou a visualização de estruturas internas sem interferência de procedimentos prévios de preparação da amostra. As análises de DRXP com fonte síncrotron aliadas ao método Rietveld foram determinantes para identificação e quantificação dos minerais presentes nas varias camadas das amostras. Pode-se constatar a complementaridade entre a μCT e a DRXP para caracterização microestrutural e mineralógica de cálculos urinários humanos.

Comparação da difusão de fósforo em solos brasileiros para diferentes fertilizantes granulados usando fluorescência de raios X por reflexão total por radiação síncroton (SR-TXRF)

O fósforo (P) é um nutriente essencial para o crescimento das plantas. Milhões de toneladas de P são aplicados aos solos anualmente. No entanto, apenas uma pequena fração do P aplicado com fertilizantes é aproveitada nas lavouras no ano de aplicação, bem como a eficácia do fertilizante fosfatado diminui com o tempo. Para melhorar a nossa compreensão dos mecanismos, a esta resposta do P no campo, este trabalho visa estudar a migração desse elemento em solos tropicais brasileiros (Latossolo vermelho e Latossolo amarelo) tratados com três tipos de fertilizantes: fosfato monoamônico (MAP), o polímero revestido de fosfato monoamônio (MAPP) e fosfato organomineral (OMP) em um experimento de placa de Petri. Fluorescência de Raios X por Reflexão Total (TXRF) foi usada para determinar o fluxo difusivo P a distâncias radiais diferentes (entre 0 e 7,5 mm, entre 7,5 e 13,5 mm, 13,5 e 25,5 mm e entre 25,5 e 43 mm) a partir do grânulo de fertilizante. As análises usando TXRF foram realizadas no Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS), em Campinas, São Paulo, na linha de Fluorescência de Raios X (Beamline D09B). Depois de um período de cinco semanas, a concentração total de P, Ca e Al foram obtidas e comparadas analisando o tipo de solo/textura, o pH e o respectivo extrator de P, que nesse estudo foram usados o Mehlich 1 e água régia. De forma geral, concluiu-se que 80,0 % de fósforo proveniente dos fertilizantes usados nessa proposta ficaram concentrados em distâncias menores que 10 mm do ponto de aplicação dos fertilizantes, independentemente do tipo de solo, do pH e da respectiva textura. Em relação à utilização da técnica TXRF, o sistema foi eficiente, dentre outras características, na discriminação dos picos de fósforo dos picos de enxofre, principalmente nas amostras de solo usadas a partir da extração com Mehlich 1. Destaca-se isso, pois os raios X característicos desses elementos são muitos próximos.

Cathodoluminescence study on in composition inhomogeneity of thick InGaN layer

We have investigated the optical properties of thick InGaN film grown on GaN by cathodeluminescence (CL) spectroscopy. It is found that there is obvious In composition variation in both growth and lateral direction of InGaN film. The depth distribution of In composition is closely related to the strain relaxation process of InGaN film. Accompanied with the relaxation of compressive strain, the In composition of InGaN layer increases and the CL peak energy shifts towards red. Moreover, a rather apparent In composition fluctuation is found in the relaxed upper part of InGaN layer as confirmed by CL imaging.

Suppression of indium droplet formation by adding CCl4 during metalorganic chemical vapor deposition growth of InN films

In this work, the influences of CCl4 on the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth of InN were studied for the first time. It was found that the addition of CCl4 can effectively suppress the formation of metal indium (In) droplets during InN growth, which was ascribed to the etching effect of Cl to In. However, with increasing of CCl4 flow, the InN growth rate decreased but the lateral growth of InN islands was enhanced. This provides a possibility of promoting islands coalescence toward a smooth surface of the InN film by MOCVD. The influence of addition of CCl4 on the electrical properties was also investigated.

Pressure-induced phase transition of nanocrystalline zinc sulfide

In situ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction measurements on nanocrystalline zinc sulfide have been performed by using diamond anvil cell with synchrotron radiation. There is a phase transition which the ultimate structure is rocksalt when the pressure is up to 16.0GPa. Comparing the structure of body materials, the pressure of the phase transition of nano zinc sulfide is high. We fit the: Birch-Murnaghan equation of state and obtained its ambient pressure bulk modulus and its pressure derivative. The bulk modulus of nanocrystalline zinc sulfide is higher than that of body materials, it indicate that the rigidity of nanocrystalline zinc sulfide is high.

Structural and photoelectric studies on double barrier quantum well infrared detectors

GaAs/AlAs/GaAlAs double barrier quantum well (DBQW) structures are employed for making 3-5 um photovoltaic infrared (IR) detectors with a peak detectivity of 5 x 10(11) cm Hz(1/2)/W at 80 K. Double crystal X-ray diffraction is combined with synchrotron radiation X-ray analysis to determine successfully the exact thickness of GaAs, AlAs and GaAlAs sublayers. The interband photovoltaic (PV) spectra of the linear array of the detectors are measured directly by edge excitation method, providing the information about spatial separation processes of photogenerated carriers in the multiquantum wells and the distribution of built-in field in the active region. The spectral response of the IR photocurrent of the devices is also measured and compared with the temperature dependent IR absorption of the DBQW samples in order to get a better understanding of the bias-controlled optical and transport behavior of the detector photoresponse and thus to optimize the detector performance. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

New insight into the origin of twin and grain boundary in InP

X-ray reflectivity curves show bi-crystal (twin) characteristics. Defect segregations at the twin boundary can be seen, whereas stress is relaxed at the edge of the boundary. Relaxation of the stress resulted in the formation of twins and other defects. As a result of the formation of such defects, a defect-free and stress-free zone or low defect density and small stress zone is created around the defects. Stress, chemical stoichiometry deviation and non-homogeneous distribution of impurities are the key factors that cause twins in LEC InP crystal growth. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Investigation on the strain relaxation of InGaN layer and its effects on the InGaN structural and optical properties

The evolution of strain and structural properties of thick epitaxial InGaN layers grown on GaN with different thicknesses are investigated. It is found that, with increase in InGaN thickness, plastic relaxation via misfit dislocation generation becomes a more important strain relaxation mechanism. Accompanied with the relaxation of compressive strain, the In composition of InGaN layer increases and induces an apparent red-shift of the cathodoluminescence peak of the InGaN layer. On the other hand, the plastic relaxation process results in a high defect density, which degrades the structural and optical properties of InGaN layers. A transition layer region with both strain and In composition gradients is found to exist in the 450-nm-thick InGaN layer.

New aspects of K promoted nitridation of the InP(100) surface

The effect of molecular nitrogen exposure on the InP(100) surface modified by the alkali metal K overlayer is investigated by core-level photoemission spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. The alkali metal covered surface exhibits reasonable nitrogen uptake at room temperature, and results in the formation of a P3N5 nitride complex. Flash annealing at 400 degrees C greatly enhanced the formation of this kind of nitride complex. Above 500 degrees C, the nitride complex dissolved completely. (C) 1997 American Vacuum Society.

X-ray diffraction study of GaAs/InAs/GaAs ultrathin single quantum well

Ultrathin single quantum well (about one monolayer) grown on GaAs(001) substrate with GaAs cap layer has been studied by high resolution x-ray diffractometer on a beamline of the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The interference fringes on both sides of the GaAs(004) Bragg peak are asymmetric and a range of weak fringes in the higher angle side of the Bragg peak is observed. The simulated results by using the kinematical diffraction method shows that the weak fringe range appears in the higher angle side when the phase shift introduced by the single quantum well is very slightly smaller than m pi (m:integer), and vice versa. After introducing a reasonable model of single quantum well, the simulated pattern is in good agreement with the experiment. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.