In search of work. International migration of women in Latin America and the Caribbean. Selected bibliography

Includes bibliography

Non-tax revenue of subnational governments: theoretical background, experience from an international perspective and recommendations

Includes bibliography

Jamaica: agroindustry in a changing global environment: international insertion and specialization, competitiveness and market opportunities

Includes bibliography

ESSAYS ON INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SPILLOVERS

The dissertation consists of three essays on international research and development spillovers. In the first essay, I investigate the degree to which differences in institutional arrangements among Sub-Saharan African countries determine the extent of benefits they derive from foreign research and development spillovers. In particular, I compare the international research and development spillovers for English common law and French civil law Sub-Saharan African countries. I show that differences in the legal origin of the company law or commercial codes in these countries may reflect the extent of barriers they place in the paths of firms that engage in the investment process. To tests this hypothesis, I constructed foreign R&D spillovers variable using imports as weights and employed the endogenous growth framework to estimate elasticities of productivity with respect to foreign R&D spillovers for a sample of 17 English common law and French Civil law Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 1980-2004. My results find support for the hypothesis. In particular, foreign R&D spillovers were higher in the English common law countries than in the French civil law countries. In the second essay, I examine the question of whether technical cooperation grants and overseas development assistance grants induce R&D knowledge spillovers in Sub-Saharan African countries. I test this hypothesis using data for 11 Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 1980-2004. I constructed foreign R&D spillovers using the technical cooperation grants and overseas development assistance grants as weights and employed the endogenous growth framework to provide quantitative estimates of foreign R&D spillover effects in 11 Sub-Saharan African countries. I find that technical cooperation grants and overseas development assistance grants are major mechanisms through which returns to R&D investments in G7 countries flows to Sub-Saharan African countries. However, their influence has declined over the years. Finally, the third essay tests the hypothesis that the relationship between a country's exporters and their foreign purchasing agents may lead to the exchange of ideas and thereby improve the manufacturing process and productivity in the exporting country. I test this hypothesis using disaggregated export data from OECD countries. The foreign R&D capital stock in this essay was constructed as exports weighted average of domestic R&D capital stock. I find empirical support for the hypothesis. In particular, capital goods exports generate more learning effects and therefore best explain productivity in OECD countries than non-capital goods exports.

The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in International Cooperation in Public Health

This article discusses the possibility of the NGOs acting on international health cooperation and how this acting is regulated. Firstly, the international cooperation and its relation with public health is presented. After that, data on Brazilian bilateral health cooperation are brought in, in which it is possible to find the formal recognition of NGOs as partners of States. This allows the consideration of the role of NGOs in health cooperation. Although the action of NGOs is legitimated by international law, their regulation is just beginning. This suggests important issues to be improved in the legal relation between NGOs and States in the field of public health.

Financial Cooperation in East Asia

This paper addresses the rationale for financial cooperation in East Asia. It begins by giving a brief review of developments after the Asian currency crisis, and argues that enhancing regional financial cooperation both quantitatively and qualitatively will require: (1) upgrading surveillance capabilities in the region, and (2) creating a clear division of labor between regional institutions and the IMF. It also mentions the issue of membership and the background forces that have led to the duplication of similar forums in East Asia. Although the concern over crisis management is the central issue in East Asian financial cooperation, other issues such as exchange rate policy coordination and fostering regional capital markets are discussed as well.

International environmental and development policy cooperation and the transition process of the Central and Eastern European countries

The political and economic changes in countries of the Central and Eastern European region during the recent two decades had significant implications on their participation in international environmental policy-making. These changes were motivated by the changing international political priorities and economic interests, realization of their part in the "common but differentiated responsibility" for the global environmental processes and the relatively modest capacities for international development cooperation. The situation of these countries was acknowledged by the international community by granting specific provisions to these "economies in transition" in international environmental policy mechanisms. In spite of the rapidly diverging external relations of the various groups of these countries, to some extent and in different forms the transition phase is still prevailing and has its effect on the ongoing international environmental negotiations. The paper describes the background of these changes, demonstrates the specific provisions for these countries that made possible their participation in the common efforts to tackle the emerging global and regional environmental problems by acceding to the relevant international mechanisms.

Relat??rio final do projeto desenvolvimento de capacidade de lideran??a (Brasil-Canad??)

