Soil fertility and nutrient status of traditional Gayo coffee agroforestry systems in the Takengon region, Aceh Province, Indonesia

Little is known about the traditional coffee cultivation systems in Central Aceh, Indonesia, where coffee production is a major source of income for local Gayo people. Based on field observations and farmer interviews, 14 representative agroforestry coffee plantations of different age classes (60-70 years, 30-40 years, and 20 years) as well as seven adjacent grassland and native forest sites were selected for this study, and soil and coffee leaf samples collected for nutrient analysis. Significant differences in soil and coffee leaf parameters were found between former native forest and Sumatran pine (Pinus merkusii) forest as previous land cover indicating the importance of the land use history for today’s coffee cultivation. Soil pH as well as exchangeable Na and Ca concentrations were significantly lower on coffee plantations compared to grassland and forest sites. Soil C, N, plant available P, exchangeable K, and Mg concentrations showed no consistent differences between land use groups. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations of coffee leaves were in the sufficiency range, whereas zinc (Zn) contents were found to be consistently below the sufficiency threshold and significantly lower in coffee plantations of previous pine forest cover compared to those of previous native forest cover. While the results of this study provided insights into the nutrient status of coffee plantations in Central Aceh, the heterogeneity of site conditions, limited sampling size, and scarcity of reliable data about the land use history and initial soil conditions of sampled sites preclude more definitive conclusions about the sustainability of the studied systems.

Status and Potential of Smallholder Livestock Production Systems in Xishuangbanna, southern P.R. China

