Kaupungin savut ja käryt : Helsingin ilmansuojelu 1945-1982

The smoke and fumes of the city: Air protection in Helsinki from 1945 to 1982 This dissertation examines air pollution and air protection in post-war Helsinki. The period studied ends in 1982 when the Air Protection Act entered into force, thus institutionalising air protection in Finland as a socially governed environmental matter. The dissertation is based on the research traditions of environmental politics and urban environmental history. The development of air protection is approached from the perspectives of politicisation and institutionalisation. The dissertation also investigates how air pollution grew into a social issue and presents various discursive ways of analysing air pollution and protection. The primary research material consists of municipal documents and newspapers, while supplementary material includes journal articles and interviews. The event history of air protection is described through an analysis of the material, including source criticism. The social ways of dealing with air pollution and the emergence of air protection are analysed in the light of case-specific air quality disputes from both factual and discursive perspectives. This approach enables the contextualisation of the development of air protection as part of the local history of post-war Helsinki. The dissertation presents the major sources of air pollution in Helsinki and describes the deterioration of air quality in a society which emphasised the primacy of economic prosperity. The air issue emerged during the 1950s in neighbourhood disputes and was exacerbated into a larger problem in the late 1960s. Concurrent to the formation of the field of environmental protection in Finland, an air protection organisation was established in the 1970s in Helsinki. As a result, air protection became a regular part of municipal government. Air protection in Helsinki developed from small-scale policies focused on individual cases into a large, institutionalised air protection system managed by experts. The dissertation research material gave rise to the following major research themes: the economic dimension of the air issue, the role of science in the formation of the environmental problem, and the establishment of norms for acceptable air quality and reasonable limits to air pollution in the urban environment. The paper also discusses the inequitable distribution of the negative effects of air pollution between the residents of different districts. The dissertation concludes that air protection in Helsinki became a local success story although it was long marred by inefficiency and partial failure.

Kämpän kotihengetär vai hyvä jätkä? : Pohjois-Suomen kämppäemännät ja sukupuolen merkitys kämppäelämässä 1945-1975

