Caracterização de estirpes Mycobacterium Tuberculosis da família Lisboa: análise de regiões de diferença e single nucleotide polymorphisms

Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Genética Molecular e Biomedicina, pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

Calibration, selection and mosaicing of SMART-1 AMIE images

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from cheese whey - pH effect on the acidogenic fermentation stage and nutrient needs of the culture selection stage

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia

Experimental visceral leishmaniasis in high and low antibody - producer mice (selection IV-A)

Leishmaniasis is a typical parasite infection whose protective immunity depends on macrophage activation. Susceptibility to Leishmania donovani infection was compared in H (high antibody responder) and L (low antibody responder) mice from selection IV-A. H mice infected intravenously with 10(7) amastigotes of L. donovani were more susceptible to infection than their L counterparts. This higher susceptibility was characterized by a higher splenic and hepatic parasite burden. An increased splenic index was observed in both lines after sixty days of infection. This splenomegaly was caused, at least partially, by an increase in the number of splenic cells as determined by direct counts of cells from spleen. The results show that selection IV-A is susceptible to visceral leishmaniasis, with the H line being more susceptible than the L line.

Share the fame or share the blame? The reputational implications of partnerships

We use an adverse selection model to study the dynamics of firms' reputations when firms implement joint projects. We show that in contrast with projects implemented by a single firm, in the case of joint projects a firm's reputation does not necessarily increase following a success and does not necessarily decrease following a failure. We also study how reputation considerations affect firms ' decisions to participate in joint projects. We show that a high quality partner may not be preferable to a low quality partner, and that a high reputation partner is not necessarily preferable to a low reputation partner.

A nanopore-based stochastic detection method: Single molecule characterisation of nanoparticles using ()- hemolysin

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Chemistry.

Paracoccidioidomycosis: no genetic damage in human peripheral blood cells of patients assessed by single-cell gel (comet) assay

Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. As infectious diseases can cause DNA damage, the authors aimed at analyzing DNA breakage in peripheral blood cells of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis by using the comet assay. The results suggested that paracoccidioidomycosis does not cause genotoxicity.

Phage display as a tool for development of novel therapeutics for breast cancer

Phage display technology is a powerful platform for the generation of highly specific human monoclonal antibodies (Abs) with potential use in clinical applications. Moreover, this technique has also proven to be a reliable approach in identifying and validating new cancer-related targets. For scientific or medical applications, different types of Ab libraries can be constructed. The use of Fab Immune libraries allows the production of high quality and affinity antigen-specific Abs. In this work, two immune human phage display IgG Fab libraries were generated from the Ab repertoire of 16 breast cancer patients, in order to obtain a tool for the development of new therapeutic Abs for breast cancer, a condition that has great impact worldwide. The generated libraries are estimated to contain more than 108 independent clones and a diversity over 90%. Libraries validation was pursued by selection against BSA, a foreign and highly immunogenic protein, and HER2, a well established cancer target. Preliminary results suggested that phage pools with affinity for these antigens were selected and enriched. Individual clones were isolated, however, it was not possible to obtain enough data to further characterize them. Selection against the DLL1 protein was also performed, once it is a known ligand of the Notch pathway, whose deregulation is associated to breast cancer, making it an interesting target for the generation of function-blocking Abs. Selection resulted in the isolation of a clone with low affinity and Fab expression levels. The validation process was not completed and further effort will have to be put in this task in the future. Although immune libraries concept implies limited applicability, the library reported here has a wide range of use possibilities, since it was not restrained to a single antigen but instead thought to be used against any breast cancer associated target, thus being a valuable tool.

