Estudo da influência de pré-tratamentos de dois resíduos lignocelulósicos (bagaço do pedúnculo de caju e casca de coco) utilizados como substrato na indução à síntese de enzimas celulolíticas

Nowadays generation ethanol second, that t is obtained from fermentation of sugars of hydrolyses of cellulose, is gaining attention worldwide as a viable alternative to petroleum mainly for being a renewable resource. The increase of first generation ethanol production i.e. that obtained from sugar-cane molasses could lead to a reduction of lands sustainable for crops and food production. However, second generation ethanol needs technologic pathway for reduce the bottlenecks as production of enzymes to hydrolysis the cellulose to glucose i.e. the cellulases as well as the development of efficient biomass pretreatment and of low-cost. In this work Trichoderma reesei ATCC 2768 was cultivated under submerged fermentation to produce cellulases using as substrates waste of lignocellulosic material such as cashew apple bagasse as well as coconut bagasse with and without pretreatment. For pretreatment the bagasses were treated with 1 M NaOH and by explosion at high pressure. Enzyme production was carried out in shaker (temperature of 27ºC, 150 rpm and initial medium pH of 4.8). Results showed that T.reesei ATCC 2768 showed the higher cellulase production when the cashew apple bagasse was treated with 1M NaOH (2.160 UI/mL of CMCase and 0.215 UI/mL of FPase), in which the conversion of cellulose, in terms of total reducing sugars, was of 98.38%, when compared to pretreatment by explosion at high pressure (0.853 UI/mL of CMCase and 0.172 UI/mL of Fpase) showing a conversion of 47.39% of total reducing sugars. Cellulase production is lower for the medium containing coconut bagasse treated with 1M NaOH (0.480 UI/mL of CMcase and 0.073 UI/mL of FPase), giving a conversion of 49.5% in terms of total reducing sugars. Cashew apple bagasse without pretreatment showed cellulase activities lower (0.535 UI/mL of CMCase and 0,152 UI/mL of FPase) then pretreated bagasse while the coconut bagasse without pretreatment did not show any enzymatic activity. Maximum cell concentration was obtained using cashew nut bagasse as well as coconut shell bagasse treated with 1M NaOH, with 2.92 g/L and 1.97 g/L, respectively. These were higher than for the experiments in which the substrates were treated by explosion at high pressure, 1.93 g/L and 1.17 g/L. Cashew apple is a potential inducer for cellulolytic enzymes synthysis showing better results than coconut bagasse. Pretreatment improves the process for the cellulolytic enzyme production

Indução do florescimento e crescimento de tangerineira 'Poncã' (Citrus reticulata Blanco) em função da irrigação e da aplicação de paclobutrazol

O experimento foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP/Câmpus de Botucatu (SP), com o objetivo de avaliar o florescimento fora de época e o crescimento vegetativo da tangerineira 'Poncã'. Nesse contexto, adotou-se o delineamento estatístico em blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas, com duas repetições, na instalação do ensaio. Os dois tratamentos de -0,03 e -0,05 MPa, como potenciais mínimos da água no solo, constituíram as parcelas e as quatro doses de paclobutrazol: 0; 4; 8 e 12 g por planta, nas subparcelas. No segundo ano de pesquisa, foram mantidas as mesmas parcelas e foram aplicadas nas plantas das subparcelas as doses de 0; 500; 1000 e 2000 mg l-1 de paclobutrazol, via foliar. Cada parcela foi constituída de 16 plantas, sendo oito destinadas à avaliação. Utilizou-se, em ambas as combinações, de um tratamento sem irrigação (-0,07 MPa) e sem aplicação de paclobutrazol, como testemunha. Foram avaliados parâmetros, como a altura, diâmetro médio, volume e área de projeção da copa e condutância estomática para caracterizar a resposta das plantas aos tratamentos empregados. Concluiu-se que a aplicação do paclobutrazol e a variação do potencial da água no solo não proporcionaram a indução do florescimento fora de época das tangerineiras, e que os níveis de paclobutrazol influenciaram no desenvolvimento das plantas.

Cultura de embrião e indução de brotos in vitro para micropropagação do pinhão-manso

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estado nutricional e componentes da produção de plantas de pimentão conduzidas em sistema de fertirrigação durante indução de estresse salino em cultivo protegido

O uso das técnicas de fertirrigação em ambiente protegido vem aumentando no Brasil devido à praticidade de condução e redução dos custos de produção. Apesar dessas vantagens, salienta-se que esta prática também pode trazer riscos, principalmente pelo acúmulo de sais na superfície do solo e na região periférica do bulbo radicular. em caso de salinização do solo pelo manejo incorreto do sistema podem ocorrer alterações na disponibilidade de nutrientes, com conseqüências fisiológicas no desenvolvimento das plantas. Neste trabalho, utilizou-se o pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) como planta-modelo para estudos da interferência da salinidade na nutrição das plantas, pela alteração da condutividade elétrica (CE) na solução do solo. Os resultados revelaram indícios de antagonismo entre nutrientes, notadamente entre as formas catiônicas em razão do aumento da concentração de KCl nos tratamentos com alta CE. A suplementação do solo com adubo orgânico não atenuou os efeitos do aumento da concentração salina e os valores extremos de CE interferiram drasticamente na produção.