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Pohjois-Suomen savottakämpillä vuosien 1945 1975 välillä työskennelleitä kämppäemäntiä. Kämppäemännät toimivat metsätyöntekijöiden yhteisasunnoissa ruuanlaittajina ja siivoojina. Savottakämpille alettiin palkata kokkeja 1900-luvun alussa ja 1930-luvulta eteenpäin puutavarayhtiöt alkoivat huolehtia heidän palkkaamisestaan. Yhtiöiden palkkaamien ruuanlaittajien ammattinimikkeesi vakiintui kämppäemäntä. Kämppämajoitus väheni 1970-luvun myötä kun metsätyössä siirryttiin työntekijöiden kotikuljetuksiin. Pohjois-Suomessa kämppätyömaita ja kämppäemäntiä oli kuitenkin 1980-luvun lopulle asti. Kämppäemännät työskentelivät maskuliinisella metsäalalla kämppäyhteisöjen ainoina naisina. Tutkielmassa kysytäänkin, minkälaisia käsityksiä ja määritelmiä kämppäemännyyteen yhdistettiin ja miten kämppäemännän sukupuoli näkyy näissä määritelmissä. Lisäksi kysytään, minkälaisina kämpän sisäiset sukupuolten väliset suhteet näyttäytyivät. Tarkastelussa hyödynnetään Yvonne Hirdmanin sukupuolijärjestelmän käsitettä. Tutkimuskysymyksiä lähestytään kolmesta näkökulmasta: Ensin tarkastellaan, miten kämppäemännyyttä määritellään aikalaiskirjallisuudessa. Tässä tarkastelussa tärkeimpänä lähdeaineistona toimivat kämppäemännille suunnatut oppaat. Toiseksi tarkastellaan, miten kämppäemäntinä toimineet naiset vastasivat näihin määritelmiin ja minkälaiseksi he kokivat kämpillä vallinneet sukupuolten väliset suhteet. Kolmanneksi kuvataan, mitä savottakämpillä majoittuneet metsäalalla toimineet miehet näkivät hyvän kämppäemännän ominaisuuksiksi ja minkälaisiksi he kokivat emännän aseman kämppäyhteisössä. Kahden viimeisen näkökulman lähdeaineistona toimii muistitietoaineisto. Kämppäemännät toimivat savottakämpillä erilaisten odotusten ristipaineessa. Kämppäemännän oppaat määrittelevät heidän roolinsa feminiiniseksi ja äidilliseksi. Ne luovat kämppäemännän työstä naisten yhteiskunnallisen roolin mukaista määrittelemällä kämpän kodiksi ja emännän sen hengettäreksi, joka huolehtii miesten hyvinvoinnista. Kämpillä majoittuneet miehet sen sijaan arvostavat kämppäemäntää, joka on rempseä ja huumorintajuinen. Kämppäemännän kuului sopeutua kämpän maskuliiniseen kulttuuriin, mikä onnistui parhaiten osallistumalla sen huumoriin. Kämpän sukupuolijärjestelmä perustui sukupuolitettuun työnjakoon ja kämppätilan sukupuolenmukaiseen jakamiseen. Kämpän keittiö ja emännän huone olivat naisille kuuluvaa yksityisaluetta, josta oltiin yhteydessä miesten puolelle vain tarjoiluluukun välityksellä. Sukupuolten erillään pitämistä perusteltiin kämppäemännän suojelemisella, mutta sen tavoitteena oli myös estää sukupuolisuhteiden syntyminen kämpän miesten ja kämppäemännän välille. Kämppäemäntä olikin virallisesti rauhoitettu ja emännän koskemattomuudesta huolehtiminen oli kämppäyhteisön vastuulla. Kämppäelämässä syntyi kuitenkin seurustelusuhteita ja mahdollisesti myös sukupuolisuhteita. Näistä ei kuitenkaan mielellään kerrota haastatteluissa. Myös seksuaalista häirintää esiintyi. Kämppäemännät kuitenkin korostavat miesten kunnioittavaa suhtautumista heihin. He korostavat, etteivät sukupuolten väliset suhteet olleet ongelmallisia ja painottavat omaa sukupuolimoraaliaan. Kämppäemännät näkevät itsensä kämppäyhteisön jäsenenä, eivätkä halua puhua pahaa muusta yhteisöstä. Vaikeita tilanteita kuvatessaan he korostavat omaa aktiivisuuttaan ja selviytymistään. Kämppäemännät luovat itsestään kuvaa selviytyjinä ja vahvoina naisina.

Fra jungledyr og cykelmyg til frysepunkt og længsel efter kærlighed Et strejftog gennem dansk litteratur på finsk efter 1945

Abstract (A journey through Danish literature translated into Finnish after 1945): Nearly 80 per cent of all literary translations from Danish into Finnish are done after the Second World War. These translations are obviously only a small selection of the Danish national literature, but nevertheless capture important trends and currents in it. Based on a selection of translated works, the article allows a broad introduction to Danish literature available in Finnish. It focuses on children's and youth literature, feminist literature and realistic, magic and civilization critical novels.