Desde o in??cio de 2000, a Canada School of Public Service (CSPS) e a Escola Nacional de Administra????o P??blica (ENAP) demonstraram interesse na possibilidade de coopera????o para desenvolver capacidades de gest??o de servidores p??blicos brasileiros. Um acordo assinado em 2003, inicialmente foi planejado para ser uma parceria de tr??s anos entre as duas escolas. No entanto, a parceria continua at?? hoje e agora estamos no final do segundo, e ??ltimo projeto de coopera????o t??cnica financiado pela Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) entre Brasil e Canad??, denominado ???Desenvolvimento da Capacidade de Governan??a???. Este relat??rio representa o resultado deste segundo projeto, o qual ampliou o esfor??o de capacita????o da primeira parceria, focando agora em funcion??rios p??blicos mais pr??ximos da "linha de frente" da presta????o de servi??os, aumentando assim a efic??cia do governo nessas ??reas. O projeto mostrou ser bem-sucedido, principalmente, porque seguiu de perto os princ??pios do desenvolvimento eficaz e sustent??vel. Considerando a sua miss??o de desenvolver compet??ncias de servidores p??blicos, a ENAP deu prioridade, dentro deste projeto de coopera????o com o Canad??, a atividades que visam refor??ar a capacidade de governan??a do pa??s, trabalhando em conjunto com escolas em cinco regi??es: Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul, com especial ??nfase nas ??reas mais pobres do pa??s, localizadas nas regi??es Norte e Nordeste. Foram participantes-chave neste projeto: i) seis escolas brasileiras regionais de administra????o p??blica; ii) uma das principais institui????es acad??micas do Canad?? - Queen's University, e iii) o Minist??rio do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate ?? Fome e tr??s Secretarias de Ra??a, Direitos Humanos e Pol??ticas para as Mulheres. Neste projeto, a CSPS compartilhou suas metodologias em educa????o a dist??ncia, lideran??a e gest??o p??blica. Trabalhando com parceiros brasileiros, ela tamb??m transferiu e adaptou curr??culos e conte??dos de seus cursos. A CIDA forneceu $1.845.000,00 por meio da Programa de Interc??mbio de Conhecimentos para a Promo????o da Eq??idade (PIPE) Brasil-Canad??. A ENAP e as EPBs contribu??ram com $993,752 e a CSPS contribuiu com material de curso, conhecimento e apoio t??cnico no valor de $ 1.000.000

Acordo amaz??nico de ci??ncia, tecnologia e inova????o em sa??de: uma experi??ncia de integra????o regional

O presente artigo incorpora a experi??ncia de integra????o regional amaz??nica sob a ??gide do Acordo Amaz??nico de Ci??ncia, Tecnologia e Inova????o em Sa??de. Reconhecendo a import??ncia estrat??gica dessa regi??o detentora de inestim??veis patrim??nios em s??cio e biodiversidades, o Governo Federal declara, em 2003, a Amaz??nia uma prioridade para o combate ??s desigualdades e ao desenvolvimento socioecon??mico, articulando, desde ent??o, f??runs com minist??rios e institui????es regionais, embasados no Programa de Desenvolvimento Sustent??vel da Amaz??nia. Com o objetivo de implementar a????es para produ????o de saber cient??fico voltado ?? realidade local e para a integra????o da pesquisa b??sica e aplicada, ensino e tecnologia, incentiva-se a coopera????o com outras institui????es afins regionais, nacionais e internacionais. Uma dessas a????es resultou, em 2004, na formaliza????o do Acordo Multilateral de Coopera????o T??cnico-Cient??fica em Sa??de das Institui????es da Amaz??nia, cuja proposta baseia-se na constitui????o de uma rede de pesquisa, forma????o de recursos humanos, coopera????o t??cnica com gestores do SUS e coopera????o internacional em sa??de, objetivando desenvolver atividades de investiga????o conjunta para conhecer as realidades s??cios sanit??rias e epidemiol??gicas da regi??o e implementar respostas do sistema de sa??de e de ci??ncia, tecnologia e inova????o.