Return Migration, Self-Selection and Entrepreneurship in Mozambique

Does return migration affect entrepreneurship? This question has important implications for the debate on the economic development effects of migration for origin countries. The existing literature has, however, not addressed how the estimation of the impact of return migration on entrepreneurship is affected by double unobservable migrant self-selection, both at the initial outward migration and at the final inward return migration stages. This paper uses a representative household survey conducted in Mozambique in order to address this research question. We exploit variation provided by displacement caused by civil war in Mozambique, as well as social unrest and other shocks in migrant destination countries. The results lend support to negative unobservable self-selection at both and each of the initial and return stages of migration, which results in an under-estimation of the effects of return migration on entrepreneurial outcomes when using a ‘naïve’ estimator not controlling for self-selection. Indeed, ‘naïve’ estimates point to a 13 pp increase in the probability of owning a business when there is a return migrant in the household relative to non-migrants only, whereas excluding the double effect of unobservable self-selection, this effect becomes significantly larger - between 24 pp and 29 pp, depending on the method of estimation and source of variation used.

Caracterização de múltiplos polimorfismos de Pneumocystis Jirovecii por multiplex-PCR/Single base extension

Pneumocystis jirovecii é conhecido por causar infecções específicas no aparelho respiratório de seus hospedeiros, principalmente em doentes imunocomprometidos, manifestando-se por uma pneumonia grave e por vezes fatal, normalmente designada por pneumonia por Pneumocystis. A caracterização da diversidade genética de P. jirovecii tem demonstrado que determinados polimorfismos de base única poderão ser reconhecidos como marcadores moleculares de eleição para o estudo da distribuição geográfica, vias de transmissão, resistência/susceptibilidade a fármacos, factores de virulência e genética populacional de subtipos genéticos. Este estudo teve como objectivo a caracterização de polimorfismos de P. jirovecii, através da metodologia PCR multiplex/Extensão de base única (do inglês single base extension), com a principal finalidade de constatar eventuais associações entre polimorfismos de base única, genótipos multilocus, e dados clínicos e demográficos da infecção. Sessenta e seis espécimes pulmonares, previamente considerados positivos para P. jirovecii, obtidos entre 2001 e 2012, a partir de doentes portugueses imunocomprometidos, foram seleccionados de forma aleatória para este estudo multilocus. PCR multiplex foi utilizada para a amplificação simultânea de três regiões genómicas: subunidade grande do rRNA mitocondrial, superóxido dismutase e dihidropteroato sintetase. Cinco polimorfismos de base única, previamente correlacionados com parâmetros da doença, foram genotipados por extensão de base única: mt85, SOD110, SOD215, DHPS165 e DHPS171. Um total de 330 polimorfismos de base única e 29 genótipos multilocus putativos de P. jirovecii foram identificados e caracterizados nos espécimes pulmonares analisados. Os padrões de distribuição dos polimorfismos foram analisados, sendo considerada a variação temporal e/ou geográfica das suas formas alélicas. Constatou-se grande diversidade genotípica entre os isolados de P. jirovecii que poderá ter influência a nível epidemiológico. Foram observadas associações estatísticas entre mt85/genótipos multilocus e parâmetros demográficos e clínicos. A correlação mais importante verificou-se entre mt85C e cargas parasitárias baixas a moderadas, enquanto mt85T foi associado com cargas parasitárias altas; MLG5, MLG9 e MLG13 foram associados com cargas parasitárias baixas, moderadas e altas, respectivamente. Tais associações demonstram que potenciais marcadores moleculares da infecção por P. jirovecii poderão existir e que polimorfismos/genótipos específicos poderão determinar perfis epidemiológicos da pneumonia por Pneumocystis. A análise genética cruzada permitiu verificar associações entre polimorfismos de base única. Os polimorfismos SOD110T e SOD215C, SOD110C e SOD215T, DHPS165A e DHPS171C, DHPS165G e DHPS171T foram associados estatisticamente. Os genótipos multilocus mais prevalentes foram considerados para o teste recombinatório d1. Dois genótipos multilocus (MLG7 e MLG9) foram observados com elevada frequência, e a análise genética indicou que estes se encontravam sobre-representados na população de P. jirovecii estudada. Estas evidências indicam que o fenómeno de desequilíbrio de ligação e a propagação clonal de subtipos genéticos é frequente, considerando que a espécie P. jirovecii poderá ser representada por uma população com estrutura epidémica. O presente trabalho confirmou a importância do estudo de polimorfismos em P. jirovecii, sugerindo que a caracterização multilocus poderá fornecer informação relevante para a compreensão dos padrões, causas e controlo da infecção, melhorando assim a investigação deste importante patogéneo.

