940 resultados para Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli


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采用渗透汽化(PV或蒸汽渗透(VP)膜过程分离共沸、近沸、同分异构以及热敏感性液体混合物的研究工作已经开展许多年了。同传统严重耗能的分离技术相比(如萃取或者共沸精馏),PvVP无论从节能、安全还是环境友好方面看,都是一个非常有前景的新技术。PVVP也是一种"清洁"的技术。它特别适合于处理含有挥发性有机组份的混合物。目前PVVP的方向可以分成三个:(l)水一有机混合物的脱水;(2)从水溶液中脱除挥发性有机物;(3)有机一有机溶剂混合物的分离[1]。PV一个里程碑式的工作是1982年GFT公司(现属SulzerChemtech公司)利用亲水材料聚乙烯醇(PVA)在巴西建成了第一个乙醇脱水的工业化膜装置。至今在全世界已经建立了100多套Pv业装置(90%是GFT公司提供的膜和技术)。多数用于有机溶剂的脱水,包括乙醇脱水、异丙醇脱水以及酷类、醚类和其它有机溶剂的脱水。现在PV研究热点己经不是亲水膜了,而是亲有机溶剂的膜。这方面的研究是非常活跃的。但是与之呈鲜明对比的是没有什么大的工业化技术。值得提及的是1991年AlrProducts公司建成了膜法分离甲醇一MTBE的工厂。这个成功激励人们进一步研究那些汽一液平衡差的有机混合物的分离。目前PV遍存在的主要问题是通量较低,这是阻碍Pv一步工业化的关键。而这个问题的根源在于缺少具备耐溶剂的聚合物膜材料。膜材料问题又表现在两个方面:一个是设计并合成出新的高性能膜材料,另外是筛选出具备高渗透性能与稳定性兼备的膜材料。事实上,经过二十多年的研究,针对PV经开发出许多新,的聚合物膜材料了。但似乎合成新材料的热情并没有因此而降温。开发新材料仍旧是聚合物膜领域的一个重要问题。对现有材料进行改性研究已经成为材料设计的一个重要方面。由于PV离膜对体系的针对性非常强,为特定体系筛选材料就成为一个关键问题。筛选材料又涉及到构造膜材料结构与渗透性能关系的理论【3]。目前这方面的工作还很不完善。VP是将有机溶剂在蒸汽状态下进行分离的较新膜过程。近10年来VP技术工业化的步伐很快,这主要得益于PV术在工业应用中所积累的经验与知识。1989年9月德国Heilbronn的Bruggem~公司设计并投入运行了世界上第一套工业规模的VP装置,接下来有许多VP装置在世界各地建立起来。在无水乙醇生产中,二者操作成本相似,但VP法比PV节省设备投资费用,因而总成本也比较低。另外,VP过程还特别适合于从空气或其它气体中去除挥发性有机污染物,并回收有用物质。如石油化工中回收乙烯、丙烯、氯乙烯单体;天然气生产中去除C3以上碳氢化合物,及HZS、C02等酸性气体;空气中可挥发性有机物,如氯甲烷、丙酮、庚烷等[2]。实际上,从己经工业化的技术上看,单纯应用PVVP进行有机混合物的分离不是最佳的选择。采用PVVP与蒸馏过程祸合的方法常常是最经济的,因为藕合过程可以利用原有的精馏设备。这不仅有利于节省设备的投资,而且可以节约操作费用。尽管利用PVVP分离有机一有机混合物的商业前景是非常广阔的,但是这个领域的发展却最缓慢。现在看来,主要问题是研究者在表征与开发单一成分的膜材料(比如聚合物材料与无机材料)方面花费了太多的时间与精力。因为单一材料的分离性能也许注定不能成功。正像聚合物材料在气体分离方面存在透过性与选择性相互制约的Robeson上限那样,在有机混合物分离方面也应该存在类似的关系。但人们常常是被迫才承认这些让人不愉快的极限定律。本论文采用长春应化所自主合成的一种可溶性聚酞亚胺(HQDPA-DMMDA)为基本膜材料,进行有机混合物的分离研究。开展了三方面的工作:一个方面是表征这种聚合物膜对醇一醚(主要是甲醇-MTBE)混合物的分离,包括对材料进行共混改性、杂化改性等研究。第二个方面是针对"溶解一扩散"理论及实验上存在的一个基本问题,发明了一种测定有机溶剂在聚合物膜内形成团簇尺寸的新方法。第三个方面是将气体分离中有关自由体积理论引入到"有机溶剂一聚合物"体系中,解释其溶胀、吸附行为。论文的第一章将介绍己经研究的和工业化的有机一有机混合物体系及膜材料的状况。第二章将介绍与PVVP有关的较新理论。第三章将介绍两种表征聚合物及测定聚合物一溶剂相互作用的新方法。第四章将介绍与本论文有关的实验背景。第五章是关于聚酞亚胺膜材料用于甲醇-MTBE分离的表征与改性研究的工作。第六、七、八、九章是关于分离机理的研究工作。

