O abuso do direito no Direito do Consumo

In Consumer Law there is a special concern to protect the consumer, who is the weaker party in the legal relationship. With this thesis we intend to show that the professional sometimes needs protection against abusive conducts from consumers. The thesis describes the different categories of abuse of rights and explains some types of consumer contracts. After examining some of the consumer’s rights, we list some situations where the consumer acts frequently with abuse of rights, by analyzing judicial decisions. We conclude that it is not possible which conducts may involve an abuse of right in an abstract manner. Only by analyzing every case and its characteristics individually can one decide where there is an abuse of right.

O incumprimento do contrato de crédito ao consumo pelo consumidor

Consumer relations, established between the Consumer and the Creditor, which carry a consequent inequality of contractual positioning between the parties, have been pushing the legislator to adopt more rigid regulations with regard to lending for the purchase of goods or services of consum issues. In this sense, the Decree-Law 359/91 was approved, meanwhile repealed by the Decree-Law 133/2009, which regulates the consumer credit agreement’s regime in the portuguese legal system. Through this contract, the financier makes available to the consumer a certain amount of money, which the consumer must repay, plus the respective remuneration (interest) and other charges, according to a refund plan agreed by the parties. The consumer will be in delay if he breaches this stipulation. In case of default, the creditor, notwithstanding, can choose to wait for the performance by the debtor, promote the loss of benefit of the term or the termination of the contract. From the outset it would seem that, in one way or another, the financier, by imposing a forced shortening of the contract duration initially agreed, will lose the right to remuneration for the provision of capital agreed, but not verified. Nevertheless, unlike presently, the previous regime allowed the parties to rule otherwise, being permitted to agree to the payment of interest of outstanding installments. On the other hand, in the consumer credit contract the principle of freedom of contractual provision of the parties is strongly mitigated by the special legislation, which prevents the waiver of rights by the consumer, and by the regime of general contractual terms, which restricts the freedom of the financier to stipulate the contractual content freely and the freedom of the consumer to negotiate. For all these reasons, associated with the growing need of credit resource to satisfy their needs of consumption, it is confirm the relevance of legislative intervention on consumers protection in the context of hiring credit.

Períodos de Fidelização

This dissertation aims to study the loyalty clauses present in most of the long lasting service contracts. We introduce its main features and the consequences that arise from breaching of contract. We analyze the presence of loyalty periods in the Portuguese legislation. In this sense, we discuss Decree-Law 446/85, Law 24/96, Decree-Law 57/2008 and Decree-Law 56/2010. The loyalty period is the minimum period of time for which the contract should be maintained. In most cases, when this obligation is not fulfilled a penalty clause is set, intending to push the weaker party to comply with the contract or sanction it when the party fails to do so. We conclude that the contractual relationship where there is a loyalty period is usually an unbalanced relationship because it only protects the interest of one party. The penalty clause should not be admitted between parties with unequal bargaining powers. The contractual imbalance is not limited to consumer contracts.

O incumprimento do contrato de crédito ao consumo pelo consumidor

Consumer relations, established between the Consumer and the Creditor, which carry a consequent inequality of contractual positioning between the parties, have been pushing the legislator to adopt more rigid regulations with regard to lending for the purchase of goods or services of consum issues. In this sense, the Decree-Law 359/91 was approved, meanwhile repealed by the Decree-Law 133/2009, which regulates the consumer credit agreement’s regime in the portuguese legal system. Through this contract, the financier makes available to the consumer a certain amount of money, which the consumer must repay, plus the respective remuneration (interest) and other charges, according to a refund plan agreed by the parties. The consumer will be in delay if he breaches this stipulation. In case of default, the creditor, notwithstanding, can choose to wait for the performance by the debtor, promote the loss of benefit of the term or the termination of the contract. From the outset it would seem that, in one way or another, the financier, by imposing a forced shortening of the contract duration initially agreed, will lose the right to remuneration for the provision of capital agreed, but not verified. Nevertheless, unlike presently, the previous regime allowed the parties to rule otherwise, being permitted to agree to the payment of interest of outstanding installments. On the other hand, in the consumer credit contract the principle of freedom of contractual provision of the parties is strongly mitigated by the special legislation, which prevents the waiver of rights by the consumer, and by the regime of general contractual terms, which restricts the freedom of the financier to stipulate the contractual content freely and the freedom of the consumer to negotiate. For all these reasons, associated with the growing need of credit resource to satisfy their needs of consumption, it is confirm the relevance of legislative intervention on consumers protection in the context of hiring credit.