Determinants of mother-baby relationship evaluated during pregnancy

ABSTRACT Background Mental health promotion is supported by a strong body of knowledge and is a matter of public health with the potential of a large impact on society. Mental health promotion programs should be implemented as soon as possible in life, preferably starting during pregnancy. Programs should focus on malleable determinants, introducing strategies to reduce risk factors or their impact on mother and child, and also on strengthening protective factors to increase resilience. The ambition of early detecting risk situations requires the development and use of tools to assess risk, and the creation of a responsive network of services based in primary health care, especially maternal consultation during pregnancy and the first months of the born child. The number of risk factors and the way they interact and are buffered by protective factors are relevant for the final impact. Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) is not yet a totally understood and well operationalized concept. Methodological problems limit the comparison of data as many studies used small size samples, had an exploratory character or used different selection criteria and different measures. There is still a lack of studies in high risk populations evaluating the consequences of a weak MFA. Instead, the available studies are not very conclusive, but suggest that social support, anxiety and depression, self-esteem and self-control and sense of coherence are correlated with MFA. MFA is also correlated with health practices during pregnancy, that influence pregnancy and baby outcomes. MFA seems a relevant concept for the future mother baby interaction, but more studies are needed to clarify the concept and its operationalization. Attachment is a strong scientific concept with multiple implications for future child development, personality and relationship with others. Secure attachment is considered an essential basis of good mental health, and promoting mother-baby interaction offers an excellent opportunity to intervention programmes targeted at enhancing mental health and well-being. Understanding the process of attachment and intervening to improve attachment requires a comprehension of more proximal factors, but also a broader approach that assesses the impact of more distal social conditions on attachment and how this social impact is mediated by family functioning and mother-baby interaction. Finally, it is essential to understand how this knowledge could be translated in effective mental health promoting interventions and measures that could reach large populations of pregnant mothers and families. Strengthening emotional availability (EA) seems to be a relevant approach to improve the mother-baby relationship. In this review we have offered evidence suggesting a range of determinants of mother-infant relationship, including age, marital relationship, social disadvantages, migration, parental psychiatric disorders and the situations of abuse or neglect. Based on this theoretical background we constructed a theoretical model that included proximal and distal factors, risk and protective factors, including variables related to the mother, the father, their social support and mother baby interaction from early pregnancy until six months after birth. We selected the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) for use as an instrument to detect psychosocial risk during pregnancy. Method Ninety two pregnant women were recruited from the Maternal Health Consultation in Primary Health Care (PHC) at Amadora. They had three moments of assessment: at T1 (until 12 weeks of pregnancy) they filed out a questionnaire that included socio-demographic data, ALPHA, Edinburgh post-natal Depression Scale (EDPS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Sense of Coherence (SOC); at T2 (after the 20th weeks of pregnancy) they answered EDPS, SOC and MFA Scale (MFAS), and finally at T3 (6 months after birth), they repeated EDPS and SOC, and their interaction with their babies was videotaped and later evaluated using EA Scales. A statistical analysis has been done using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, univariate logistic regression and multiple linear regression. Results The study has increased our knowledge on this particular population living in a multicultural, suburb community. It allow us to identify specific groups with a higher level of psychosocial risk, such as single or divorced women, young couples, mothers with a low level of education and those who are depressed or have a low SOC. The hypothesis that psychosocial risk is directly correlated with MFAS and that MFA is directly correlated with EA was not confirmed, neither the correlation between prenatal psychosocial risk and mother-baby EA. The study identified depression as a relevant risk factor in pregnancy and its higher prevalence in single or divorced women, immigrants and in those who have a higher global psychosocial risk. Depressed women have a poor MFA, and a lower structuring capacity and a higher hostility to their babies. In average, depression seems to reduce among pregnant women in the second part of their pregnancy. The children of immigrant mothers show a lower level of responsiveness to their mothers what could be transmitted through depression, as immigrant mothers have a higher risk of depression in the beginning of pregnancy and six months after birth. Young mothers have a low MFA and are more intrusive. Women who have a higher level of education are more sensitive and their babies showed to be more responsive. Women who are or have been submitted to abuse were found to have a higher level of MFA but their babies are less responsive to them. The study highlights the relevance of SOC as a potential protective factor while it is strongly and negatively related with a wide range of risk factors and mental health outcomes especially depression before, during and after pregnancy. Conclusions ALPHA proved to be a valid, feasible and reliable instrument to Primary Health Care (PHC) that can be used as a total sum score. We could not prove the association between psychosocial risk factors and MFA, neither between MFA and EA, or between psychosocial risk and EA. Depression and SOC seems to have a clear and opposite relevance on this process. Pregnancy can be considered as a maturational process and an opportunity to change, where adaptation processes occur, buffering risk, decreasing depression and increasing SOC. Further research is necessary to better understand interactions between variables and also to clarify a better operationalization of MFA. We recommend the use of ALPHA, SOC and EDPS in early pregnancy as a way of identifying more vulnerable women that will require additional interventions and support in order to decrease risk. At political level we recommend the reinforcement of Immigrant integration and the increment of education in women. We recommend more focus in health care and public health in mental health condition and psychosocial risk of specific groups at high risk. In PHC special attention should be paid to pregnant women who are single or divorced, very young, low educated and to immigrant mothers. This study provides the basis for an intervention programme for this population, that aims to reduce broad spectrum risk factors and to promote Mental Health in women who become pregnant. Health and mental health policies should facilitate the implementation of the suggested measures.