Interpretação e análise do problema da indução sob uma visão fundamentada em teorias de conjuntos e teoria de probabilidades

The following work is to interpret and analyze the problem of induction under a vision founded on set theory and probability theory as a basis for solution of its negative philosophical implications related to the systems of inductive logic in general. Due to the importance of the problem and the relatively recent developments in these fields of knowledge (early 20th century), as well as the visible relations between them and the process of inductive inference, it has been opened a field of relatively unexplored and promising possibilities. The key point of the study consists in modeling the information acquisition process using concepts of set theory, followed by a treatment using probability theory. Throughout the study it was identified as a major obstacle to the probabilistic justification, both: the problem of defining the concept of probability and that of rationality, as well as the subtle connection between the two. This finding called for a greater care in choosing the criterion of rationality to be considered in order to facilitate the treatment of the problem through such specific situations, but without losing their original characteristics so that the conclusions can be extended to classic cases such as the question about the continuity of the sunrise

Teoria semi-clássica para super rede magnética formada por materiais ferromagnético e antiferromagnético

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Anisotropia magnética (110) em Nanofilmes de Permalloy sobre MgO(100)

The study and fabrication of nanostructured systems composed of magnetic materials has been an area of great scientific and technological interest. Soft magnetic materials, in particular, have had great importance in the development of magnetic devices. Among such materials we highlight the use of alloys of Ni and Fe, known as Permalloy. We present measurement results of structural characterization and magnetic films in Permalloy (Ni81Fe19), known to be a material with high magnetic permeability, low coercivity and small magneto- crystalline anisotropy, deposited on MgO (100) substrates. The Magnetron Sputtering technique was used to obtain the samples with thicknesses varying between 9 150 nm. The techniques of X- ray Diffraction at high and low angle were employed to confirm the crystallographic orientation and thickness of the films. In order to investigate the magnetic properties of the films the techniques of Vibrant Sample Magnetometry (VSM), Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR) and Magnetoimpedance were used. The magnetization curves revealed the presence of anisotropy for the films of Py/MgO (100), where it was found that there are three distinct axis - an easy-axis for θH = 0°, a hard-axis for θH = 45° and an intermediate for θH = 90°. The results of the FMR and Magnetoimpedance techniques confirm that there are three distinct axes, that is, there is a type C2 symmetry. Then we propose, for these results, the interpretation of the magnetic anisotropy of Py/MgO ( 100 ) is of type simple C2, ie a cubic magnetic anisotropy type ( 110 )

Caracterização magnética e estrutural de filmes depositados por gaiola catódica

Iron nitrite films, with hundred of nanometers thick, were deposited using the Cathodic cage plasma nitriding method, with a N2/H2 plasma, over a common glass substract. The structure, surface morphology and magnetic properties were investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD shows the formation of γ FeN phase and a combination of ζFe2N + ɛFe3N phases. The film s saturation magnetization and coercivity depends on morphology, composition, grain size and treatment temperature. Temperature raising from 250 ºC to 350 ºC were followed by an increase in saturation magnetization and film s surface coercivity on the parallel direction in relative proportion. This fact can be attributed to the grain sizes and to the different phases formed, since iron rich fases, like the ɛFe3N phase, emerges more frequently on more elevated treatment s temperature. Using this new and reasonably low cost method, it was possible to deposit films with both good adhesion and good magnetic properties, with wide application in magnetic devices

Descrição de dieta purificada para indução de quadro de desnutrição protéica em ratos

No presente trabalho é descrita a composição de dieta hipoprotéica (6% de proteína) purificada para indução de quadro de desnutrição em roedores. A referida dieta foi padronizada em laboratório a partir de modificação da AIN-93 (documento do American Institute of Nutrition que estabelece os padrões nutricionais para roedores de laboratório), visando a obtenção de animais desnutridos para estudar as alterações metabólicas decorrentes da desnutrição protéica associada a situações como exercício físico, gestação e diabetes. A dieta em questão contém os seguintes componentes (g/ kg): amido de milho (480), caseína (71,5), dextrina de milho (159), sacarose (121), óleo de soja (70), microcelulose (50), mistura mineral AIN-93-G-MX (35), mistura de vitaminas AIN-93-G-VX, (10), L-cistina (1), cloridrato de colina (2,5). Ratos alimentados cronicamente com a dieta apresentaram sinais comumente presentes na desnutrição protéica humana e de animais de laboratório: redução do ganho de peso, hipoproteinemia, hipoalbuminemia, elevação dos ácidos graxos livres séricos e do glicogênio hepático.