A protecção jurídica do consumidor em Angola

The scope of the present work is to study the legal protection conferred upon the consumer in Angola, especially as regards electronic communication agreements. Its purpose is to promote consumers’ rights and contribute to its defence given the relatively privileged position of professionals in their relationship with consumers. With this in mind, we have made a description of the Consumer Law in Angola based on the Angolan Constitution (as the law that establishes the fundamental rights and guarantees of citizens) and on the Consumer’s Defence Law, which, as the basic law regarding consumers’ rights, provides the framework for this dissertation. We have analysed several aspects relating to consumer relationships, starting from its concept and rights of consumers and covering the legal and contractual mechanisms put in place for their protection. We have also analysed the Advertising Law with a view to better understand consumer’s rights before advertising campaigns carried out by professionals whilst promoting their goods and services and, additionally, to understand the duties and principles that shall be complied with in such campaigns with the purpose to protect the rights and interests of consumers. From a criminal point of view, we have briefly covered the crimes against consumers provided for in the Penal Code and the Law of Infractions against the Economy. In the second part of this work, we have summarised the institutions that protect the rights and interests of consumers, which include the Public Prosecutor Office, the National Institute for the Defence of the Consumers and the Consumers’ Associations. The third and last part of this work covers electronic communications agreements. Given the fact that there is no specific legislation in this matter, our analysis was based on the Civil Code – specifically the part relating to contracts – the Law on General Contractual Terms and Conditions and the Consumer’s Defence Law. We have analysed the formation of contracts, compliance and consumers’ rights resulting from contract breach. We further have appealed to the Angolan legislator to legislate certain aspects of consumer relationships, especially those where breach of consumers’ rights are blatant and facilitated by the lack of specific laws addressing such cases.

Arbitragem voluntária desportiva ou outra forma de arbitragem necessária?

Atenta a preconização da legislação desportiva a nível interno, bem como a nível internacional, aliada ao usual recurso aos meios alternativos de resolução de litígios – arbitragem voluntária – por imposição das Federações Desportivas aos atletas, o ponto de ordem do presente estudo é aferir se a voluntariedade preconizada pela denominada arbitragem voluntária existe, é efectiva, ou meramente aparente. Este trabalho tem, assim, por objecto de estudo determinados aspectos das cláusulas de resolução de litígios e das convenções de arbitragem celebradas no seio desportivo e a sua efectiva voluntariedade, ou seja, a liberdade contratual e submissão voluntária a tal resolução alternativa de litígios com preterição do recurso aos tribunais judiciais.

El bosque : un ecosistema en peligro.

Este libro ofrece, mezclando textos y dibujos, información sobre el peligro que se cierne sobre el bosque, un ecosistema amenazado por los que describe como 'enemigos del bosque'(incendios, lluvia ácida, contaminación, talas abusivas, plagas); proponiendo una reflexión sobre las consecuencias de la destrucción del bosque y sobre las soluciones que entre todos debemos adoptar: regular la explotación del medio, ordenación del mismo, favorecer el reciclaje, controlar los incendios forestales, control de residuos tóxicos, paliar la contaminación atmosférica, control de plagas, protección de especies, repoblaciones, concentración del turismo verde en zonas,etc..

Con la igualdad todos ganamos.

Seleccionado en la convocatoria: Ayudas para proyectos de temática educativa, Gobierno de Aragón 2009-10

Tolerance towards dating violence in Spanish adolescents

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

El maltrato infantil en el contexto de la conducta parental : percepciones de padres e hijos

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Un límite a la afirmación de lo educativo como sistémico.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Sanciones pecuniarias en la contratación estatal

En el presente proyecto se realizaron cuatro capítulos que corresponden a unos objetivos específicos; en el primer capítulo, se abordó un estudio analítico del origen, definición, características y naturaleza de las multas contractuales y de las cláusulas penales en el derecho privado, el objetivo fijado era establecer un marco teórico que fundamente los capítulos siguientes. Posteriormente, en el segundo capítulo, se realizó una identificación y evaluación del tratamiento que la legislación ha dado a las multas contractuales y cláusulas penales. En el tercer capítulo, se analizó un caso práctico donde se evidencia la dificultad en la aplicación de estas figuras por la Administración Pública, resaltada por la escasa e imprecisa legislación al respecto. Finalmente, en el último capítulo, se enumeraron y desarrollaron la problemática e interrogantes detectados a lo largo del proyecto, con la idea de establecer soluciones a los vacíos o incongruencias encontradas.