With Chinas rapid economic development during the last decades, the national demand for livestock products has quadrupled within the last 20 years. Most of that increase in demand has been answered by subsidized industrialized production systems, while million of smallholders, which still provide the larger share of livestock products in the country, have been neglected. Fostering those systems would help China to lower its strong urban migration streams, enhance the livelihood of poorer rural population and provide environmentally save livestock products which have a good chance to satisfy customers demand for ecological food. Despite their importance, China’s smallholder livestock keepers have not yet gained appropriate attention from governmental authorities and researchers. However, profound analysis of those systems is required so that adequate support can lead to a better resource utilization and productivity in the sector. To this aim, this pilot study analyzes smallholder livestock production systems in Xishuangbanna, located in southern China. The area is bordered by Lao and Myanmar and geographically counts as tropical region. Its climate is characterized by dry and temperate winters and hot summers with monsoon rains from May to October. While the regionis plain, at about 500 m asl above sea level in the south, outliers of the Himalaya mountains reach out into the north of Xishuangbanna, where the highest peak reaches 2400 m asl. Except of one larger city, Jinghong, Xishuangbanna mainly is covered by tropical rainforest, areas under agricultural cultivation and villages. The major income is generated through inner-Chinese tourism and agricultural production. Intensive rubber plantations are distinctive for the lowland plains while small-scaled traditional farms are scattered in the mountane regions. In order to determine the current state and possible future chances of smallholder livestock production in that region, this study analyzed the current status of the smallholder livestock sector in the Naban River National Nature Reserve (NRNNR), an area which is largely representative for the whole prefecture. It covers an area of about 50square kilometer and reaches from 470 up to 2400 m asl. About 5500 habitants of different ethnic origin are situated in 24 villages. All data have been collected between October 2007 and May 2010. Three major objectives have been addressed in the study: 1. Classifying existing pig production systems and exploring respective pathways for development 2. Quantifying the performance of pig breeding systemsto identify bottlenecks for production 3. Analyzing past and current buffalo utilization to determine the chances and opportunities of buffalo keeping in the future In order to classify the different pig production s ystems, a baseline survey (n=204, stratified cluster sampling) was carried out to gain data about livestock species, numbers, management practices, cultivated plant species and field sizes as well associo-economic characteristics. Sampling included two clusters at village level (altitude, ethnic affiliation), resulting in 13 clusters of which 13-17 farms were interviewed respectively. Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CatPCA) and a two-step clustering algorithm have been applied to identify determining farm characteristics and assort recorded households into classes of livestock production types. The variables keep_sow_yes/no, TLU_pig, TLU_buffalo, size_of_corn_fields, altitude_class, size_of_tea_plantationand size_of_rubber_fieldhave been found to be major determinants for the characterization of the recorded farms. All farms have extensive or semi-intensive livestock production, pigs and buffaloes are predominant livestock species while chicken and aquaculture are available but play subordinate roles for livelihoods. All pig raisers rely on a single local breed, which is known as Small Ear Pig (SMEP) in the region. Three major production systemshave been identified: Livestock-corn based LB; 41%), rubber based (RB; 39%) and pig based (PB;20%) systems. RB farms earn high income from rubber and fatten 1.9 ±1.80 pigs per household (HH), often using purchased pig feed at markets. PB farms own similar sized rubber plantations and raise 4.7 ±2.77 pigs per HH, with fodder mainly being cultivated and collected in theforest. LB farms grow corn, rice and tea and keep 4.6 ±3.32 pigs per HH, also fed with collected and cultivated fodder. Only 29% of all pigs were marketed (LB: 20%; RB: 42%; PB: 25%), average annual mortality was 4.0 ±4.52 pigs per farm (LB: 4.6 ±3.68; RB: 1.9 ±2.14; PB: 7.1 ±10.82). Pig feed mainly consists of banana pseudo stem, corn and rice hives and is prepared in batches about two to three times per week. Such fodder might be sufficient in energy content but lacks appropriate content of protein. Pigs therefore suffer from malnutrition, which becomes most critical in the time before harvest season around October. Farmers reported high occurrences of gastrointestinal parasites in carcasses and often pig stables were wet and filled with manure. Deficits in nutritional and hygienic management are major limits for development and should be the first issues addressed to improve productivity. SME pork was found to be known and referred by local customers in town and by richer lowland farmers. However, high prices and lacking availability of SME pork at local wet-markets were the reasons which limited purchase. If major management constraints are overcome, pig breeders (PB and LB farms) could increase the share of marketed pigs for town markets and provide fatteners to richer RB farmers. RB farmers are interested in fattening pigs for home consumption but do not show any motivation for commercial pig raising. To determine the productivity of input factors