Lippu, uhri, kansakunta : Ryhmäkokemukset ja -rajat Suomessa 1917 1945

This dissertation deals with the notions of sacrifice and violence in connection with the Fin¬nish flag struggles between 1917 and 1945. The study begins with the basic idea that sacrificial thinking is a key element in nationalism and the social cohesion of large groups. The method used in the study combines anthropological notions of totemism with psychoanalytical object relation theory. The aim is to explore the social and psychological elements of the Finnish national flag and the workers flags during the times of crisis and nation building. The phenomena and concepts addressed include self-sacrifice, scapegoating, remembrance of war, inclusion, and exclusion. The research is located at the intersection of nationalism studies and the cultural history of war. The analysis is based primarily on the press debates, public speeches and archival sources of the civic organizations that promoted the Finnish flag. The study is empirically divided into three sections: 1) the years of the Revolution and the Civil War (1917 1918), 2) the interwar period (1919 1938), and 3) the Second World War (1939 1945). The research demonstrates that the modern national flags and workers flags in Finland maintain certain characteristics of primitive totems. When referred to as a totem the flag means an emotionally charged symbol, a reservoir of the collective ideals of a large group. Thus the flag issue offers a path to explore the perceptions and memory of sacrifice and violence in the making of the First Republic . Any given large group, for example a nation, must conceptually pursue a consensus on its past sacrifices. Without productive interpretation sacrifice represents only meaningless violence. By looking at the passions associated with the flag the study also illuminates various group identities, boundaries and crossings of borders within the Finnish society at the same time. The study shows further that the divisive violence of the Civil War was first overcome in the late 1930s when the social democrats adopted a new perception of the Red victims of 1918 they were seen as part of the birth pains of the nation, and not only the martyrs of class struggle. At the same time the radical Right became marginalized. The study also illuminates how this development made the Spirit of the Winter War possible, a genuine albeit brief experience of horizontal brother and sisterhood, and how this spirit was reflected in the popular adoption of the Finnish flag. The experience was not based only on the external and unifying threat posed by the Soviet Union: it was grounded in a sense of unifying sacrifice which reflected a novel way of understanding the nation and its past sacrifices. Paradoxically, the newly forged consensus over the necessity and the rewards of the common sacrifices of the Winter War (1939 1940) made new sacrifices possible during the Continuation War (1941 1944). In spite of political discord and war weariness, the concept of a unified nation under the national flag survived even the absurdity of the stationary war phase. It can be said that the conflict between the idea of a national community and parliamentary party politics dissolved as a result of the collective experience of the Second World War.

Hiippakunta diakoniatyön tekijänä ja tukijana : Diakoniatyön kehitys Mikkelin hiippakunnassa 1945-1991

ABSTRACT The diocese as the agent and advocate of diaconial work. The development of diaconial work in the Mikkeli diocese 1945–1991. The roots of Finnish diacony are in the individual devotional life of Pietism. An acting faith had to be evident in acts of love. Following German institutional diacony, diaconial institutions were established in Finland until congregational diacony emerged alongside these institutions in the 1890s. Pastor Otto Aarnisalo acted as a pathfinder in this. He aimed to unite diacony with the Church and the life of the congregation. Diacony had been based on the idea of volunteering to separate it from statutory social work. In 1944 the church law was amended, which made diacony the concern of every member of the congregation. In the years immediately following the Second World War, discussion took place in the Church of Finland about the direction that diacony should take. In the consequential debate, caritative services overcame social diacony. The diocese administration moved to Mikkeli in 1945, when the majority of the Vyborg diocese became part of the USSR in the armistice negotiations. The Mikkeli diocese acted in its diaconial work with the same objectives as the diaconial solutions of the whole church. The acting principle of the diocese diacony became a form of helping which emphasised assistance of the individual. Especially from the 1960s onwards, the country's industrialisation and the reduction of agricultural trade had an effect on the Mikkeli diocese. The diocese administration, specifically Bishop Martti Simojoki and his successor Osmo Alaja, aimed to open up connections to the political left and people working in industry. At least indirectly this helped the diaconial work in industrial localities. In the Mikkeli diocese, a diaconial committee was established in 1971, and its work was overseen by the diocesan chapter of the bishop's office. This enabled the work of the diocese to be organised for the different areas of diacony. Previously, the diaconial work of the Finnish church had primarily been in nursing. The Health Insurance Law of 1972 brought a change to this when the responsibility for health services was transferred to the municipalities. Diacony began to move towards a psychological and spiritual emphasis. Beginning in the 1970s, the diocese started holding diaconial themed days at prescribed intervals. Although these did not result in great realignments, they did help clarify the direction that diacony would take. Large international collections were also carried out, especially in the 1980s. At the same time, socio-ethical activity vitalised and diversified Christian services. The idea that every member of the congregation should practice diacony was a strong factor in the Mikkeli diocese as well. The diocese's vision for diacony was holistic; Christian service was the responsibility of every member of the congregation. During the period of study (1945–1991), the theology of diacony was rather tenuous. Bishop Kalevi Toiviainen, however, brought forth the viewpoint of church doctrine and officially sanctioned theology. Diacony was part of the complete faith of the Church.