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氧的电还原不仅在高效能量转换和储存装置中,而且在电解工业中降低电耗方面也起着重要的作用。为此寻求催化活性好、稳定性高和经济适用的氧还原催化剂是一个十分重要的课题。许多研究工作者已发现卟啉、酞菁一类过渡金属大环络合物对氧的催化还原有很高活性,但是其稳定性差。为提高催化剂的稳定性,人们进行了多种尝试,如真空沉积、热处理、将活性单体嵌入Nafion膜或导电高聚物膜中等,但都未能很好解决稳定性问题。我们试图将活性单体用电化学方法直接聚合在电极基底上,以提高催化剂的稳定性。为此,本论文主要进行了以下工作:(1)活性单体的合成,(2)钴原卟啉二甲酯(CoPP)的电化学聚合,以及(3)氧在聚CoPP膜上电还原的活性、稳定性和机理等的研究。一、通过实验摸索出一条由血红素单体合成CoPP单体的简便途径。二、研究了高聚物膜的电化学聚合和表征,以及膜在水溶液中的电化学行为。用循环伏安法(C.V.)和恒电位(P. S.)方法研究了CoPP单体直接聚合在不同的电极基底[如玻璃碳(GC)、烧结石墨(Pc)、导电玻璃和Pt等]上的条件。发现C.V.图上有三对氧化还原峰。在聚合的过程中,中断所旋加的电位时,聚合电量继续增加。找到了若干种能溶能聚CoPP膜的有机溶剂和水溶液,并对高聚物膜进行了红外、紫外表征,发现聚CoPP膜的紫外吸收红移不大,CoPP单体在聚合中,卟啉环上的一个乙烯基被饱和,卟啉环没有被破坏,在聚CoPP膜中,每个卟啉环中仍存在由四氦围绕着的中心金属。扫描电镜结果表明:高电位下聚合膜的空隙,比低电位下聚合膜的多,由此提出了阳离子自由基的聚合机理。此外我们还发现在酸性溶液中,能观察到明显的中心金属离子的氧化还原峰。三、氧在聚CoPP膜上电催化还原的研究 用RDE(旋转盘电极)方法比较了氧在聚CoPP/GC与吸附CoPP单体/GC上的电还原,发现聚CoPP膜的活性和稳定性都比吸附单体的高。聚合电位影响高聚物膜的稳定性。高聚物膜越厚,稳定性越好,并且随溶液pH值的降低而增大。高聚物膜厚度与其活性关系之间存在一个最佳值,低于或高于此值,其活性降低。在一定厚度范围内,氧电还原的Tafel斜率基本不变;其动力学反应常数(Kf)与电极表面上有效活性中心浓度(Pv')和乘积(Kf·Pv')随膜厚度的增加而降低。用RDE方法研究溶液pH值的影响时发现,在较宽的pH值范围内,聚CoPP/GC主要催化氧为二电子还原。聚CoPP膜的活性随溶液pH值的降低而增大。在低极化区内,氧在碱性溶液中或中性溶液中的电还原与OH~-浓度无关,而在酸性溶液中,H~+浓度有影响;在高极化区内,溶液pH值影响很小。RRDE(旋转环盘电极)的研究结果表明,在一定的电位范围内,氧在聚CoPP/PC上电还原的主要产物为H_2O_2,H_2O_2一但在盘电极上生成,就不再进一步还原,并同时体随有少量氧按四电子途径还原。若电位在很负的情况下,在盘上生成的H_2O_2能够进一步还原。根据以上的实验现象及结果我们提出了氧在聚CoPP膜上电催化还原的二电子还原机理、四电子还原机理和四电子的串联还原机理,并对上述实验现象的结果给予了一定的解释。