in pig production, eproductive performance, feed quality and quantity as well as weight development of pigs under current management were recorded. The data collection included a progeny history survey covering 184 sows and 437 farrows, bi-weekly weighing of 114 pigs during a 16-months time-span on 21 farms (10 LB and 11 PB) as well as the daily recording of feed quality and quantity given to a defined number of pigs on the same 21 farms. Feed samples of all recorded ingredients were analyzed for their respective nutrient content. Since no literature values on thedigestibility of banana pseudo stem – which is a major ingredient of traditional pig feed in NRNNR – were found, a cross-sectional digestibility trial with 2x4 pigs has been conducted on a station in the research area. With the aid of PRY Herd Life Model, all data have been utilized to determine thesystems’ current (Status Quo = SQ) output and the productivity of the input factor “feed” in terms of saleable life weight per kg DM feed intake and monetary value of output per kg DM feed intake.Two improvement scenarios were simulated, assuming 1) that farmers adopt a culling managementthat generates the highest output per unit input (Scenario 1; SC I) and 2) that through improved feeding, selected parameters of reproduction are improved by 30% (SC II). Daily weight gain averaged 55 ± 56 g per day between day 200 and 600. The average feed energy content of traditional feed mix was 14.92 MJ ME. Age at first farrowing averaged 14.5 ± 4.34 months, subsequent inter-farrowing interval was 11.4 ± 2.73 months. Littersize was 5.8 piglets and weaning age was 4.3 ± 0.99 months. 18% of piglets died before weaning. Simulating pig production at actualstatus, it has been show that monetary returns on inputs (ROI) is negative (1:0.67), but improved (1:1.2) when culling management was optimized so that highest output is gained per unit feed input. If in addition better feeding, controlled mating and better resale prices at fixed dates were simulated, ROI further increased to 1:2.45, 1:2.69, 1:2.7 and 1:3.15 for four respective grower groups. Those findings show the potential of pork production, if basic measures of improvement are applied. Futureexploration of the environment, including climate, market-season and culture is required before implementing the recommended measures to ensure a sustainable development of a more effective and resource conserving pork production in the future. The two studies have shown that the production of local SME pigs plays an important role in traditional farms in NRNNR but basic constraints are limiting their productivity. However, relatively easy approaches are sufficient for reaching a notable improvement. Also there is a demand for more SME pork on local markets and, if basic constraints have been overcome, pig farmers could turn into more commercial producers and provide pork to local markets. By that, environmentally safe meat can be offered to sensitive consumers while farmers increase their income and lower the risk of external shocks through a more diverse income generating strategy. Buffaloes have been found to be the second important livestock species on NRNNR farms. While they have been a core resource of mixed smallholderfarms in the past, the expansion of rubber tree plantations and agricultural mechanization are reasons for decreased swamp buffalo numbers today. The third study seeks to predict future utilization of buffaloes on different farm types in NRNNR by analyzing the dynamics of its buffalo population and land use changes over time and calculating labor which is required for keeping buffaloes in view of the traction power which can be utilized for field preparation. The use of buffaloes for field work and the recent development of the egional buffalo population were analyzed through interviews with 184 farmers in 2007/2008 and discussions with 62 buffalo keepers in 2009. While pig based farms (PB; n=37) have abandoned buffalo keeping, 11% of the rubber based farms (RB; n=71) and 100% of the livestock-corn based farms (LB; n=76) kept buffaloes in 2008. Herd size was 2.5 ±1.80 (n=84) buffaloes in early 2008 and 2.2 ±1.69 (n=62) in 2009. Field work on own land was the main reason forkeeping buffaloes (87.3%), but lending work buffaloes to neighbors (79.0%) was also important. Other purposes were transport of goods (16.1%), buffalo trade (11.3%) and meat consumption(6.4%). Buffalo care required 6.2 ±3.00 working hours daily, while annual working time of abuffalo was 294 ±216.6 hours. The area ploughed with buffaloes remained constant during the past 10 years despite an expansion of land cropped per farm. Further rapid replacement of buffaloes by tractors is expected in the near future. While the work economy is drastically improved by the use of tractors, buffaloes still can provide cheap work force and serve as buffer for economic shocks on poorer farms. Especially poor farms, which lack alternative assets that could quickly be liquidizedin times of urgent need for cash, should not abandon buffalo keeping. Livestock has been found to be a major part of small mixed farms in NRNNR. The general productivity was low in both analyzed species, buffaloes and pigs. Productivity of pigs can be improved through basic adjustments in feeding, reproductive and hygienic management, and with external support pig production could further be commercialized to provide pork and weaners to local markets and fattening farms. Buffalo production is relatively time intensive, and only will be of importance in the future to very poor farms and such farms that cultivate very small terraces on steep slopes. These should be encouraged to further keep buffaloes. With such measures, livestock production in NRNNR has good chances to stay competitive in the future.