A internet e o sistema de justiça

The subject of study of this Thesis aims to highlight and recognize as an object of reflection the undoubted relationship between the Internet and the Justice System, based on the issue of digital evidence. The simultaneously crossing of the juridical-legal implications and the more technical computer issues is the actual trigger for the discussion of the issues established. The Convention on Cybercrime of the Council of Europe of 23rd November 2001 and the Council Framework Decision n.° 2005/222/JHA of 24th February 2005 were avant-garde in terms of the international work about the crimes in the digital environment. In addition they enabled the harmonization of national legislations on the matter and, consequently, a greater flexibility in international judicial cooperation. Portugal, in compliance with these international studies, ratified, implemented and approved Law n. º 109/2009 of 15th September concerning the Cybercrime Act, establishing a more specific investigation and collection of evidence in electronic support when it comes to combating this type of crime, as it reinforced the Substantive Criminal Law and Procedural Nature. Nevertheless, the constant debates about the New Technologies of Information and Communication have not neglected the positive role of these tools for the user. However, they express a particular concern for their counterproductive effects; a special caution prevails on the part of the judge in assessing the digital evidence, especially circumstantial evidence, due to the its fragility. Indisputably, the practice of crimes through the computer universe, given its inexorable technical complexity, entails many difficulties for the forensic investigation, since the proofs hold temporary, changeable, volatile, and dispersed features. In this pillar, after the consummation of iter criminis, the Fundamental Rights of the suspects may be debated in the course of the investigation and the construction of iter probatorium. The intent of this Thesis is to contribute in a reflective way on the issues presented in order to achieve a bigger technical and legal awareness regarding the collection of digital proof, looking for a much lighter approach to its suitability in terms of evidentiary value.

The impact of Chagas disease control in Latin America: a review

Discovered in 1909, Chagas disease was progressively shown to be widespread throughout Latin America, affecting millions of rural people with a high impact on morbidity and mortality. With no vaccine or specific treatment available for large-scale public health interventions, the main control strategy relies on prevention of transmission, principally by eliminating the domestic insect vectors and control of transmission by blood transfusion. Vector control activities began in the 1940s, initially by means of housing improvement and then through insecticide spraying following successful field trials in Brazil (Bambui Research Centre), with similar results soon reproduced in São Paulo, Argentina, Venezuela and Chile. But national control programmes only began to be implemented after the 1970s, when technical questions were overcome and the scientific demonstration of the high social impact of Chagas disease was used to encourage political determination in favour of national campaigns (mainly in Brazil). Similarly, large-scale screening of infected blood donors in Latin America only began in the 1980s following the emergence of AIDS. By the end of the last century it became clear that continuous control in contiguous endemic areas could lead to the elimination of the most highly domestic vector populations - especially Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus - as well as substantial reductions of other widespread species such as T. brasiliensis, T. sordida, and T. dimidiata, leading in turn to interruption of disease transmission to rural people. The social impact of Chagas disease control can now be readily demonstrated by the disappearance of acute cases and of new infections in younger age groups, as well as progressive reductions of mortality and morbidity rates in controlled areas. In economic terms, the cost-benefit relationship between intervention (insecticide spraying, serology in blood banks) and the reduction of Chagas disease (in terms of medical and social care and improved productivity) is highly positive. Effective control of Chagas disease is now seen as an attainable goal that depends primarily on maintaining political will, so that the major constraints involve problems associated with the decentralisation of public health services and the progressive political disinterest in Chagas disease. Counterbalancing this are the political and technical cooperation strategies such as the "Southern Cone Initiative" launched in 1991. This international approach, coordinated by PAHO, has been highly successful, already reaching elimination of Chagas disease transmission in Uruguay, Chile, and large parts of Brazil and Argentina. The Southern Cone Initiative also helped to stimulate control campaigns in other countries of the region (Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru) which have also reached tangible regional successes. This model of international activity has been shown to be feasible and effective, with similar initiatives developed since 1997 in the Andean Region and in Central America. At present, Mexico and the Amazon Region remain as the next major challenges. With consolidation of operational programmes in all endemic countries, the future focus will be on epidemiological surveillance and care of those people already infected. In political terms, the control of Chagas disease in Latin America can be considered, so far, as a victory for international scientific cooperation, but will require continuing political commitment for sustained success.