Prospecção e caracterização de genes associados ao processo de indução floral em cana-de-açúcar

The northeastern region is responsible to 14.32% of sugarcane national production. This lowered contribution is due to edaphoclimatic condition. Flowering is a vital process to plant which consumes lots of energy and it culminates in a process called isoporization. This one can give in a decreasing of 60% on alcohol and water production. It may consider that cropped sugarcane has a hibrid with octaploid genome, there are varieties with a flowering standard until of non flowering. Using this natural genetic potential on different croppings of sugarcane, the aim of this work was to understand as this process occurs by the usage of subtractive approaches. The total RNA was extracted using Trizol of peaks of merisematics of croppings with induced flowering and other with late flowering. From this total RNA were built four subtractives libraries (B1- induced early flowering subtracted on late flowering not induced; B2- late flowering not induced subtracted induced early flowering; B3- induced early flowering subtracted of not induced early flowering; B02- not induced early flowering subtracted from induced early flowering) using kits Super Smart cDNA synthesis and BD Clontech kit select cDNA subtraction (Clontech). This material was clone don vector pGEM T-easy(Promega) and changed in competent cells of E.coli DH10B. Given analysis sequence was carried out a program BLASTn against database of NCBI and genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, rice and maize. Clones were grouped in 9 different classes according to function. Some factors already related as couples of flower induction were identified at different libraries. And grouped proteins with cell cycle and it controls were presents, mainly kinases proteins. Related factors to proteic sinthesis, metabolism, defence, cell communication were also given in both libraries .Some identified genes did not show similarity on database or homology with hypothesis function, and it can represents new genes to be deposited in international database. These results offers that some identified on sugarcane, classified as on factors classes, cell cycle and cell communication, trough unknown genes, can be linked with genetic changing to the flowering process found in the northeastern region

Caminhos para a universalização dos serviços de água e esgotos no Brasil: a atuação das entidades reguladoras para indução da eficiência dos prestadores de serviços

The deficit of water and sewerage services is a historic problem in Brazil. The introduction of a new regulatory framework, in 2007, presented ways intending to overcome these deficits, among them, the providers efficiency improvement. This thesis aims to analyze the regulators performance regarding its ability to induce the efficiency of the Brazilian water and sewerage services providers. To this end, an analytical approach based on a sequential explanatory strategy was used, and it consists of three steps. In the first step, the Data Envelopment Analysis ( DEA ) was used to measure the providers efficiency in 2006 and 2011. The results show that the average efficiency may be considered high; however significant inefficiencies among the 29 analyzed providers were detected. The ones in the Southeast region showed better performance level and Northeast had the lowest. The local and the private providers were more efficient on average. In 2006 and 2011 the average performance was higher among non-regulated providers. In 2006 the group regulated by local agencies had the best average performance, in 2011, the best performance was the group regulated by the consortium agencies. To analyse the second step was used the Malmquist Index, it pointed that the productivity between 2006 and 2011 dropped. The analysis through decomposing Malmquist Index showed a shift of technical efficiency frontier to a lower level, however was detected a small provider s advance towards the frontier. Only the Midwest region recorded progress in overall productivity. The deterioration in the total factor productivity was higher among regional providers but the local ones and the private agencies moved quickly to the frontier level. The providers regulated from 2007 showed less decrease on the total productivity and the results of the catch up effect were more meaningful. In the last step, the regulators standardization activity analyses noted that there are agencies that had not issued rules until 2011. The most standards topics discussed in the issued rules were the tariff adjustments and the setting of general conditions for the provision and use of services; in another hand, the least covered topics were new technologies incentive and the introduction of efficiency-inducing regulatory mechanisms and productivity gains for price reviews. Regulators created from 2007 were more active proportionately. Even with the advent of the regulatory framework and the creation of new regulatory bodies, the evidence points to a reality in which the actions of these agencies have not been ensuring that providers of water and sewage, regulated by them, has achieved better performance. The non- achievement of regulatory goals can be explained by the incipient level of performance of the Brazilian regulatory authorities, which should be strengthened because of its potential contribution to the Brazilian basic sanitation department