Análisis del efecto de engranaje generado por la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Lisboa el 1 de diciembre de 2009 en el marco de la Política Común de Seguridad y Defensa (PCSD) en la Unión Europea

El proceso de integración en Unión Europea se caracteriza por la incorporación de los asuntos de seguridad exterior y defensa, tras el Tratado de Lisboa se enmarcaron en la PCSD. Dicha política por un proceso de integración progresiva, Spillover, ha tenido periodos de reactivación y de letargos.

El régimen contractual de las empresas sociales del Estado

En nuestro país existen múltiples entidades y materias que no aplican la Ley 80 de 1993. Así, el desarrollo de su actividad contractual escapa al ámbito normativo que establece el Estatuto General de Contratación de la Administración Pública, configurándose de esta manera los denominados regímenes excepcionales. Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta que son entidades que administran recursos públicos y en virtud del deber de observancia de los principios que orientan la función administrativa establecido por el ordenamiento jurídico, el Derecho Público que pareciere inicialmente no exigible a estos regímenes termina siendo aplicado, llegando a convivir e interactuar entonces con el Derecho Privado preponderantemente aplicable en este tipo de entidades. Dentro de estas, precisamente, se encuentran las denominadas Empresas Sociales del Estado - ESES -, las cuales por disposición expresa del legislador en materia contractual se rigen por el Derecho Privado, pero otorgándoles además la facultad de utilizar las cláusulas exorbitantes previstas en el Estatuto Contractual. Este escenario particularmente confuso, donde impera la incertidumbre sobre el alcance de la aplicación del Derecho Público y/o del Derecho Privado, constituye el problema jurídico que se aborda en el presente trabajo, el cual se desarrolla a partir del estudio del régimen contractual de las ESES, señalando sus rasgos más importantes y brindando una serie de criterios para la determinación de aspectos puntuales como: la aplicación de los principios, el régimen de inhabilidades e incompatibilidades aplicable, la utilización de las cláusulas y potestades exorbitantes, las modalidades de selección del contratista, entre otros.

Corporate human rights obligations and international investment law

La globalización permeó las fronteras artificiales existentes entre la economía y la sociedad alrededor del mundo. Las actividades empresariales en este ambiente globalizado ha servido como catalizador de las violaciones de derechos humanos como consecuencia de la ausencia de la protección institucional algunas empresas han explotado los vacíos jurídicos y la falta de protección de los derechos humanos. Al respecto, para lograr un cambio paradigmático requiere un fuerte énfasis en los derechos y las obligaciones de las empresas. Este artículo presenta un análisis crítico de las obligaciones de las empresas en material de derechos humanos frente a la falta de cláusulas de estabilización en los contratos de inversión extranjera. En primer lugar, estas cláusulas son examinadas en relación con la responsabilidad en las obligaciones corporativas con relación a los derechos humanos fundamentales. De acuerdo con lo anterior, se analizan las dimensiones sustantivas y procesales de las cláusulas de estabilización. En segundo lugar, apelando a los ejemplos concretos del Acuerdo para el desarrollo de la Minería entre Mittal Steel y el Gobierno de Liberia, así como el proyecto del Oleoducto de Baku‐Tblisi‐Ceyhan como casos de análisis, este artículo busca la aplicación de las cláusulas de estabilidad en las inversiones extranjeras con relación a la protección de los derechos humanos por parte de los Estados y de las empresas. En tercer lugar, se propone una modificación a la forma como se introduce la cláusula relativa a los derechos humanos. En este orden de ideas, los derechos humanos de los inversionistas, específicamente de las empresas, deben ser incluidos en los acuerdos de inversión extranjera.