Le dilemme de la promotion de la santé en Amérique latine : les cas de l’Argentine et du Brésil

À partir des années 1980, la théorisation de la promotion de la santé et sa mise en place font partie de l’agenda des organisations internationales de santé et de plusieurs gouvernements. Cependant, une certaine tension est observable dans la compréhension de la promotion de la santé, et ce, dès ses débuts. En effet, elle est conçue en général selon une approche comportementale comme stratégie pour le changement de comportements individuels ou collectifs qui met l’accent sur les facteurs de risque et très peu fréquemment conçue selon une approche structurelle, incluant une action sur les déterminants structurels des sociétés responsables de l’état de santé des populations dans une mesure plus importante que les systèmes de soins. Cette recherche qualitative –étude de cas multiples- menée en Argentine et au Brésil, vise à analyser la place et la compréhension de la promotion de la santé dans les politiques nationales de santé de deux pays à travers l’analyse du processus d’élaboration des politiques publiques. Nous viserons à distinguer la promotion de la santé en tant que comportementale ou structurelle et à expliquer les raisons pour lesquelles elle est comprise de telle ou telle autre façon. Finalement, nous essayerons d’identifier les opportunités pour qu’une approche structurelle de la promotion de la santé soit adoptée dans la politique nationale de santé. Les données analysées proviennent d’entrevues semi-structurées (n=28) et de documents divers : sites gouvernementaux sur Internet, documents remis par les interviewés, documents officiels, soit gouvernementaux, soit des organismes de coopération et de financement. Notre cadre conceptuel s’est inspiré des trois modèles : celui du changement des politiques publiques de Sabatier et Jenkins-Smith (1999 ; 2009), celui des courants politiques de Kingdon (1984) et le cadre conceptuel proposé par Walt (1994) pour l’analyse du rôle des organisations internationales. Nous avons identifié deux niveaux d’analyse : l’organisation de l’État et le sous-système de santé. Nous avons aussi tenu compte de l’influence des événements externes et des organisations internationales de coopération technique et de financement. Notre démarche vise à observer, à analyser et à comprendre la façon dont ces niveaux influencent la place et la compréhension de la promotion de la santé dans la politique nationale de santé. La perspective temporelle de plus de douze années nous a permis de mener une analyse sur plusieurs années et de mieux comprendre le changement de la politique de santé à différents moments de son histoire ainsi que l’identification des acteurs et des coalitions les plus importants depuis l’origine des champs de la santé publique dans les deux pays. Les résultats de notre analyse montrent que la promotion de la santé – conçue selon une approche structurelle – ne fait pas encore partie du courant principal de la politique nationale de santé dans aucun des deux pays. Cependant, les explications diffèrent : En Argentine, on observe un sous-système de santé fragmenté avec prédominance du modèle médical ; les actions menées renforcent ce fonctionnement en ne permettant pas la discussion à propos des valeurs sous-jacentes à l’organisation du système de santé ni sur son changement en fonction des besoins de santé du pays. Au Brésil, la réforme sanitaire questionne le modèle préexistant et arrive à instaurer la santé comme droit au niveau de l’État. L’accent mis sur l’organisation des services réduit la compréhension de la promotion de la santé à une « politique nationale de promotion de la santé » qui vise le changement des comportements. L’analyse du rôle des organisations internationales montre deux situations différentes dans les deux pays : pour l’Argentine, il existe une dépendance majeure autant à l’agenda qu’au financement de ces organisations. Le manque d’un agenda national en matière de promotion de la santé fait que le pays adopte l’agenda international avec très peu des questionnements. Dans le cas du Brésil, la situation est bien différente et on observe une capacité importante à négocier avec la coopération internationale. Cela se fait aussi avec un intérêt du pays pour l’adoption de l’agenda des organisations internationales dans le but d’une reconnaissance et de sa participation à des instances internationales. Alors, pour des raisons différentes, les deux pays adoptent l’agenda international de la promotion de la santé avec une approche comportementale. À partir de notre recherche, nous considérons que cinq réflexions doivent guider l’analyse de la promotion de la santé en Amérique latine : 1) Les processus de réforme de l’État des années 1990 et ses conséquences actuelles (type de réforme, valeurs sociétales, arrangements constitutionnels) ; 2) Les processus de réforme des systèmes de santé avec un regard sur la composante de décentralisation (réforme sanitaire ou administrative ?, quel modèle prédomine dans le champ de la santé publique ?) ; 3) La revalorisation des soins primaires de santé de la fin des années 1990 (quel impact dans le pays ?) ; 4) La tendance à la réduction des propositions élargies autant des politiques que des programmes ; et 5) Les défis actuels des systèmes de santé (travailler avec d’autres secteurs pour produire de la santé, pour incorporer et pour mieux maîtriser les déterminants sociaux et structuraux de santé). Les résultats de notre analyse nous permettent d’identifier l’importance du rôle du gouvernement national par rapport au développement et à la compréhension de la promotion de la santé. De plus, cette recherche montre que même s’il existe une influence du contexte et de l’idéologie du gouvernement sur la compréhension de la promotion et l’inclusion des déterminants sociaux de santé, c’est l’organisation de l’État avec ces valeurs de base qui sera déterminante dans la création des conditions pour le développement d’une promotion de la santé structurelle. Alors que la littérature sur la promotion de la santé accorde encore très peu de place au rôle du niveau national et de l’État dans son développement, il est clair que ces derniers ont un impact fondamental sur la place de la promotion de la santé dans la politique et sur la façon de la comprendre et de la mettre en place. Les théories utilisées pour cette recherche nous ont aidée à modéliser notre cadre conceptuel et à mener une démarche d’analyse des politiques publiques. Cette démarche permet d’améliorer les connaissances sur le changement de la politique nationale de santé par rapport à la promotion de la santé en tenant compte des dynamiques gouvernementales, champ peu exploré encore. Ce cadre conceptuel, à la fois souple et rigoureux, pourrait s’avérer approprié pour mener d’autres recherches similaires portant sur la place et la compréhension de la promotion de la santé dans les politiques nationales de santé dans d’autres pays de l’Amérique latine.