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本文分别用恒电位电沉积和恒电位脉冲电沉积技术在ITO基底上成功地沉积出表面平滑均匀、与基底附着牢固、具有一定光活性的CdS多晶薄膜。系统地考察了CdS薄膜的电性质、光性质及光电化学行为。用电沉积技术在不同基底(Ni、Ti、ITO)上成功地实现了Hg_(1-X)Cd_xTe(MCT)的三元共沉积。初步组装了P-Hg_(1-X)Cd_xTe/n-CdS异质结PV。研究了层状结构材料n-InSe的PEC行为并考察了多种单晶材料,诸如CdS、CdTe、CdSe、InSe等的光阳极特性和界面行为。

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磷脂酶AZ(PLA2)是蛇毒中含量较为丰富的一类作用于梭酷键的酶。迄今为止,己有多种形式的PLA2从不同地域、不同种属的蛇毒中得以纯化并进行了较为系统的研究。其中,以VipoXin为代表的异二聚体形式PLA2较为引人注目,原因在于这种形式不同于此类蛋白家族中的诸多其它个体。目前,己经有许多关于此异二聚体PL凡生物学特性的报道,包括对此类形式存在原因、活性变化、结构表现、系统进化等方面的讨论。然而至今,这种以异二聚体形式存在的PLA2仅发现于几种蛙亚科(ViperinaeSubfamily)蛇种的蛇毒中,其中就包括我国台湾岛的圆斑蜂蛇台湾亚种(Doboiarusselliiformosensis),而蝮亚科(CrotaiinaeSubfamil)蛇种的蛇毒至今却没有此类报道。我国大陆西南端接壤东南亚,存在于云南、福建一带的圆斑蛙蛇隶属圆斑蛙蛇泰国亚种(Daboiarusselliisiamensis),那么这种蛇毒中是否也含有异二聚体形式的PLA2呢?本工作就此疑问对云南产圆斑蛙蛇泰国亚种(D.r.siamensis)蛇毒中的PLA2进行了研究,结果得到三个新的PLAZ,分别命名为DRS-PLA2-I、DRS-PLA2-II和DRS-PLA2-III。其中,DRS-PLA2-I的分子量为13864.06Da,理论pI为4.56,PLA2活性为12.35μmol/mg/min;DRS-PLA2-II的分子量为13635.99Da,理论pI为8.74,PLA2活性为8.76μmol/mg/min;DRS-PLA2-III的分子量为13619.80Da,理论厂为4.61,无PLA2活性。这三个蛋白酶N端的30个氨基酸残基恰好和三个阳性克隆的cDNA序列推导的蛋白序列吻合,结合已经报道的PLA2蛋白家族蛋白序列的保守性表现,我们可以断定它们之间存在对应关系。分子系统学分析表明DRS-PLA2-II和DRS-PLA2-III在进化关系上和蛙亚科的异二聚体PLA2关系较近,并且二者酶活性分别与异二聚体PLA2的Normalchain和Inhibitorchain相一致,只是没有发现类似Vipoxin形式的异二聚体结合蛋白。这些分析表明DRS-PLA2-nORS-PLA2-III类似圆斑蛙蛇台湾亚种(D.r.forlnos翻s沽)中的PV-4/RV-7,是PLA2异二聚体的一种特殊形式,在进化上滞后于VinOXin。另夕卜本工作还相继从云南产菜花烙铁头(Trimeresrusjerdonii)蛇毒和湖南产烙铁头(Trimeresurusmucrosquamatus)蛇毒中分离得到Jerdonase和TmF。前者为一个丝氨酸蛋白酶性质的、具有纤维蛋白原水解作用和激肤释放酶原水解作用双重活性表现的、高分子量的份五brinogenase,其活性表现可以被PMSF彻底抑制,而EDTA对此却没有影响。其它的几种抑制剂如大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂、l-cysteine、DTT对Jerdonase的活性表现也有不同程度的影响。在Jerdonase的这些生化特性上中,分子量的大小和对纤维蛋白酶水解的特性这两方面有别于蛇毒中诸多其它来源的同类蛋白;后者T淤为一个舒缓激肚增强肤(BradykninPQtentiatingPePtide,BPP),电离质谱分析表明其分子量为1110.7Da。此小肚氨基酸序列为促进舒缓激肚(Bradki垃n,BK)诱导的豚鼠回肠纵行肌收缩的活力单位为(1.13±0.3)(m留L),T妊抑制血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)对BK水解的半数抑制剂量IC50为2μg。比较已报道的从Agkistrodon属和Bothrops属中纯化得到的BPP氨基酸序列发现:BPP的N端都是特征性的pGlu,C端为IIe-Pro-Pro,有高度的保守性。另外,TmF是Trimeresurus属中此类小肤的首次纯化。总之,本研究对国产的几种常见蛇毒中的几种常见蛋白多肤进行了一定程度的探讨和分析,和相同类别的其它蛋白、多肤比较可以看到,有许多相同的地方,也有许多不同的表现,研究结果为相应领域的深入研究提供资料和思路。