Effect of initial status and growth in pseudoword reading on Spanish reading comprehension at the end of first grade

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

A Modest Proposal to Clarify the Status of Coca in the United Nations Conventions

The implementation of anti-drug policies that focus on illicit crops in the Andean countries faces many significant obstacles, one of which is the cultural clash it generates between the main stakeholders. On the one hand one finds the governments and agencies that attempt to implement crop substitution and eradication policies and on the other the peasant and natives communities that have traditionally grown and used coca or those peasants who have found in coca an instrument of power and political leverage that they never had before. The confrontation about coca eradication, alternative development and other anti-drug policies in coca growing areas transcends drug related issues and is part of a wider and deeper confrontation that reflects the long-term unsolved conflicts of the Andean societies. All Andean countries have stratified and fragmented societies in which peasants and Indians have been excluded from power. In Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru most peasants belong to native communities many of which have remained segregated from “white” society. The mixing of the races (mestizaje) in Colombia occurred early during the Conquest and Colony. Those of Indian descent became subservient to the Spanish and Creoles. The society that evolved was (and still is) highly hierarchical, authoritarian, and has subjacent racist values. The resulting political system has been exclusionary of large portions of the population. Among Indian communities coca has been used for millennia and its use has become an identity symbol of their resistance against what may be looked at as foreign invasion. “The Andean Indian chews coca because that way he affirms his identity as son and owner of the land that yesterday the Spaniard took away and today the landowner keeps away from him. To chew coca is to be Indian...and to quietly and obstinately challenge the contemporary lords that descend from the old encomenderos and the older conquistadors” (Vidart, 1991: 61, author’s translation). In Andean literature on illegal drugs as well as in seminars, colloquia and other meetings where drug policies are debated, complaints are frequently expressed about the treatment of coca in the same category as cocaine, heroin, morphine amphetamines and other “hard” drugs. The complainants assert that “coca is not cocaine” and that it is unfair to classify coca, a nature given plant which has been used for millennia in the Andes without significant negative effects on users, in the same category as man made psychotropic drugs. They also argue that coca has manifold social and religious meanings in indigenous cultures, that coca is sacred and that the requirement of the1961 Single Convention demanding that Bolivia and Peru completely eradicate coca within 25 years is limiting Indigenous communities in their freedom to practice their religions. In most debates about drug interdiction, the views of those who oppose that approach are not accepted as legitimate. Indeed, “prohibitionists” demonize drugs and those who oppose drug policies in Latin America frequently demonize the United States as the imperialist power that imposes them. This dual polarization is a main obstacle to establish a meaningful policy debate aimed at broadening the policy consensus necessary for successful policy implementation. This essay surveys the status of coca in the United Nations Conventions, explains why it is confusing, and how a few changes would eliminate some of the sources of conflict and help organize and control licit coca markets in the Andes. The current disorganized and weakly controlled legal coca market in Peru has been analyzed to demonstrate its deficiencies and to illustrate possible improvements in international drug control policies.

Equilibrio de poderes y libertad en Montesquieu. Una mirada a la tentativa de asignación de status político a los paramilitares durante los procesos de desmovilización en Colombia. Periodo 2002-2010

La presente monografía propone retomar la teoría clásica de equilibrio de poderes y libertad de Montesquieu y examinar su vigencia. Para ello, como objetivo se buscó establecer de qué manera la tentativa de asignación de status político a los paramilitares, durante los procesos de desmovilización entre los años 2002 – 2010, afectó el equilibrio de poderes y la libertad política en Colombia en términos de Montesquieu. Se formula que, pese a un efectivo resguardo de la condición de equilibrio de poderes en el ámbito estatal, la existencia de determinados factores de orden social amenazó la libertad política de los ciudadanos por cuanto la misma se complementa con una condición de seguridad. Se encontró que los planteamientos del autor francés se aplican en sus términos más esenciales para efectuar análisis situacionales, independientemente de su dimensión temporal, algo propio de las teorías clásicas en las disciplinas académicas.

Internal Displacement, the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, the Principles Normative Status, and the Need for their Effective Domestic Implementation in Colombia.

El artículo analiza el fenómeno del desplazamiento forzado alrededor del mundo, así como la génesis del mandato de las Naciones Unidas para luchar contra este problema. Examina las conclusiones clave del estudio de la ONU que encontró que las normas existentes del derecho internacional tienen varios vacíos y zonas grises relativos a las necesidades de los desplazados internos. También analiza los orígenes y el contenido de los principios guía del desplazamiento interno, así como el estatus normativo de los mismos. Así mismo, sugiere que, a pesar de no ser vinculante para los Estados, estos principios guía se convirtieron en la expresión más autorizada de los estándares mínimos aplicables a los desplazados internos como consecuencia de la práctica estatal, es decir, que la mayoría de estos principios se volverán costumbre internacional. El artículo también señala la necesidad de que haya una implementación efectiva en el derecho interno de estos principios guía; examina cómo las autoridades gubernamentales, la Corte Constitucional y la sociedad civil en Colombia, así como las entidades intergubernamentales, respondieron a la crisis del desplazamiento interno en el país. Observando el marco legal colombiano en desplazamiento interno, el artículo concluye que el Estado no ha tomado las medidas necesarias requeridas para prevenir futuros desplazamientos o para asegurar una protección y asistencia efectivas para resolver las necesidades de los desplazados internos.