The Triplaria tree (Triplaris spp) and Pseudomyrmex ants: a symbiotic relationship with risks of attack for humans

The authors report a massive attack by Pseudomyrmex ants on a human who touched a Triplaria - novice tree (Triplaris spp). The ants naturally live in these trees and their stings cause intense pain and discrete to moderate local inflammation. The problem is common in some Brazilian regions and can be prevented by identifying the trees.

Internationalization strategy for MyHelpster.com with a focus on international market selection

International Market Selection is an important step towards a successful internationalization strategy. This is no different for startup companies like MyHelpster. This work project was intended to help MyHelpster with their internationalization process by completing the IMS portion of it. The IMS process presented in this paper lead to the conclusion that MyHelpster’s next market for expansion should be the USA. In order to find as much success as possible the author suggests being patient and only expanding when the company has the necessary capital, experience and credibility. Both primary and secondary data were used to compile the qualitative and quantitative analyses.

NAV Portugal's performance within the single European Sky Initiative

NAV Portugal is the Air Navigation Service Provider in Portugal, providing air traffic control services in the airspace under the country’s responsibility. Recently, the company has been included in an initiative launched by the European Commission, called the Single European Sky. This aims for a unification of the European airspace, improving it in four main pillars: safety, capacity, environment, and cost-efficiency. To each of them, Key Performance Indicators need to be computed and monitored, all having pre-defined targets. The presented work project will be analyzing how NAV Portugal is doing in the pillar of capacity, proving suggestions if needed.

International market selection of Carrefour

Carrefour has been internationalizing into many countries and would like to continue growing. This study focuses on the potential future international market selection of Car-refour, comparing countries from the EU and South America, in a quantitative and qual-itative analysis. The purpose of the project is to help Carrefour to find the right market and the right mode to entry. Through semi-structured interviews and a literature research we found out that Sweden has the highest potential to entry with a Venture (Marketing), followed by Austria