Princípio da Indução Matemática no Ensino Médio

We developed this dissertation aiming its in the process of teaching and learning of the Principle of Mathematical Induction and we set our efforts so that the students of the first year of the high school can assimilate the content having the knowledge seen in the basic education as foreknowledge. With this, we seek to awake in the student the interest on proofs, showing how much it s needed in examples that involve contents that he is already seen

Alterações da default mode network provocadas pela ingestão de Ayahuasca investigadas por Ressonância Magnética Funcional

Ayahuasca is psychotropic beverage that has been used for ages by indigenous populations in South America, notably in the Amazon region, for religious and medicinal purposes. The tea is obtained by the decoction of leaves from the Psychotria viridis with the bark and stalk of a shrub, the Banisteriopsis caapi. The first is rich in N-N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which has an important and well-known hallucinogenic effect due to its agonistic action in serotonin receptors, specifically 5-HT2A. On the other hand, β-carbolines present in B. caapi, particularly harmine and harmaline, are potent monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOi). In addition, the tetrahydroharmine (THH), also present in B. caapi, acts as mild selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a weak MAOi. This unique composition induces a number of affective, sensitive, perceptual and cognitive changes in individuals under the effect of Ayahuasca. On the other hand, there is growing interest in the Default Mode Network (DMN), which has been consistently observed in functional neuroimaging studies. The key components of this network include structures in the brain midline, as the anterior medial frontal cortex, ventral medial frontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and some regions within the inferior parietal lobe and middle temporal gyrus. It has been argued that DMN participate in tasks involving self-judgments, autobiographical memory retrieval, mental simulations, thinking in perspective, meditative states, and others. In general, these tasks require an internal focus of attention, hence the conclusion that the DMN is associated with introspective mental activity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) changes in DMN caused via the ingestion of Ayahuasca by 10 healthy subjects while submitted to two fMRI protocols: a verbal fluency task and a resting state acquisition. In general, it was observed that Ayahuasca causes a reduction in the fMRI signal in central nodes of DMN, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, the medial prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and inferior parietal lobe. Furthermore, changes in connectivity patterns of the DMN were observed, especially a decrease in the functional connectivity of the precuneus. Together, these findings indicate an association between the altered state of consciousness experienced by individuals under the effect of Ayahuasca, and changes in the stream of spontaneous thoughts leading to an increased introspective mental activity

Avaliação por ressonância magnética funcional e estimulação magnética transcraniana da intervenção única da terapia espelho em pacientes após acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico

Mirror therapy (MT) is being used as a rehabilitation tool in various diseases, including stroke. Although some studies have shown its effectiveness, little is known about neural mechanisms that underlie the rehabilitation process. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing cortical neuromodulation after a single MT intervention in ischemic stroke survivors, by means of by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). Fifteen patients participated in a single thirty minutes MT session. fMRI data was analyzed bilaterally in the following Regions of Interest (ROI): Supplementary Motor Area (SMA), Premotor cortex (PMC), Primary Motor cortex (M1), Primary Sensory cortex (S1) and Cerebellum. In each ROI, changes in the percentage of occupation and beta values were computed. Group fMRI data showed a significant decreased in the percentage of occupation in PMC and cerebellum, contralateral to the affected hand (p <0.05). Significant increase in beta values was observed in the following contralateral motor areas: SMA, Cerebellum, PMC and M1 (p<0,005). Moreover, a significant decrease was observed in the following ipsilateral motor areas: PMC and M1 (p <0,001). In S1 a bilateral significant decrease (p<0.0005) was observed.TMS consisted of the analysis of Motor Evoked Potential (MEP) of M1 hotspot. A significant increase in the amplitude of the MEP was observed after therapy in the group (p<0,0001) and individually in 4 patients (p <0.05). Altogether, our results imply that single MT intervention is already capable of promoting changes in neurobiological markers toward patterns observed in healthy subjects. Furthermore, the contralateral hemisphere motor areas changes are opposite to the ones in the ipsilateral side, suggesting an increase system homeostasis.

O papel de Rhizoctonia spp. binucleadas na indução de resistência a mela da soja

The role of non-pathogenic binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. (BNR) on the biocontrol of diseases caused by R. solani on many crops has been reported in the literature. However, in Brazil, there is no information about the potential of BNR as biocontrol agents against Rhizoctonia diseases on soybean. on this research we tested the hypothesis that BNR can induce resistance on soybean against the foliar blight caused by R. solani anastomosis group (AG) 1 IA. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate BNR isolates isolated from peanuts, snapbeans and soybean according to their ability for inducing resistance on soybean against the foliar blight disease, under greenhouse conditions. This research evidenced the role of BNR inducing resistance on soybeans against the foliar blight. However, both the occurrence and effectiveness of the phenomenon of induced resistance are dependent on the soybean cultivation season.