Executive functions in school-aged children: age and socioeconomic status effects

Lately, the study of prefrontal executive functions in grade scholars has noticeably increased. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of age and socioeconomic status (sEs) on executive tasks performance and to analyze those socioeconomic variables that predict a better execution. A sample of 254 children aged between 7 and 12 years from the city of santa Fe, Argentina and belonging to different socioeconomic status were tested. A bat- tery of executive functions sensitive to prefrontal function was used to obtain the results. These in- dicate a significant influence of age and SES on executive functions. The cognitive patterns follow a different path according to the development and sEs effect. Besides, it is revealed a pattern of low cognitive functioning in low-sEs children in all executive functions. Finally, from the variables included in this study, it was found that only the educational level of the mother and the housing conditions are associated to the children’s executive function. The results are discussed in terms of the influence of the cerebral maturation and the envi- ronmental variables in the executive functioning.

Expectativas, status y uso de engaño en la investigación experimental con tareas de categorización semántica.

Esta memoria de Licenciatura es una réplica constructiva de una investigación típica sobre sesgos experimentales y tiene como objeto intentar aportar alguna luz sobre este tema. Se muestran cuatro de los sesgos más estudiados: las expectativas del investigador, status del investigador, el uso del engaño y el sesgo del experimentador. Fase previa: 30 sujetos (15 hombres y 15 mujeres) con características similares a los de la fase experimental. Fase experimental: 156 alumnos de BUP y primeros cursos de Psicología (83 mujeres y 73 hombres). Se siguió un diseño similar al utilizado por Darias y Prieto (1990), aunque aumentado con otro factor, con lo que se obtuvo un diseño factorial 2x2x2x2 inter (expectativa x status x engaño x sexo del experimentador). Todos los factores se cruzan. Las variables dependientes fueron: número de respuestas condicionadas y el grado en que los sujetos advertían el intento de condicionamiento. Cuestionario de 30 ítems preparado al efecto. Las expectativas pueden provocar conductas artifactuales si no se controlan debidamente. Sin embargo, en tareas donde no se maximiza la varianza primaria (tareas ex profeso ambiguas) este efecto puede considerarse no pertinente. Los investigadores normalmente saben tomar las medidas adecuadas para que ello no ocurra. Los resultados no mostraron ni efectos principales, ni interacciones entre el experimentador y los sujetos experimentales. El sexo de los sujetos experimentales proporciona datos importantes, lo que hace necesario el incluir en los análisis esta variable, bien sea como variable de estudio o como covariable. Es cierto que existe una gran cantidad de sesgos y problemas técnicos que pueden aparecer en la investigación (sea ésta experimental o no). Sin embargo, creemos que es posible resolverlos casi en su totalidad, si se lleva a cabo un diseño adecuado y un correcto adiestramiento de los experimentadores (observadores, Anguera, 1990).

La percepción del rol sexual de niños y niñas, medida según variables de edad, inteligencia, sexo y status socioecónomico.

Esta tesis pretende verificar la relevancia de la edad, la procedencia socioeconómica, el sexo y la inteligencia sobre el rol sexual. 634 sujetos, alumnos de EGB de varios colegios públicos y privados. Sus edades oscilan entre los 9 y 14 años. 348 son varones y 286 hembras. Se utilizó un diseño factorial completo de factores cruzados, 3x2x2, lo cual supone 12 combinaciones de niveles factoriales. El primer factor era la variable clasificatoria como edad cronológica, con tres niveles: 9-10 años, 11-13 años y 13-14 años. El segundo factor, status socio-económico con dos niveles: bajo y medio. El tercer factor, sexo. El cuarto factor, rol sexual, medido a través de las respuestas de cada sujeto con respecto al Bem Sex Rol Inventory. El quinto factor, inteligencia, medida a través de matrices progresivas Raven. Variables irrelevantes: los experimentadores, la disciplina del aula, hora y lugar. Test de inteligencia de Raven. Prueba de rol sexual, Bem Sex Role Inventory. 1. No existe relación causal entre inteligencia y rol sexual ni en los sujetos varones ni en las hembras. 2. La edad y el status socioeconómico determinan el rol sexual. 3. Los varones de 13 y 14 años y de status socioeconómico medio tienen un rol sexual más masculino que los varones de procedencia socioeconómica baja de la misma edad. 4. Las niñas, independientemente de la edad y la procedencia socioeconómica, tienen un rol sexual marcadamente femenino. 5. El sexo de un sujeto determina la conducta y actitudes que configuran y definen su rol sexual. 6. Las niñas son más femeninas que los niños masculinos, en cualquier edad y status socioeconómico. Los resultados de esta investigación fueron contrastados con las cinco teorías vigentes sobre el rol sexual: cognitiva, refuerzo, modelado, psicoanálisis e interaccionismo simbólico, observándose una divergencia con las predicciones de la hipótesis cognitiva, y un ajuste parcial con las Teorías del Refuerzo, Psicoanálisis e Interaccionismo Simbólico.