Apuntes sobre el exilio antiperonista en Montevideo entre 1943 y 1945

Resumen: Entre fines de agosto de 1943 y septiembre de 1945, numerosos opositores al régimen militar vigente en la Argentina se exiliaron en Montevideo. Ellos pertenecían a diversos partidos políticos unidos por un fuerte rechazo y condena al régimen político autoritario. Desarrollaron una prolífica actividad política e intelectual a través de dos organizaciones, Patria Libre y Asociación de Mayo, desde las cuales publicaban respectivamente Pueblo Argentino y Voz Argentina. Si bien los principales opositores al régimen militar que se exiliaron desarrollaron diversas actividades políticas y periodísticas, aún no se han producido estudios detallados sobre las mismas. Teniendo en cuenta la ausencia de conocimiento al respecto, en este artículo presentamos un análisis preliminar sobre el exilio de estos políticos en el Uruguay en el período 1943-1955. En particular, nuestro objetivo específico consiste en analizar todos los artículos que Luciano Molinas, Nicolás Repetto, Santiago Nudelman y José Aguirre Cámara publicaron en Voz Argentina para reflexionar sobre cómo estos actores se percibían a sí mismos frente al gobierno militar argentino y cómo conceptualizaban los fenómenos políticos que ocurrían en su país

Teología, 2015, Tomo LII nº 117 (número completo)

Nota del Director: "La presentación de esta revista Teología coincide con un momento de fiesta grande para nuestra Facultad: la celebración del Congreso del Centenario. De allí que este número quiera expresar la alegría que nos produce encontrarnos a hablar de teología, para recordar nuestras raíces, afrontar las exigencias de los desafíos de nuestro tiempo e imaginar un futuro. La teología es un quehacer creativo: pues es hermenéutica del mundo comprendido desde la fe; porque además es profecía, vinculando el presente con el futuro y haciéndonos responsables de las respuestas para hoy y de los proyectos para el tiempo que se avecina; y también es memoria, reconociendo que ella se hace con una comunidad que nos antecedió, es diálogo con las experiencias pasadas y aprendizaje de quienes hablaron antes que nosotros. En este sentido, pensar debe integrar el tiempo en sus dimensiones. Este número de nuestra revista presenta un grupo de textos que muestran esos diversos registros en los que la teología desarrolla su tarea..."

Sapientia, 2000, Vol. LV, nº 208 (número completo)

Contenido: Estructuras mentales y principios racionales / Lorenzo Vicente Burgoa – Autonomía moral y deliberación en Santo Tomás de Aquino / Ciro E. Schmidt Andrade – Thomas Aquinas and the reality of time / Steven C. Snyder – Fe y razón en Ramón Llull / Marc Egea I Ger – Idealismo y personalismo en Husserl / Francisco Leocata – El discurso no consensuado de Jürgen Habermas / Marisa Villalba de Tablón – Hacia el tercer milenio : el clima posmoderno y la recuperación de la naturaleza humana del hombre (observaciones tomistas) / William R. Darós – Razón, voluntad y praxis / María Celestina Donadío Maggi de Gandolfi – Meditación sobre la felicidad / Alberto Caturelli – “Y llegarán a ser virtuosos” : ley jurídica positiva penal y educación / Héctor H. Hernández – Todos los hombres desean la felicidad / Ignacio E. M. Andereggen – Justicia y derecho en Ley Natural y Derechos Naturales de John Finnis / Carlos I. Massini Correas – El itinerario antiguo y medieval de la negación nominalista de la metafísica / Mario Enrique Sacchi – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