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Unintentionally doped GaN epilayers are grown by the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Photovoltaic (PV) spectroscopy shows that there appears an abnormal photoabsorption in some undoped GaN films with high resistance. The peak energy of the absorption spectrum is smaller than the intrinsic energy band gap of GaN. This phenomenon may be related to exciton absorption. Then metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) Schottky photodetectors are fabricated on these high resistance epilayers. The photo spectrum responses are different when the light individually irradiates each of the two electrodes with the photodetector which are differently biased. When the excitation light irradiates around the reverse biased Schottky junction, the responsivity is almost one order of magnitude larger than that around the forward biased junction. Furthermore, when the excitation light irradiates the reverse biased Schottky junction, the peak energy of the spectrum has a prominent red-shift compared with the peak energy of the spectrum measured with the excitation light irradiating the forward biased Schottky junction. The shift value is about 28 meV, and it is found to be insensitive to temperature. According to the analyses of the distribution of the electric field within the MSM device and the different dependences of the response on the electric field intensity between the free carriers and excitons, a reliable explanation for the different response among various areas is proposed.

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The estimate for the lowest cost of SODL (silicon on defect layer) solar cell is made according to the price standard of present market. The estimate shows that the PV (photovoltaics) energy costs can be reduced from today's 25-30 cents/(kW h) to 7-8 cents/(kW h) which is comparable with the present cost of electricity generated by traditional energy sources such as fossil and petroleum fuels. The PV energy costs could be reduced to a value lower than 7-8 cents(kW h) by developing SODL technology. The SODL solar cell manufacture featuring simple processes is suitable to large scale automated assembly lines with high yield of large area cells. Some new ideas are suggested, favoring the further reduction in the cost of commercial solar cells.

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A voltage-controlled tunable two-color infrared detector with photovoltaic (PV) and photoconductive (PC) dual-mode operation at 3-5 mu m and 8-14 mu m using GaAs/AlAs/AlGaAs double barrier quantum wells (DBQWs) and bound-to-continuum GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells is demonstrated. The photoresponse peak of the photovoltaic GaAs/AlAs/GaAlAs DBQWs is at 5.3 mu m, and that of the photoconductive GaAs/GaAlAs quantum wells is at 9.0 mu m. When the two-color detector is under a zero bias, the spectral response at 5.3 mu m is close to saturate and the peak detectivity at 80 K can reach 1.0X10(11) cmHz(1/2)/W, while the spectral photoresponsivity at 9.0 mu m is absolutely zero completely. When the external voltage of the two-color detector is changed to 2.0 V, the spectral photoresponsivity at 5.3 mu m becomes zero while the spectral photoresponsivity at 9.0 mu m increases comparable to that at 5.3 mu m under zero bias, and the peak detectivity (9.0 mu m) at 80 K can reach 1.5X10(10) cmHz(1/2)/W. Strictly speaking, this is a real bias-controlled tunable two-color infrared photodetector. We have proposed a model based on the PV and PC dual-mode operation of stacked two-color QWIPs and the effects of tunneling resonance with narrow energy width of photoexcited electrons in DBQWs, which can explain qualitatively the voltage-controlled tunable behavior of the photoresponse of the two-color infrared photodetector. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.

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给出了一整套利用CAD进行风光互补发电系统优化设计的方法。为了精确确定系统每小时的运行状态,采用了更精确地表征组件特性及评估实际获得的风光资源的数学模型。为了寻找出以最小设备投资成本满足用户用电要求的系统配置,首先在风力发电机容量固定不变的前提下,计算了与该容量风力发电机匹配的不同容量的PV阵和蓄电池所组成的风/光/蓄组合的全年功率供给亏欠率LPSP,根据总的设备投资成本最小化的原则筛选出一组与该容量风力发电机对应的满足用户给定系统供电可靠性即LPSP值的风/光/蓄组合;然后通过改变风力发电机的容量,优选出多个与不同容量风力发电机对应的既能满足用户用电要求同时总的设备购置成本又是最低的风/光/蓄组合,比较它们的成本最终唯一确定出以最小投资成本满足用户用电要求的优化的系统配置。