Current status of knowledge about suicide in people with cancer

Aim: To review the current knowledge about suicide in cancer patients. Method: We searchedspecialized databases using keywords for articles published in the last two decades (1990-2010),and compiled and reviewed them in order to: indicate the prevalence of suicide in cancer patientsworldwide and in Colombia, differentiating the data by sex and age; establish the types of cancerthat are associated with suicide, identify risk factors for committing or considering suicide andpresent the strategies of professional and psychological intervention directed at cancer patientswith suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. The present article is a review of the information on thesubject. Results: We found that: in cancer patients, the suicide rate is two times higher thanin the general population; depression, suicidal ideation and location of cancer are some of therisk factors for suicide, and there is a lack of published guidelines for professional managementof the suicidal patient with cancer. Conclusion: The need to carry out research on the topic ofsuicide in cancer patients was established.

The determinants of the health status in a developing country: results from the Colombian case

El artículo busca encontrar evidencia empírica de los determinantes de la salud, como una medición de capital salud en un país en desarrollo después de una profunda reforma en el sector salud. Siguiendo el modelo de Grossman (1972) y tomando factores institucionales, además de las variables individuales y socioeconómicas. Se usaron las encuestas de 1997 y 2000 donde se responde subjetivamente sobre el estado de salud y tipo de afiliación al sistema de salud. El proceso de estimación usado es un probit ordenado. Los resultados muestran una importante conexión entre las variables individuales, institucionales y socioeconómicas con el estado de salud. El efecto de tipo de acceso al sistema de salud presiona las inequidades en salud.

La percepción del rol sexual de niños y niñas medida según variables de edad, sexo, inteligencia y status socioeconómico.

Aportar nuevos datos empíricos sobre el rol sexual que permitan reforzar o rebatir las posiciones teóricas actuales. Hipótesis: la inteligencia determina el rol sexual masculino y femenino. El status socioeconómico y la edad determinan el rol sexual. El sexo determina el rol sexual. Se eligieron a 634 alumnos de EGB pertenecientes a colegios privados y públicos de la provincia de Tenerife. La elección se hizo de un total de 423 colegios públicos y de 141 colegios privados. La edad oscilaba entre 9 y 14 años. Se lleva a cabo un estudio correlacional con las variables sexo, edad, status socioeconómico, inteligencia y socialización. Se contrastan los resultados con las cinco teorías vigentes sobre el rol sexual. Test de matrices progresivas de Raven, escala especial (aplicada hasta los 12 años). Entrevistas. Cuestionario 'Bem Sex Role Inventory'. La técnica del Braimstorming. La interpretación de los datos depende fundamentalmente de los presupuestos teóricos utilizados. Se observa una divergencia con las predicciones de la hipótesis cognitiva, y un ajuste parcial con las teorías del refuerzo, modelado, psicoanalítica e interaccionismo simbólico.

Status sociométrico y personalidad.