Contos da Câmara 2 : depoimentos de servidores nos 180 anos do Legislativo

Reúne depoimentos de servidores da Câmara do Deputados sobre os acontecimentos que marcaram a história do parlamento brasileiro a partir da segunda metade do século XX. Coletados pelo Núcleo de História Oral da Câmara durante as comemorações dos 180 anos do Poder Legislativo em 2003, os textos retratam a realidade dos primeiros anos vividos no Planalto Central: a carência de infra-estrutura, a falta de opção de atividades de lazer e o profundo sentimento de saudade da antiga capital da República. Mas também levam a reminiscências de momentos divertidos, curiosidades e reflexões animadas e esperançosas sobre a mudança da capital para Brasília. O ponto alto são as experiências vivenciadas nos prédios do Congresso Nacional, a lembrança dos amigos, dos colegas e, especialmente, dos fatos marcantes, que sublinham as significativas mudanças nas rotinas de trabalho da Instituição para se adequar à modernização e às novas exigências da sociedade, no contexto de acontecimentos políticos que modificaram seguidas vezes o cenário do país.

A palavra como arma : análise do discurso do Deputado Mário Covas

Analisa o pronunciamento do Deputado Mário Covas, em dezembro de 1968, em defesa da imunidade parlamentar e da liberdade de palavra, principais ingredientes dos regimes democráticos. Utilizando as propostas formuladas por Norman Fairclough, Patrick Charaudeau e Tereza Halliday, reconstituem-se elementos caracterizadores da enunciação e os principais recursos discursivos utilizados.

[Discurso do Deputado Mário Palmério : Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados de 02 de maio de 1960]

Discurso proferido durante a 1ª Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados em Brasília, nova capital do país. Testemunha júbilo pela transferência da Capital para Brasília.

A palavra como arma : análise do discurso do deputado Mário Covas em defesa da imunidade parlamentar

Questionada em momentos críticos, a imunidade parlamentar é uma das condições essenciais para o bom funcionamento do Legislativo. É isso que se argumenta no pronunciamento do Deputado Mário Covas, de 12 de dezembro de 1968, escolhido por nós para análise por ser um marco na defesa da imunidade parlamentar. O estudo parte de uma leitura do contexto histórico do pronunciamento e de algumas propostas de análise de discurso formuladas por Norman Fairclough, Patrick Charaudeau e, de análise retórica, por Tereza Lúcia Halliday, além da tradição aristotélica. A análise do pronunciamento reconstitui os elementos caracterizadores da enunciação - os antecedentes imediatos, a composição da audiência e o ritual daquela reunião legislativa - e os principais recursos discursivos utilizados - a estrutura do texto, a composição estilística e o ethos do orador. Ao final do trabalho, demonstra-se a importância de garantir a liberdade de palavra, de opiniões e votos, principal ingrediente de qualquer regime democrático.

Dados estatísticos : eleições federais e estaduais : quadros comparativos dos pleitos entre 1945 e 1963

Reúne os quadros comparativos das eleições realizadas nas diversas circunscrições, entre 1945 e 1963. Representa o conjunto das publicações anteriormente feitas pelo Tribunal Superior Eleitoral. Está dividido em cinco partes: eleições federais, eleições estaduais, quadro comparativo dos quocientes eleitorais, observações sobre os partidos extintos e eleições municipais.

Dados estatísticos : eleições federal, estadual e municipal, realizadas no Brasil a partir de 1945

Focaliza os resultados das eleições Federais, Estaduais e Municipais realizadas no Brasil a partir de 2 de dezembro de 1945 e, bem assim, o número do eleitorado brasileiro, nas diversas Unidades da Federação, por Município (sede), até dezembro de 1949. O fato de se haverem esgotado os números do órgão oficial em que foram divulgados os dados referentes aos citados pleitos, justifica, plenamente, a impressão desta coletânea em que foram introduzidas algtimas correções, a fim de sanar ligeiros enganos ocorridos nas publicações anteriores.