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We have investigated GaNAs/GaAs single quantum wells (SQWs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using photoluminescence (PL), time-resolved PL (TRPL) and photovoltaic (PV) techniques. The low temperature PL is dominated by spatially direct transitions involving electrons confined in GaNAs well and holes localized in the same GaNAs layer. This assignment was supported by PL decay time measurements and absorption line-shape analysis derived from the PV measurements. By fitting the experimental data with a simple calculation, the band offset of the GaN0.015As0.985/GaAS heterostructure was estimated, and a type II band lineup in GaN0.015As0.985/GaAs QWs was suggested. Moreover, DeltaE(C), the discontinuity of conductor band, is found to be a nonlinear function of the nitrogen (N) composition (x), and the average variation of DeltaE(C) is about 0.110eV per %N, The measured band bowing coefficient shows a strong function of x, giving an experimental support to the theoretic calculation of Wei et al [Ref.2].

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The ground and excited state excitonic transitions of stacked InAs self-organized quantum dots (QDs) in a laser diode structure are studied. The interband absorption transitions of QDs are investigated by non-destructive PV spectra, indicating that the strongest absorption is related to the excited states with a high density and coincides with the photon energy of lasing emission. The temperature and excitation (electric injection) intensity dependences of photoluminescence and electroluminescence indicate the influence of state filling effect on the luminescence of threefold stacked QDs. The results indicate that different coupling channels exist between electronic states in both vertical and lateral directions.

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GaAs/AlAs/GaAlAs double barrier quantum well (DBQW) structures are employed for making the 3 similar to 5 mu m photovoltaic infrared (IR) detectors with a peak detectivity of 5x10(11) cmHz(1/2)/W at 80K. The double crystal x-ray diffraction is combined with synchrotron radiation x-ray analysis to determine the exact thickness of GaAs, AlAs and GaAlAs sublayers. The interband photovoltaic (PV) spect ra of the DBQW sample and the spectral response of the IR photocurrent of the devices are measured directly by edge excitation method, providing the information about spatial separation processes of photogenerated carriers in the multiquantum wells and the distribution of built-in field in the active region.

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A novel and accurate finite volume method has been presented to solve the shallow water equations on unstructured grid in plane geometry. In addition to the volume integrated average (VIA moment) for each mesh cell, the point values (PV moment) defined on cell boundary are also treated as the model variables. The volume integrated average is updated via a finite volume formulation, and thus is numerically conserved, while the point value is computed by a point-wise Riemann solver. The cell-wise local interpolation reconstruction is built based on both the VIA and the PV moments, which results in a scheme of almost third order accuracy. Efforts have also been made to formulate the source term of the bottom topography in a way to balance the numerical flux function to satisfy the so-called C-property. The proposed numerical model is validated by numerical tests in comparison with other methods reported in the literature. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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研究表明,全球增温可导致干旱趋势的发展,为了解东北主要森林分布区长白山广大低海拔地区阔叶红松林主要组成树种对干旱趋势的反应,通过PV线技术测定不同树种的水分参数值,比较评价其耐旱能力,得到长白山阔叶红松林主要树种耐旱性从高到低依次为:山杨、蒙古柞、樟子松、红松、长白松、黑桦、春榆、色木、糠椴、紫椴、红皮云杉、白桦、臭松、水曲柳、核桃楸、黄菠萝

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对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲前沿地区多枝柽柳 (Tamarixramosissima)进行了研究 ,生长季节和灌溉前后水分关系的特征表明 :多枝柽柳在生长季节保持了较高较稳定的清晨水势 ,植物能够平衡白天水分损失造成的水分亏缺 ,水分恢复状况良好。环境气候变化对渗透势等水分参数的影响不及植物水分恢复状况对它们的影响。除了个别数据 ,多枝柽柳水势和渗透势的降低幅度很小 ,更像是生长过程的结果 ,植物水分胁迫的特征并不明显。对比水分生理上对干旱胁迫的适应———渗透势的迅速降低和质外体水含量的增加 ,膨压消失点相对含水量(RWCp)和渗透势差值 (ΔΠ)等参数显示的生理特征表明 ,植物更加依靠稳定充足的水分供应来适应生长环境中极端的高水压差和与此相应的高大气蒸发要求。与此适应 ,植物和地下水发生了联系 ,并且一次性灌溉对植物水分状况的恢复基本没有帮助 ,保持地下水位稳定在根系的可吸收范围内成为保护绿洲前沿多枝柽柳长期存在的关键。多枝柽柳的水分特征属于中生植物的范畴 ,对极端环境的适应属于躲避的类型。