El papel de la OEA en el proceso de desarme, desmovilización y reinserción de excombatientes en Colombia

Desde el año 2004 la Organización de Estados Americanos, a través de su Misión de Acompañamiento al Proceso de Paz –MAPP/OEA- en Colombia, estableció una cooperación técnica para hacer un seguimiento, acompañamiento y monitoreo al proceso de Desarme, Desmovilización y Reintegración –DDR- de los miembros de los grupos armados ilegales del país, en particular de las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (paramilitares) . Su trabajo ha permitido un conocimiento público del proceso con el grupo irregular y además está sirviendo como herramienta de aprendizaje para otros casos de DDR actuales y futuros.

Herramientas para el mejoramiento de la actividad del Grupo de Relaciones Internacionales y Cooperación Técnica - GRICT- del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística – DANE

El DANE es la institución del Estado colombiano encargada de la planeación, levantamiento, procesamiento, análisis y difusión a nivel nacional e internacional de las estadísticas oficiales, con el fin de facilitar la toma de decisiones en relación con el desarrollo socio económico del país. El intercambio de datos, actividades de conocimiento y buenas prácticas entre otros, es indispensable para mejorar ciertas instancias modificando y aplicándolas de acuerdo con las necesidades específicas del país. De acuerdo con esta necesidad y con el ánimo de la institución por cumplir con actividades de tipo internacional se creó el Grupo de Relaciones Internacionales y Cooperación Técnica del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística – DANE, oficina adscrita a la Subdirección General desde el 2006. A pesar de contar con labores determinadas para cada uno de los integrantes del grupo, y de conocerse su labor en el ámbito institucional, se han detectado ciertas fallas en el GRICT, que en ocasiones no le permiten desarrollar su ejercicio de forma clara y precisa, a las que se pretende dar una solución a través del presente estudio. Por lo anterior y revisando las funciones que ha venido desarrollando el GRICT y lo que le espera para que pueda brindar un mayor apoyo a la Dirección del DANE se presenta en éste estudio una propuesta simple pero moderna de la nueva dependencia del DANE que esté acorde a los nuevos tiempos y al devenir del país dentro del marco de los procesos de globalización.

Globalización, capitalismo financiero y responsabilidad social empresarial: tensiones estructurales

Los efectos nocivos que el capitalismo financiero y la globalización han tenido sobre los equilibrios sociales y económicos están estrechamente relacionados con los argumentos conceptuales que, como una llamada de atención, han llegado a las corporaciones y las empresas por la responsabilidad social corporativa. Sin embargo, el modelo construido en torno a la acumulación de capital y beneficios han planteado una relación simbiótica en la que ellos mismos son el recurso y el fin de su propia existencia, dando lugar a tensiones estructurales que anula las alternativas de ser sostenible y socialmente responsable al mismo tiempo. El camino que enfrentamos como sociedad, como empresas y como modelo económico sostenible se basa en el trabajo conjunto y los cambios en la manera de abordar el mercado.