Estudiar la relación entre personalidad y status sociométrico. 3 grupos de octavo de EGB de 45 y 46 sujetos respectivamente de un colegio de Salamanca. Expone los fundamentos de la sociometría, las técnicas de investigación sociométrica y analiza la relación entre status sociométrico y personalidad, y después realiza un estudio experimental sobre ambos aspectos utilizando técnicas psicométricas. Test sociométrico e inventario de la Personalidad de Guilfor-Zimmerman. El test que se ha aplicado consta de tres criterios y un número ilimitado de elecciones. Estos tres criterios hacen referencia al estudio, diversión y ayuda a los demás. La prueba exigida a los alumnos evalúa la relación con los compañeros de clase, es decir, a cada alumno se le pide que elija a sus compañeros por orden de preferencia. Después se aplica el inventario para saber en que medida influye la personalidad de cada sujeto en las elecciones y rechazos que recibe, y después se examinan los casos que hayan obtenido el mayor número de elecciones y de rechazos. 1) En función del criterio estudio, un sujeto ha sido elegido por 15 compañeros de los cuales 3 lo han hecho en primer lugar, lo que significa que se encuentran en la normalidad, los factores de control y sociabilidad, y un poco más alto en actividad general, pero moderadamente bajo en los factores de ascendencia, benevolencia y masculinidad y bastante bajos son los factores de estabilidad emocional, objetividad y sobre todo reflexión e integración. 2) Respecto al rechazo en el criterio de estudio, existe un sujeto que tiene un número significativo de rechazos, son 16 compañeros los que le rechazan, de los cuales 4 lo hacen en primer lugar. También es rechazado en el criterio ayuda, en el que obtiene 14 rechazos y 4 en primer lugar. A este sujeto se le puede considerar equilibrado en los factores de actividad general, ascendencia, sociabilidad, objetividad y masculinidad. Es alto el factor de estabilidad emocional, pero bajos, el control y la integración, y muy bajos benevolencia y reflexión. 3) En función del criterio ayuda, un sujeto ha sido elegido por 15 compañeros, pero sólo 1 en primer lugar. Se encuentra dentro de la normalidad en los factores de objetividad, control, ascendencia, estabilidad emocional, masculinidad, benevolencia e integración. La puntuación más alta la ha obtenido en el factor reflexión. 4) En el criterio ayuda existe un sujeto con 13 rechazos, de los cuales sólo 1 es en primer lugar. Se encuentra dentro de la normalidad en los factores de actividad general, ascendencia, sociabilidad, estabilidad emocional, benevolencia, reflexión e intregración. Un poco por debajo de la media se encuentra el factor control y por encima los factores de objetividad y masculinidad. 5) Respecto al criterio diversión, existe un sujeto que tiene 13 rechazos, ninguno de los cuales son en primer lugar. Por consiguiente no se le puede considerar un rechazado. Se halla dentro de la normalidad en la variable control, benevolencia, integración y masculinidad. Bajo en estabilidad emocional, objetividad y reflexión. Altas se encuentran las variables de actividad general, ascendencia y sociabilidad. 6) En el criterio diversión existe un sujeto que ha sido elegido por 12 de sus compañeros, de los cuales 2 lo han hecho en primer lugar. Se encuentra dentro de la normalidad en los factores de actividad general, ascendencia, sociabilidad y benevolencia. Un poco más bajo está en el factor de masculinidad. Son bajas también las puntuaciones en los factores de reflexión e integración, el factor más bajo es el control. Por encima de la media se encuentra en los factores de objetividad y estabilidad emocional siendo este último el más alto de todos. Se puede afirmar que existe una clara relación entre el status sociométrico y los rasgos de personalidad, a pesar de que existen algunas contradicciones entre los resultados del test.

Influence of gender and educational status on fluent adults speech fluency. 'Influencia del género y el nivel educativo en la fluidez del habla en personas adultas'.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Resumen en español

La historia del currículum en Estados Unidos : status y agenda de investigación.

Se expone un trabajo de investigación sobre la historia del currículum en los Estados Unidos a partir de finales de la década de 1960 y comienzos de la de 1970. Es a partir de estos años cuando los estudiosos empiezan a comprometerse con debates historiográficos que atañen a las asignaturas, el propósito, la metodología y la agenda de investigación de la historia del currículum, que le otorga identidad propia. El objetivo es el examen de dichos debates historiográficos, teniendo en cuenta todo lo que revelan sobre el estado de la investigación referida a la historia curricular.